ltv jrh fn bbpavroz.ru/files/osndem.pdf · ght ccjq: jåtc gt xt ybt gj ljnxtn yjc nb uj ce lfh cn...

LT RFÅHM 2005 UJ LF

DJ GHJ CS LT VJR HF NBB

Jc yj ds

LT VJR HF NBBCDJ ÅJL YSQ HS YJR BLTQÄRJ YJ VB XTC RFZ CDJ ÅJ LF

UHFÉ LFY CRJT EXFC NBTDKFCNM PF RJ YF

CDJ ÅJ LF JN GHFD KT YBZ HT KB UB JP YSÖ JÅ HZ LJD

Htlfrnjh Fybnf Y. Uhby Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh Kb Létqvc Bhdby Htlfrnjhs Hjpfkb Nfhujycrb

Rähjk EjrthFktrcfylhf Fååel

Cghfdjxyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk Fybnf Y. Uhby Öeljétcndtyyjt jajhvktybt Cbkmdbz Crjnn Lbpfqy jåkjérb Nfltei F. Vbrcbycrb Htlfrnjh ajnjuhfabq Väuub Lé. Ckfqrth

Bplfntkm Léelbn C. Cbutk Cnfhibq htlfrnjh Léjhlé Rkär Bcgjkybntkmysq htlfrnjh Hbxfhl E. Öfrrfåb Lbhtrnjh ghjbpdjlcndf Rhbcnbfy Kfhcjy Gjvjoybrb lbhtrnjhf ghjbpdjlcndf Cbkmdbz Crjnn

Ökjz Äkkbc Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz Yfnfkbz Åfhåfi

Kblbz Djhjybyf

Htlrjkktubz Fktrcfylh R. AtkmlvfyLéthtvb A. Rthnty

Ränkby H. LtqdbcRfhf Ufkktc

Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF bplftn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd gjl kjujnb-gjv ≤Ä-Éehyfk CIF≥ – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ b ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf≥. Jyb gjcdzotys fyfkbpe jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj, f nfrét fyfkbpe jåotcndf, wtyyjcntq, bltq b bycnbnenjd CIF.

Yjdsq éehyfk bplftncz tétvtczxyj yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt, f xthtp 2-4 ytltkb dsöjlbn d gthtdjlfö yf bcgfycrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq, hec-crbq b ahfywepcrbq zpsrb. Jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b rbnfqcrjv zpsrfö. Rfélsq bp gznb éehyfkjd bvttn dsöjlyst lfyyst: njv, cjjndtncndeñobq xbcke ktn jn yfxfkf bplfybz, b yjvth, cjjndtncndeñobq jxthtlyjve yjvthe éehyfkf, bplfdftvjuj d ntreotv ujle.

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnf-vtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö bplfntkb. Éehyfkmyst cnfnmb, ajnjuhfabb b bkkñcnhfwbb vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb vfnthbfks yt cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf juhfybxtybz, yfkfuftvst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. D gjcktlytv ckexft ytjåöjlbvj gjkexbnm hfphtitybt e dkfltkmwtd fdnjhcrbö ghfd, egjvzyensö d éehyfkt.

Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö yf cnhf-ybwt Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvt-xfybz yfghfdkzqnt d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce:

Editor, eJournal USA: Issues of DemocracyIIP/T/DHR

U.S. Department of State301 4th Street SW

Washington DC 20547United States of America

Äktrnhjyysq flhtc: [email protected]

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB

Ajnj yf jåkjért: AjnjLbcr/Hfqfy Vfrdtq

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF Ä-ÉEHYF K CIF

Dj dctv vbht kñlb öjnzn cnhjbnm åeleott lkz cdjbö ctvtq d cdjåjlyjv b jnrhsnjv jåotcndt. Änj cnhtvktybt drkñxftn d ctåz

étkfybt gjkmpjdfnmcz jcyjdysvb ghfdfvb xtkjdt-rf, exfcndjdfnm d xtcnysö dsåjhfö, bcgjdtljdfnm cdjñ htkbubñ, cdjåjlyj dscrfpsdfnmcz gj jåot-cndtyysv djghjcfv b åsnm edthtyysv d njv, xnj yfheitybz pfrjyf åeltn hfccvfnhbdfnm åtcghbcnhf-cnyfz celtåyfz cbcntvf. D änjv dsgecrt éehyfkf vs cjchtljnjxbkbcm yf ytcrjkmrbö rkñxtdsö rjvgjytynfö gjlkbyyjq ltvjrhfnbb b jgsnt hfp-kbxysö cnhfy d cjplfybb njq ajhvs ltvjrhfnbb, rjnjhfz cjjndtncndetn bö rekmneht, pfoboftn vtymibycndf b gjvjuftn dctv uhfélfyfv jceotcn-dbnm cdjb xfzybz.

Äkkty Ömñv, éehyfkbcn b ghjatccjh d jåkfcnb rjvveybrfwbq, gjlxthrbdftn ébpytyyj dféyeñ hjkm cdjåjlyjq ghtccs, jcyjdsdfzcm yf cdjtv jgsnt ghjdtltybz ctvbyfhjd gj éehyfkbcnbrt b ltvjrhfnbb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, f nfrét d Äabjgbb, Hjccbb, Åjcybb b Xtöbb.

Ärjyjvbcn Bty Dfcrtc ujdjhbn j pyfxtybb ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls b tt aeyrwbb ckeébnm ghjnbdjdtcjv gjkbnbxtcrjq dkfcnb b jrfpsdfnm åkfujndjhyjt dkbzybt yf gkñhfkbcnbxtcrjt jåot-cndj. Dfcrtc ghtlcnfdkztn ljrfpfntkmcndf njuj, xnj d cnhfyfö c cfvjq cdjåjlyjq ärjyjvbrjq chfdyb-ntkmyj dscjrbq ehjdtym ébpyb, b rjvvtynbhetn dpfbvjcdzpm vtéle dkfcnmñ pfrjyf b ärjyjvbxtc-rjq cdjåjljq.

D rjhjnrjv bynthdmñ bpdtcnysq gthefycrbq ärjyjvbcn Ähyfylj lt Cjnj jåceélftn hjkm cbkm-yjq cbcntvs bveotcndtyysö ghfd d ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjv jåotcndt.

Ghjatccjh gjkbnjkjubb Ntl U. Létkty ujdjhbn j njv, yfcrjkmrj dféyj jåtcgtxbdfnm htkbubjpyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt b edféfnm ghfdf htkbubjpysö vtym-

ibycnd. Létkty gbitn, xnj lfét ckjébdittcz e kñltq ghtlcnfdktybt j yfkbxbb htkbubjpyjq lbcrhbvbyfwbb jnhbwfntkmyj dkbztn yf ecgti-yjt ghjdtltybt lbgkjvfnbb b yjhvfkmyeñ ébpym ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf.

Ghjatccjh, fdnjh vyjujxbcktyysö yfexysö bccktljdfybq Hfkma Rtnxäv gbitn jå jåzpfyyjc-nzö uhfélfy d cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt.

Yfrjytw, celmz Jrheéyjuj celf CIF Dbrb Vfqkp-Kfuhfyé hfccrfpsdftn jå jcyjdysö ghby-wbgfö fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvs b j cdjtv exfcnbb d ghjtrnt aeylfvtynfkmyjq celtåyjq htajhvs d Hefylt.

C hfcghjcnhfytybtv ltvjrhfnbb gj dctve vbhe cnhfys, ghbcnegfñobt r jceotcndktybñ ghtjå-hfpjdfybq, åelen jåhfofnmcz pf cjdtnjv r ceot-cndeñobv ltvjrhfnbzv. Jyb ljkéys gjvybnm j njv, xnj ghjcnsö vjltktq ytn b xnj yb jlyf cbcntvf dj dctq cdjtq gjkyjnt yt ghbvtybvf rj dctv cnhfyfv. Jlyfrj, ytrjnjhst hfccvjnhtyyst yfvb äktvtyns cjwbfkmyjuj ecnhjqcndf – edfét-ybt, c rjnjhsv ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cnhfys jnyjczn-cz r hfpyjjåhfpysv uheggfv yfctktybz, dféyjcnm cghfdtlkbdjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf, ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf b cdjåjlyfz ghtccf – zdkzñncz jcyjdjgj-kfufñobvb lkz kñåjq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq cbcntvs. Ghtlkfuftv xbnfntkzv ghjljkébnm bpextybt änjq frnefkmyjq ntvs, bcgjkmpez ccskrb, drkñxtyyst d hfpltk j htcehcfö. Yflttvcz, änjn éehyfk lfcn yjdst bltb b cnbvekbhetn lbcreccbñ jå jcyjdfö ltvjrhfnbb, rjnjhjq nfr ljhjéfn fvthbrfyws.

Htlfrwbz

JÅ ÄNJV DSGECRT

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLFÄ-ÉEHYF K CIF

3 Cdjåjlf gtxfnb

ÄKKTY ÖMÑV, LBHTRNJH WTYNHF GJ BPEXTYBÑ CHTLCND VFCCJDJQ BYAJHVFWBB B JÅOTCNDF, EYBDTHCBNTN INFNF VFCCFXECTNC, ÅJCNJY

Ytpfdbcbvst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ckeéfn ltvjrhfnb-

xtcrjve ghjwtcce, jåtcgtxbdfz gjljnxtnyjcnm ujcelfhcndtyysö

ltzntktq, ghbdktrfz dybvfybt r djkyeñobv cnhfye djghjcfv,

ghjcdtofz uhfélfy b cdzpsdfz kñltq lheu c lheujv.

6 Rkñxtdfz hjkm ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls

d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb

BTY DFCRTC, LBHTRNJH GHJTRNF ≤UKJÅFKMYFZ ÄRJYJVBXTCRFZ CDJÅJLF≥, BYCNBNEN RFNJ, U. DFIBYUNJY

Ljrfpfyj, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf – ufhfynbhjdfyyjt ghfdj

kñltq pfybvfnmcz cdjåjlysv ghtlghbybvfntkmcndjv b dkfltnm

xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjcnmñ – jåtcgtxbdftn ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn

b cnbvekbhetn gjkbnbxtcrbq gkñhfkbpv.

10 Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Bveotcndtyyst ghfdf b ltvjrhfnbz: njxrf

phtybz

(Ahfuvtyn bynthdmñ c Ähyfylj lt Cjnj, ghtpbltynjv Bycnbnenf

cdjåjls b ltvjrhfnbb d Kbvt, Gthe)

11 Cdjåjlf cjdtcnb

NTL U. LÉTKTY, GHJATCCJH GJKBNJKJUBB, EYBDTHCBNTN LT GJ, UHBYRFCK, BYLBFYF, B EYBDTHCBNTN INFNF YTDFLF, KFC-DTUFC

Cdjåjlf dthjbcgjdtlfybz b htkbubjpyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt ghblf-

ñn pljhjdjq ltvjrhfnbb ljgjkybntkmyeñ wtyyjcnm, gjcrjkmre

htkbubjpyst extybz ckeéfn fkmnthyfnbdysv bcnjxybrjv bltq b

cjwbfkmyjq rhbnbrb, f edfébntkmyjt jnyjitybt r htkbubjpysv

vtymibycndfv erhtgkztn ktubnbvyjcnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfdb-

ntkmcnd.

15 Uhfélfycndtyyjcnm b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt

ghfdktybt

HFKMA RTNXÄV, GJXTNYSQ GHJATCCJH BCNJHBB, UJCELFHCNDTY-YJQ GJKBNBRB B GJKBNJKJUBB, VFRCDTKKJDCRFZ IRJKF GJ BPEXTYBÑ DJGHJCJD UHFÉLFYCNDTYYJCNB B UJCELFHCNDTYYJQ GJKBNBRB, CBHFRMÑCCRBQ EYBDTHCBNTN, U. CBHFRMÑC, INFN YMÑ-QJHR

Ltvjrhfnbb yeéys uhfélfyt, rjnjhst cvjnhzn lfkmit cjåcndty-

ysö bynthtcjd b ghjzdkzñn pfåjne jå jåotcndtyyjv åkfut.

20 Ljcneg r ghfdjcelbñ: celtåyfz htajhvf d

Hefylt

DBRB VFQKP-KFUHFYÉ, JRHEÉYJQ CELMZ CIF GJ PFGFLYJVE JRHEUE INFNF JRKFÖJVS

Gjckt gthtébnjuj utyjwblf Hefylf cnhtvbncz cjplfnm ytpfdb-

cbveñ celtåyeñ cbcntve, rjnjhfz ytjåöjlbvf lkz njuj, xnjås

jåtcgtxbnm ljcneg r ghfdjcelbñ lkz dctö uhfélfy.

24 Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Gthdfz vtéleyfhjlyfz rjyathtywbz gj

djghjcfv ghfdjdjq htajhvs b gthtcvjnhe pfrjyjlfntkmcndf

Hefyls, 2002 ujl

25 Åbåkbjuhfabz

26 Htcehcs Bynthytnf


CJLTHÉFYBTJCYJDS LTVJRHFNBB

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBBUJCELFHCNDTYYSQ LTGFHNFVTYN CIF / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF / NJV 10 / YJVTH 1

http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

3 DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLFÄ-ÉEH YF K CIF

Yt pf db cb vst CVB jåtc gt xb df ñn cdj åjl ysq gj njr by ajh vf wbb, ébp yty yj yt jå öj lb vsq d lt vjr hf nb xtc rjv jå ot cn dt. Bc gjkm pez ghb vt hs bp vyj ubö cnhfy, fd njh bp kf-uf tn xt ns ht dfé ytq ibt aeyr wbb, ds gjk yzt vst cdjåjl yjq ght ccjq: jåtc gt xt ybt gj ljnxtn yjc nb uj ce lfh cn dty ysö he rj dj lb nt ktq yf hj le, ghb dkt xt ybt dyb vf ybz r dfé ysv dj ghj cfv, ghj cdt ot ybt uhfé lfy, xnj ås jyb vju kb ghb yb-vfnm jåjc yj dfy yst ht it ybz, b ec nf yjd kt ybt cdz ptq vté le kñlm vb d uhfé lfy crjv jå ot cn dt. Äk kty Ömñv – lb htr njh Wty nhf gj bpe xt ybñ chtl cnd vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb b jå ot cn df ghb Eyb dth cb nt nt inf nf Vfc cf xe ctnc d Åjc nj yt.

Rju lf cvjn hbim yf nj, rfr chtl cn df vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb vj uen rhb-

nb rj dfnm b hf pjå kf xfnm lf ét cf vsö åj uf nsö b dkbz ntkm-ysö jå ot cn dty ysö ltz nt ktq d vb ht, djp yb rf tn dj ghjc: f pf xtv dj jå ot nth gtnm cdj åjl-yeñ ght cce? Gj xt ve ås yt dth-yenm cz r bltt uj ce lfh cn dty ysö

CVB c ju hf yb xt ybz vb yf nj, xnj vjé yj uj dj hbnm b geå kb rj-dfnm, b c rjy nhj ktv yfl ghf djv yf cj åhf ybz?

Jn dtn pf rkñ xf tn cz d ckt leñ otv: åtp cdjåjl yj uj gj nj rf by ajh vf wbb yt djp vjé yj d gjk yjq vt ht jåtc gt xbnm gj kb nb-xtc reñ cnf åbkm yjcnm, ärj yj vb xtc rbq hjcn b lt vjr hf nbñ.

By ajh vf wbz – änj dkfcnm. Lkz nj uj xnj ås cnhf yf vju kf dj cgjkm pj dfnm cz gj kb nb xtc rb vb b ärj yj vb xtc rb vb ght bve-ot cn df vb, jåtc gt xb dft vs vb dkfc nmñ pf rj yf, dkfc nyst cnher-ne hs lj kéys åsnm jn rhs ns vb lkz rjy nhj kz cj cnj hj ys yf hj lf. Lkz jåtc gt xt ybz yf ex yj-ntö yb xtc rj uj ghj uhtc cf yt jå öj lbv jn rhs nsq jå vty bltz vb.

F tc kb ghf db ntkm cn dj öj xtn, xnj ås tuj wt yb kb pf gj ljnxtn-yjcnm yf hj le, yt jå öj lb vs cdj åjl yst b yt pf db cb vst CVB. Bvty yj gj änj ve Nj vfc Léta ath cjy, jc yjd yjq fd njh fvt hb-rfy crjq Ltr kf hf wbb yt pf db cb vjc nb, yf cnfb dfk yf njv, xnj ås Rjy cnb ne wbz CIF ght lecvfn hb df kf ghf dj kñ ltq yf cdj åj le ckj df, cdj åj le gt xf nb b geå kbx yst cj åhf ybz.

≤Tc kb ås vyt ås kj ght lj cnfd kt yj ht ifnm, yfl kt ébn kb yfv bvtnm ghf db ntkm cn dj åtp uf ptn bkb uf pt ns åtp ghf db ntkm-cn df, z åtp vf ktq ibö rj kt åf ybq ghtl gj xtk ås gj cktl yt t≥, – gb cfk jy d 1787 uj le. Änj yt jp yf xf tn, xnj uf pt ns ås kb åkf ujc rkjy ys r yt ve, rju lf jy cnfk ght pb lty njv. Tve lj cnf-

kfcm cdjz lj kz hf pjå kf xt ybq, gj cnf dbd ibö tuj d yt kjd rjt gj kj ét ybt.

Yj Léta ath cjy ghj ljk éfk ndth lj gjl lth éb dfnm lf ét xhtp vth yjt dyb vf ybt cj cnj hj ys CVB, gj crjkm re jy cj pyf-dfk, xnj åtp nf rjq gj ljnxtn yjc nb b åtc ght gzn cn dty yj uj gj nj-rf bltq d cnhf yt njh vj pbn cz ndjh xtc rbq hjcn, f tt yf hjl yt cdj åj lty.

D ec kj db zö lt vjr hf nbb yt pf db cb vst CVB ds gjk yz ñn xt ns ht ébp yty yj dfé yst aeyr wbb. Dj -gth dsö, jyb ckt lzn pf dkfcnm bve ob vb, jåtc gt xb dfz bö gj ljnxtn yjcnm yf hj le. Dj -dnj hsö, jyb ght lfñn ukfc yjc nb dj ghj cs, rj nj hst nht åe ñn dyb vf ybz. D-nht nmbö, jyb ghj cdt of ñn uhfé lfy, xnj ås jyb vju kb lt kfnm gj kb nb xtc rbq ds åjh. D-xtn dth nsö, jyb cdz ps df-ñn kñ ltq lheu c lhe ujv, jå hf pez cj wb fkm ysq ≤rktq≥, crhtg-kzñ obq uhfé lfy crjt jå ot cn dj.

Jåtc gt xt ybt gj ljnxtn yjc nb dkfc nb

Xfc nj nhel ytt dct uj ds gjk yznm rjy nhjkm yeñ aeyr wbñ. Ghf db ntkm cn dty yst ex hté lt ybz b xb yjd yb rb yt dctu lf cnht-vzn cz r ghj phfx yjc nb d hf åj nt, jcj åty yj ghb jn cen cn dbb nhf lb wbb jå ot cn dty yj uj rjy nhj kz. D gj cncj dtn crjq Uhe pbb, yf ghb vth, nt kt rf yfk ≤Hec nf db ÈÈ≥ cj jå ofk j ghj dt hty ysö éeh yf kbcn crbö hfc ckt lj df yb zö rjh heg wbb d uj ce lfh cn dty-ysö jh uf yfö. Rju lf dkfc nb gj gs nf kbcm pf rhsnm nt kt rjv gf-ybñ, dvtc nj nj uj xnj ås ht ibnm ghj åkt ve, uhfé lf yt ghj dt kb vfc cj dst fr wbb ghj ntc nf. Bö lt vjy cnhf wbb d pf ob ne cdj bö yt pf db cb vsö chtl cnd vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb pf cnf db kb ghf-db ntkm cn dj edj kbnm rjh hev gb hj dfy ysö xkt yjd rf åb yt nf b gj pdj kbnm ≤Hec nf db ÈÈ≥ dth yenm cz d äabh.

Tot jlby ghb vth lf tn By lbz, ult ghtl ct lf ntkm gfh nbb ≤Åöfh nbz Léf yf nf≥ Åfy uf he Kfr cvfy åsk ctr htn yj pf cyzn éeh yf kbc njv cfq nf te helka.com, rju lf jy åhfk ltym ub, rfr jy gj kf ufk, pf cltk re c jhe éb tv. Jå ot cn dty ysq ghj ntcn gjc kt änj uj hf pjå kf xt ybz ds ye lbk yt crjkm rbö xkt yjd rf åb yt nf vb ybc nhjd gj lfnm d jn cnfd re.

Xtc nyj hf åj nfñ obt chtl cn df vfc cj djq by ajh vf wbb, jåtc-gt xb dfz gj ljnxtn yjcnm dkfc nb, vj uen er ht gbnm dkfcnm pf rj yf b ntv cf vsv cj plfnm d cnhf yt åj ktt cnf åbkm yeñ jå cnf yjd re. Änf cnf åbkm yjcnm clt kf tn cnhf ye åj ktt ghb dkt rf ntkm yjq lkz ljk uj chjx ysö ärj yj vb xtc rbö by dtc nb wbq.

≤Cdj åj lf ckj df b jå vt yf by ajh vf wb tq – änj yt hjc rjim, f nf df kñ nf, jn rj nj hjq dct cbkm ytt pf db czn vb hj dfz njh-ujd kz, gj kb nb rf b rekm ne hf≥, – pf vt nbk Lä dbl Öja avfy, jc yj df ntkm vté le yfhjl yj uj yt ghf db ntkm cn dty yj uj futyn cn df ≤By nth ymñc≥, rj nj hjt gj vj uf tn jåe xfnm cj nhel yb rjd lkz yt pf-db cb vsö CVB b hfp db dfnm yt pf db cb vst CVB d 50 cnhf yfö.

Äk kty Ömñv

CDJ ÅJ LF GT XF NB

Rnb rj dfnm b hf pjå kf xfnm lf ét cf vsö åj uf nsö b dkbz ntkm-ysö jå ot cn dty ysö ltz nt ktq d vb ht, djp yb rf tn dj ghjc: f pf xtv dj jå ot nth gtnm cdj åjl-yeñ ght cce? Gj xt ve ås yt dth-yenm cz r bltt uj ce lfh cn dty ysö

4

Ghtlfybt ukfcyjcnb

Åtp cdjåjlyjq b ytpfdbcbvjq ghtccs dcz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf byajhvbhjdfybt jåotcndtyyjcnb b åtpjgfcyjcnm ktébn njkmrj yf ghfdbntkmcndt. Nfrjt jncencndbt dpfbvjltqcndbz c jåotcndjv vjétn cthmtpyj gjljhdfnm åtpjgfcyjcnm cnhfys b tt ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn.

Yfghbvth, rbnfqcrbt chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d 2003 ujle yt cjjåofkb njxysö cdtltybq j hfpdjhfxbdfñotq-cz ägbltvbb fnbgbxyjq gytdvjybb (SARS), gjcrjkmre jyb cktljdfkb gjétkfybzv cdjtuj ghfdbntkmcndf cdtcnb rhbpbc r vbybveve. Gjänjve yt åskj ghtleghtéltybq j njv, xnj d Gtrbyt b lheubö hfqjyfö cvthntkmyjt pfåjktdfybt dsöjlbn bp-gjl rjynhjkz. Ytjcdtljvktyyst uhfélfyt ghjljkéfkb ltqcndjdfnm nfr, åelnj ybxtuj yt ghjbpjikj, gjldthufz ctåz hbcre b hfcghjcnhfyzz pfåjktdfybt. Chtlb xfcnb yfctktybz

djpybrkf gfybrf, rju-lf xbckj ckexftd d bö hfqjyfö htprj djphjckj.

Nehbcns b vtéleyfhjlyjt bydtcnbwbjyyjt cjjå-otcndj njét dcgjkjibkbcm. Rjulf éehyfkbcns ytpfdbcbvjq ufptns ≤Ejkk-cnhbn léjhyäk≥ öjlb-kb bp åjkmybws d åjkmybwe d Gtrbyt, xnjås gjlcxbnfnm htfkmyjt xbckj ckexftd SARS, ytrjnj-hst byjcnhfyyst bydtcnjhs gthtcnfkb ljdthznm jabwbfkmyjq byajhvfwbb rbnfqcrjuj ghfdb-ntkmcndf b yfxfkb dsdjpbnm cdjbö cjnhelybrjd bp cnhfys. Ghfdbntkmcndj c pfgjplfybtv jcjpyf-kj, xnj yflj byajhvbhjdfnm jåotcndtyyjcnm j htfkmysö euhjpfö b vfcinfåfö ghjåktvs, xnjås jåeplfnm ägbltvbñ b djccnfyjdbnm fdnjhbntn ujcelfhcndf. D lfyyjv ckexft ytpfdbcbvjt byj-cnhfyyjt CVB jåtcgtxbkj gjljnxtnyjcnm dkfcnb gthtl yfhjljv, rjulf vtcnysv CVB yt gjpdjkz-kb änj cltkfnm.

Ghjcdtotybt uhfélfy

Bvtz djpvjéyjcnm cdjåjlyj aeyrwbjybhjdfnm, vtcnyst ufptns, hflbjcnfywbb b ntktrjvgfybb vjuen dscnegfnm dfé-ysvb äktvtynfvb ltvjrhfnbb. Jyb vjuen yt njkmrj cktlbnm pf hfåjnjq vtcnysö exhtéltybq b ghbdktrfnm dybvfybt jåotcndtyyjcnb r ghjåktvfv åtpjgfcyjcnb, yj b gjvjufnm uhfélfyfv gjybvfnm cdjt ghfdbntkmcndj, rjnjhjt vjétn yföjlbnmcz jn ybö yf ljcnfnjxyjv hfccnjzybb, b bvtnm r ytve ljcneg.

Yfghbvth, rjulf ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl dj dhtvz ärjyjvbxtc-rjuj rhbpbcf d Eheudft pfrhskbcm xtnsht rhegytqibö åfyrf, gjébkjq xtkjdtr d ujhjlt Nerefhtvåj gjpdjybk yf vtcnyeñ hflbjcnfywbñ c ghjcmåjq j gjvjob. Tuj étyf åjktkf, f jy yt vju gjkexbnm ljcneg r cdjtve åfyrjdcrjve cxtne, xnj-ås pfgkfnbnm dhfxe. Ghjlñcths ≤Hflbj Cjhbkmz≥ cdzpfkbcm c htubjyfkmysv xktyjv pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj cjåhfybz, rjnj-hsq cdzpfk änjuj xtkjdtrf c vbybcnthcndjv abyfycjd. Nfv xtkjdtr epyfk, xnj ghbybvftncz ärcnhtyysq pfrjy, ghtlj-cnfdkzñobq nfrbv kñlzv, rfr jy, ljcneg r bö åfyrjdcrbv cxtnfv.

Lkz ghjlñcthjd hflbjcnfywbb d Nerefhtvåj jåsxyjt ltkj gjvjufnm cdzpsdfnm ébntktq bö ujhjlrf c ujcelfhcndtyysvb ckeéåfvb b lheu c lheujv. Ckeifntkb pdjyzn, hfpscrbdfz htlrbt rybub, ghjgfdibö cjåfr, d gjbcrfö hfåjns b hfåjnyb-rjd. ≤Hflbj Cjhbkmz≥ – yt ghjcnj vtcnyfz ljcrf jåüzdktybq b öjlfnfq gthtl dkfcnzvb. Jyj nfrét ghtlkfuftn dsgecrb yjdjcntq, lbcreccbb c exfcnbtv hflbjckeifntktq gj ntktaj-ye b bynthdmñ, rfr cjjåoftn fvthbrfycrbq hflbjghjlñcth Vfhbz Vfhnby, rjnjhfz ghjdtkf ytrjnjhjt dhtvz yf cnfywbb b åskf gjhfétyf tt ecgtöjv.

D Fyuhtyt (Epåtrbcnfy) e uhfélfy tcnm fyfkjubxysq byajhvfwbjyysq htcehc – vtcnyfz ntktrjvgfybz. Jyb pdjyzn yf ≤ND-Jhåbne≥, rjnjhfz cjjåoftn jå bö éfkjåfö b lheubö ujhjlcrbö ghjåktvfö d ntktdbpbjyysö dsgecrfö yjdjcntq. Yjdjcnb cvjnhzn rfr uhfélfyt, nfr b dkfcnb. Jlyfé-ls, rjulf dkfcnb gjgsnfkbcm pfrhsnm ntktrjvgfybñ, xnjås

Jåtcgtxbdfz gjljnxtnyjcnm ghfdbntkmcnd, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb

vjuen cjplfdfnm cnfåbkmyjcnm. Erhfbycrbt éehyfkbcns lthéfn gkfrfn c

yflgbcmñ ≤Cdjåjlf ckjdf≥ yf vbnbyut d Rbtdt d vfhnt 2004 ujlf, nhtåez,

xnjås njulfiybq ghtpbltyn Ktjybl Rexvf dyjdm jnrhsk ytpfdbcbvst CVB,

rjnjhst jy pfrhsk gthtl ghtpbltyncrbvb dsåjhfvb d cnhfyt.

Rbnfqcrbq gjlhjcnjr xbnftn

ufptne jrjkj htrkfvyjuj obnf,

yf rjnjhjv yfxthnfy ghbpsd r

gtrbycrbv ébntkzv ghbcjtlb-

ybnmcz r åjhmåt c fnbgbxyjq

gytdvjybtq, d Gtrbyt (Rbnfq)

d fghtkt 2003 ujlf. Cyfxfkf

rbnfqcrbt chtlcndf vfccjdjq

byajhvfwbb yt cjjåofkb njx-

ysö cdtltybq jå ägbltvbb, b

uhfélfyt gj ytpyfybñ ghjljk-

éfkb hfcghjcnhfyznm pfåjkt-

dfybt.

AP/WWP Tahtv Kerfwrbq

AP/WWP Ajnj


5 DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLFÄ-ÉEHYF K CIF

ghtctxm tt gjkbnbxtcrjt dkbzybt, jåotcndtyyjcnm b cgjycj-hs dscnegbkb c ghjntcnjv, b dkfcnzv ghbikjcm hfphtibnm tq dyjdm jnrhsnmcz.

Cdzpsdfz kñltq

Ljcneg r vtcnysv yjdjcnzv vjétn lfét cgfcnb kñlzv ébpym. D fduecnt 2005 ujlf, rjulf yf Yjdsq Jhktfy (infn Kebpbfyf) ytccz ehfufy ≤Rfnhbyf≥, vtcnyst ctvmb dmtnyfv-crbö bvvbuhfynjd åskb ghtleghtéltys bö vfkjvjoyjq jåotcndtyyjq hflbjcnfywbtq yf dmtnyfvcrjv zpsrt j njv, relf blnb d gjbcrfö åtpjgfcyjcnb b ult yfqnb cdjbö cjct-ltq – fvthbrfywtd dmtnyfvcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz.

29 vfhnf 2005 ujlf, rjulf d ldeö xfcfö tpls r ñue jn Rfåekf yfxfkf heibnmcz gkjnbyf ≤Ceknfy≥, éehyfkbcns hflb-jcnfywbb ≤Ufpyfdbzfy≥ gjpdjybkb ueåthyfnjhe ghjdbywbb, rjnjhsq pfntv dsitk d äabh c pfzdktybtv j njv, xnj dctv vtcnysv ébntkzv ytjåöjlbvj ädfrebhjdfnmcz. Änj cjjåot-ybt ljikj lj kñltq, ghtélt xtv lfvåf heöyekf b eybxnj-ébkf vyjubt vfufpbys b ljvf d gjctkrt. ≤Z ckeifk hflbj ≤Ufpyfdbzfy≥, b rjulf jyj yfxfkj ujdjhbnm j gkjnbyt ≤Cek-nfy≥, z ghbåfdbk uhjvrjcnm b gjyzk, xnj yfv yflj åtéfnm≥, – hfccrfpfk vtcnysq ébntkm. Åscnhst ltqcndbz cnfywbb

cgfckb ébpym vyjubv kñlzv. Dgjcktlcndbb hflbjcnfywbz ghjljkéfkf gjllthébdfnm cdzpm vtéle ldevz xfcnzvb ujhjlf, rjnjhst åskb hfpltktys yfdjlytybtv.

Dctvbhysq åfyr öfhfrnthbpetn jnrhsnjcnm CVB rfr gjpb-nbdysq afrnjh ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b gjkbnbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz. D ≤Ljrkflt j hfpdbnbb d cnhfyfö vbhf pf 2002 ujl≥ åskj ghjfyfkbpbhjdfyj 97 cnhfy b ecnfyjdktyj, xnj lkz ntö bp ybö, ult tcnm xfcnyst ytpfdbcbvst vtcnyst chtlcndf vfccj-djq byajhvfwbb, öfhfrnthys åjktt dscjrbq ehjdtym jåhf-

pjdfybz b plhfdjjöhfytybz, vtymifz rjhhegwbz b åjktt ghjphfxyfz ärjyjvbrf.

Rjytxyj, cdjåjlyfz ghtccf yt dctulf dsgjkyztn cdjb aeyr-wbb ghjatccbjyfkmyj, b cjplfybt jnrhsnsö CVB vjétn gjdktxm pf cjåjq ytétkfntkmyst gjcktlcndbz. Yj xtv åjkm-it dpdtityysö yjdjcntq b jåotcndtyysö lbcreccbq ghtlkf-ufñn chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, ntv åjkmit bö wtybn jåotcndtyyjcnm. Byajhvfwbz d bynthtcfö jåotcndf – djn njgkbdj ltvjrhfnbb. Kñlb cnfyjdzncz åjktt ghjcdtotyysvb b åthen yf ctåz åjkmit jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjåcndtyyjt åkf-ujgjkexbt.

Chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb vjuen ckeébnm cdjtuj hjlf ghtljöhfybntkmysv rkfgfyjv, lfdfz dctv djpvjéyjcnm dscrfpfnmcz. Änf cgjcjåyjcnm nhfyckbhjdfnm b ghtlcnfdkznm hfpkbxyst njxrb phtybz, ceotcndeñobt d jåotcndt, åjktt dféyf, xtv vjétn gjrfpfnmcz yf gthdsq dpukzl. Ärcgthn gj nthhjhbpve Létccbrf Cnthy jnvtnbkf, xnj nthhjhbpv xfcnj gjlgbnsdftncz eybétybtv, rjulf kñlb joeofñn, xnj jyb jrfpfkbcm dsåhjityysvb bp jcyjdyjuj heckf ébpyb jåotcn-df bkb xnj r ybv jnyjczncz åtp edfétybz.

Rfr erfpsdftn Lädbl Öjaavfy bp ≤Bynthymñc≥, ≤tcnm vyjétcndj ljrfpfntkmcnd – jn cfylbybcnjd d Ybrfhfuef lj fkåfycrbö vzntéybrjd d Vfrtljybb – njuj, xnj ghbdytctybt jggjpbwbjyysö uhegg d gjkbnbxtcreñ ébpym cjplftn ytyf-cbkmcndtyyst fkmnthyfnbds uhfélfycrbv rjyakbrnfv≥.

Fdnjhs dnjhjuj ljrkflf Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf ≤Rjycekmnfwbb c åtlysvb≥ jghjcbkb 20 000 vfkjbveobö d 23 cnhfyfö b ecnfyjdbkb, xnj åjkmit dctuj ≤jnkbxftn åtlysö jn åjufnsö jncencndbt ujkjcf. Ytdjpvjéyjcnm åsnm ecksifyysv b åsnm ghtlcnfdktyysv. Ytdjpvjéyjcnm ljytcnb cdjt vytybt lj kñltq, jåktxtyysö dkfcnmñ. Ytdjpvjéyjcnm yfghfdbnm ghj-étrnjh yf eckjdbz ythfdtycndf. E jghjityysö kñltq ytn ljrnjhcrbö cntgtytq, yj jyb pyfñn, xnj nfrjt åtlyjcnm, b d gthdeñ jxthtlm jyb ujdjhzn yt j ltymufö. Jyb ujdjhzn jå jncencndbb ujkjcf, jncencndbb djpvjéyjcnb dshfpbnm cdjt vytybt≥.

Lbyfvbxysq byajhvfwbjyysq ctrnjh c rjyrehbheñob-vb ytpfdbcbvsvb ufptnfvb, hflbjcnfywbzvb, cfqnfvb Bynth-ytnf b ntktdbltybtv gjpdjkztn ecksifnm änb ujkjcf. Änb chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb vjuen jcdtofnm ghjåktvs, gjåeélfnm cjuhfélfy b ghtlcnfdbntktq dkfcnb pfybvfnmcz bvb, yfltkznm c gjvjomñ htfkmyjq byajhvfwbb jghtltkty-yjq cbkjq lfét jåtpljktyysö. Dct dsbuhsdfñn, tckb åtlyst bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm ekexibnm cdjt gjkjétybt, exfcndez d htfkbpfwbb djpvjéyjcntq, ghtljcnfdkztvsö cdjåjljq ckjdf, cdjåjljq gtxfnb b ghfdjv yf cjåhfybz d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö jåotcndfö. ■

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Gfhdby Öfifab ghjöjlbn ghjckeibdfybt yf ljkéyjcnm lbrnjhf Hflbj

Faufybcnfy d Rfåekt d yjzåht 2001 ujlf. Ghtleghtéltybz, gthtlfyyst

gj hflbj ytgjchtlcndtyyj gthtl ghjhsdjv lfvås Ceknfy d 2005

ujle, lfkb ébntkzv lthtdyb dhtvz yf ädfrefwbñ, f xthtp ytcrjkmrj

lytq hflbjcnfywbz yfkflbkf cdzpm vtéle ldevz xfcnzvb ujhjlf,

hfpltktyysvb yfdjlytybtv.

AP/WWP Vfhrj Lb Kfehj

6

RKÑ XT DFZ HJKM ÄRJ YJ VB XTC RJQ CDJ ÅJ LS

D EC KJ DB ZÖ LT VJR HF NBBBty Dfc rtc

≤Ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf zd kz tn cz gth dj ghb xb yjq åj ufn-cn df, rj nj hjt cke ébn ghj nb dj dt cjv gj kb nb xtc rjq dkfc-nb b gb nf tn gkñ hf kbc nb xtc rjt jå ot cn dj≥, – gb itn fd njh Bty Dfc rtc. D cdj tq cnf nmt jy yf ukzl yj lt vjyc nhb-he tn, xnj d cnhf yfö c yf båj ktt cdjåjl yjq ärj yj vb rjq uhfé lf yfv nfr ét jåtc gt xb df tn cz chfd yb ntkm yj ds cj rbq ehj dtym ébp yb, b jå ceé lf tn dpf bvj cdzpm vté le dkfc nmñ pf rj yf b ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ljq. Dfc rtc – lb htr njh ghj-tr nf ≤Ukj åfkm yfz ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf≥ d By cnb ne nt Rf nj d u. Df iby unj yt b xkty Cj dt nf gj vté le yf hjl ysv jn yj it yb zv.

Cht lb cdj åjl, rj nj hs vb lj hj ébn cdjåjl yjt jå ot-cn dj – ärj yj vb xtc rjq,

gj kb nb xtc rjq b uhfé lfy crjq, ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf pf yb vf-tn jcj åjt. Jyf ds cne gf tn yt njkm rj cf vj wt kmñ, yj b cke ébn jgj hjq lhe ubv cdj åj lfv. Rju lf yt jåtc gt xt ys kbx ysq ds åjh, lj åhjdjkm ysq jå vty b pf ob nf xfc nyjq cj åcn dty yjc nb, nhel yj ghtl cnf dbnm ct åt, rfr vjé yj

cj lth éf ntkm yj jce ot cn dkznm gj kb nb xtc reñ cdj åj le bkb uhfé lfy crbt ghf df.

D 1962 uj le kfe ht fn Yj åt ktd crjq ght vbb gj ärj yj vb rt Vbk njy Ahbl vfy pf vt nbk:

Bc nj hbz d jlby uj kjc uj dj hbn j cdz pb vté le gj kb-nb xtc rjq cdj åj ljq b cdj åjl ysv hsy rjv. Z yt pyfñ ybu lt b yb rju lf yb jl yj uj ghb vt hf jå ot cn df, jn vt-xty yj uj åjkm ijq cnt gt ymñ gj kb nb xtc rjq cdj åj ls b ghb änjv yt bc gjkm peñ ot uj yb xt uj gj öj ét uj yf cdj åjl ysq hs yjr lkz jh uf yb pf wbb jc yjd yjq ärj yj-vb xtc rjq ltz ntkm yjc nb.

Rhfö wty nhf kb pj dfy yj uj gkf yb hj df ybz d cnhf yfö ≤nht nmt-uj vb hf≥ b cf vj uj cj wbf kbp vf d gj cktl ybt 20 ktn, gj öj ét, gjl ndth élf tn nt pbc Ahbl vf yf. Dj dctv vb ht hjcn ärj yj vb-xtc rjq cdj åj ls cj ghj djé lfk cz gjl üt vjv gj kb nb xtc rjq b uhfé lfy crjq cdj åj ls, ghb xtv jåf ghj wtc cf bvt kb åjkm ijt pyf xt ybt, gj crjkm re cnhf ys eöj lb kb jn fd nj hb nf hbp vf b jn rhs df kb cdjb hsy rb.

Ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf

Ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf – wtkm, rj nj hfz pf rkñ xf tn d ct åt cdjt cj åcn dty yjt jåjc yj df ybt b lj cnb ét ybt rj nj hjq cf vj gj ct åt ét kfy yj, gj crjkm re jyf dj jå ot hfc ib hz tn lbf gf pjy kbx yj uj ds åj hf, rfr e gj nht åb nt kz, nfr b e ghj bp dj lb nt kz. Jl yf rj pyf xt ybt ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls d jå ot cn dt xfc nj yt ljj wt yb df tn cz, d njv xbc kt b nt vb, rnj eåté lty d dfé yjc-nb gj kb nb xtc rj uj gkñ hf kbp vf, ghfd xt kj dt rf, cdj åj ls jåüt-lb yt ybq, dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz b ckj df.

Dfé yj jn vt nbnm, xnj lt wty nhf kb pf wbz ghb yz nbz ärj yj vb-xtc rbö ht it ybq er htg kz tn uhfé lfy crjt jå ot cn dj, cj plf dfz ghj cnhf ycn dj, d rj nj hjv dct djp vjé yst jh uf yb pf wbb vj uen ce ot cn dj dfnm yt pf db cb vj jn uj ce lfh cn df. D cnhf yt, ult tcnm ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf, xfc nysq ctr njh vj étn ab yfy cb-hj dfnm by cnb ne ns uhfé lfy crj uj jå ot cn df. Nf rbv jå hf pjv, gj lkby yj yt pf db cb vst wth rdb, jg gj pb wb jy yst gj kb nb xtc-rbt gfh nbb, hfp yj jå hfp yst ghtl ghbz nbz b chtl cn df vfc cj-djq by ajh vf wbb bvt ñn åjkm it ify cjd yf ce ot cn djdf ybt nfv, ult ärj yj vb xtc rfz dkfcnm yt cj cht lj nj xt yf d he rfö xb yjd yb rjd b gj kb nb rjd.

Gj jght ltkt ybñ, kb åt hf kb pf wbz ärj yj vb rb gjl hf pe vt df tn en hf ne gjk yj uj gj kb nb xtc rj uj rjy nhj kz yfl uhfé lf yf vb. C änbv cnfk rb df ñn cz d ys yti yññ ägj öe ukj åf kb pf wbb fd nj-hb nfh yst ghf db ntkm cn df gj dct ve vb he. Lbr nf ne hf ec ne gb kf vtc nj lt vjr hf nbb d cnhf yfö, rj nj hst yf xf kb kb åt hf kb pf-wbñ cdj tq ärj yj vb rb tot d 1960-t b 1970-t uj ls, drkñ xfz Ñé yeñ Rj htñ, Nfq dfym, Xb kb b By lj yt pbñ. C bp åhf yb tv ght pb lty nf Db cty nt Ajr cf d 2000 uj le hs yjx yfz kb åt hf-kb pf wbz, ghj dt lty yfz d Vtr cb rt d 1990-t uj ls, gj vju kf gj kj ébnm rj ytw åj ktt xtv 70-ktn yt ve jl yj gfh nbq yj ve ghfd-kt ybñ GHB (By cnb ne wbj yfkm yjq ht dj kñ wb jy yjq gfh nbb), rj nj hjt gt he fy crbq hj vf ybcn Vf hbj Dfh ufc Kmj cf yt rju lf yf pdfk ≤lbr nf ne hjq d cj dth ity cn dt≥.

Ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf zd kz tn cz gth dj ghb xb yjq åj ufn cn-df, rj nj hjt cke ébn ghj nb dj dt cjv gj kb nb xtc rjq dkfc nb b gb nf tn gkñ hf kbc nb xtc rjt jå ot cn dj. Yf ghb vth, rju lf uj ce lfh cn dj dkf lt tn bkb jce ot cn dkz tn yt ghf dj vth ysq rjy n-hjkm yfl åfy rjd crjq b rht lbn yjq ltz ntkm yjc nmñ, nt kt rjv ve-yb rf wbz vb bkb gt xfn ys vb bp lf ybz vb, jyj rjy nhj kb he tn yt njkm rj ärj yj vb xtc reñ fr nbd yjcnm, yj b ds hf ét ybt vyt ybq. Vb he gj yf ljåb kjcm ckbi rjv vyj uj dht vt yb, xnj ås jcjp-yfnm bc nb ye, cj lth éf oeñ cz d ds crf ps df ybb gb cf nt kz yf xf-kf 20-uj dt rf Öb kä hf Åtk kj rf: ≤Rjy nhjkm yfl ghj bp djl cn djv

gj kb nb xtc rjq b uhfé lfy crjq, ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf pf yb vf-tn jcj åjt. Jyf ds cne gf tn yt njkm rj cf vj wt kmñ, yj b cke ébn jgj hjq lhe ubv cdj åj lfv. Rju lf yt jåtc gt xt ys kbx ysq ds åjh, lj åhjdjkm ysq jå vty b pf ob nf xfc nyjq cj åcn dty yjc nb, nhel yj ghtl cnf dbnm ct åt, rfr vjé yj

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF Ä-ÉEH YF K CIF

7

åj ufn cn df tcnm rjy nhjkm yfl cf vjq xt kj dt xtc rjq ébp ymñ≥.Nf rbv jå hf pjv, lb ktv vf, c rj nj hjq ctq xfc cnfk rb df tn cz

Rjv ve ybc nb xtc rfz gfh nbz Rb nfz, jå ot bp dtcn yf. Xnj ås gjl-lth éb dfnm cj wb fkm yeñ cnf åbkm yjcnm, Rb nfq lj kéty ghj ljk-éfnm kb åt hf kb pf wbñ ärj yj vb rb, rj nj hfz jåtc gt xb df kf ds cj-rbt ntv gs hjc nf yf ghj nz ét ybb åj ktt ldeö lt cz nb kt nbq. Yj hs yjx yst ht ajh vs lf kb cjn yzv vbk kbj yjd rb nfq wtd åjkm it yt pf db cb vjc nb jn uj ce lfh cn df b ghb dt kb r ajh vb hj df ybñ chtl yt uj rkfc cf, rj nj hsq dct xf ot nht åe tn gj kb nb xtc rjq cdj åj ls b ghtl cnf db ntkm cn df. Gfh nbz öj xtn cj öhf ybnm gj kb-nb xtc reñ dkfcnm, yj kb åt hf kb pf wbz ärj yj vb rb gjl hs df tn äne wtkm, f ght rhf ot ybt kb åt hf kb pf wbb cyb pb kj ås ntv gs hjc nf b ds pdf kj ås yt cnf åbkm yjcnm.

Rfr dbl yj yf ghb vt ht Rb nfz b vyj ubö lhe ubö cnhfy, ärj-yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf gj jo hz tn gj kb nb xtc rbq gkñ hf kbpv, cgj cjå cn dez hjc ne, rj nj hsq gj hjé lf tn chtl ybq rkfcc b vtym-ieñ pf db cb vjcnm uhfé lfy jn uj ce lfh cn df. Äv gb hb xtc rbt lj rf-pf ntkm cn df gjl ndth élf ñn äne cdzpm.

Cf vsv dct jåütv kñ obv äv gb hb xtc rbv bc ckt lj df yb tv cj jn-yj it ybz vté le ärj yj vb xtc rjq gj kb nb rjq b by cnb ne nf vb cnhf ys, c jl yjq cnj hj ys, b ehjd ytv tt åkf uj cj cnjz ybz, c lhe-ujq, ghtl cnfd kz tn cz lj rkfl rf yfl crj uj By cnb ne nf Ahtq pt hf ≤Ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf d vb ht≥. D ytv hfc cvfn hb df ñn cz 38 rjv gj yty njd ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls – jn hfp vt hf ghf db ntkm-cn df lj dkfc nb pf rj yf b lj lt yté yjq b njh uj djq gj kb nb rb – d 127 cnhf yfö pf gt hb jl åj ktt 30 ktn. Bc ckt lj df ybt ec nf yj-db kj ghjx yeñ cdzpm vté le ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ljq b ghj-wdt nf yb tv. D cnhf yfö c yf båj ktt cdjåjl yjq ärj yj vb rjq chtl-ybq lj öjl yf le ie yf ct kt ybz cj cnfd kz tn 25 062 lj kkf hf, gj chfd yt ybñ c 2409 lj kkf hf vb d yf bvt ytt cdj åjl ysö cnhf yfö. D cnhf yfö cj cdjåjl yjq ärj-yj vb rjq hjcn nfr ét ghj bc öj-lbn åsc nhtt, xtv d cnhf yfö c vt ytt cdjåjl yjq ärj yj vb rjq. D yf båj ktt cdj åjl ysö cnhf-yfö ntv gs hjc nf lj öj ljd yf le ie yf ct kt ybz pf gj cktl ybt 10 ktn cj cnfdb kb 2,5 ghj wty nf, f d yf bvt ytt cdj åjl ysö – 0,6 ghj wty nf.

Bc ckt lj df ybt By cnb ne nf Ahtq pt hf nfr ét gj rf pf kj, xnj ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf ghjx-yj cdz pf yf c cj rhf ot yb tv åtl-yjc nb b lhe ub vb ghb pyf rf vb ghj uhtc cf. Hfc cxb ns dft vsq JJY by ltrc åtl yjc nb jn hb wf-ntkm yj rjh ht kb he tn c by ltr-cjv ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls gj Ahtq pt he. Ehj dtym lj öj ljd åtl ytq ibö 10 ghj wty njd yf ct-kt ybz d ärj yj vb xtc rb yf båj-ktt cdj åjl ysö cnhf yfö hf dty

6451 lj kkf he, gj chfd yt ybñ c 1185 lj kkf hf vb d yf bvt ytt cdj åjl ysö cnhf yfö. Åj ktt nj uj, kñ lb, éb de obt d dth öybö 20 ghj wty nfö cnhfy gj ehjd yñ ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls, rfr ghf db kj, éb den ghb vth yj yf 25 ktn ljkm it, xtv kñ lb d ybé ybö 20 ghj wty nfö. Åj ktt ybp rfz ltn crfz cvth nyjcnm, åj ktt ds cj rbq ehj dtym uhf vjn yjc nb, vtym ifz rjh heg wbz b åjkm ibq lj cneg r åt pj gfc yjq gb nmt djq dj lt nfr ét fc cj wbb-he ñn cz c hjc njv ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls. Ghb vt yzt vsq JJY by ltrc xt kj dt xtc rj uj hfp db nbz gj kj éb ntkm yj rjh ht kb he tn c åjkm itq ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ljq. D pyf xb ntkm yjq cnt gt yb änj jn yj cbn cz b r by ltr ce gj kb nb xtc rbö b uhfé lfy crbö cdj åjl gj vt nj lb rt ≤Ahb ljv öf ec≥: cnhf ys c åjkm itq ärj-yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ljq, rfr ghf db kj, bvt ñn åjkm it lhe ubö cdj åjl.

Ec njq xb dsq hjcn afr nb xtc rb lfd yj pf db cbn jn ec kj dbq, cgj cjå cn deñ obö cdjåjl yj ve ghtl ghb yb vf ntkm cn de b jö hf yt xfc nyjq cj åcn dty yjc nb. Jc dj åjé lt ybt Pf gf lf jn vfc cj djq åtl yjc nb d 1800-t uj ls ghj bc öj lb kj d nf rbö ec kj db zö b, d cdjñ jxt htlm, gj kj ébk yf xf kj ägj öt cj dht vty yj uj ärj yj-vb xtc rj uj hjc nf. Tot lj änj uj gj zd kt ybt njh uj dj uj rkfc cf ath vt hjd d Fy ukbb ghb dt kj r tuj ghtl cnf db ntkm cn de d gfh kf-vty nt, ult d 17-v dt rt jy ec gti yj ju hf yb xbk ghj bpdjkm yst rjy abc rf wbb bve ot cn df rj hj ktd crjq dkfc nmñ. Jl ybv ckj-djv, cnf yjd kt ybt ath vt hjd-njh ujd wtd gj vju kj ec nf yj dbnm rjy-cnb ne wb jy yeñ vj yfh öbñ. Yf ltéyst ju hf yb xt ybz yf dkfcnm ghf db ntkm cn df er ht gb kb bve ot cn dty yst ghf df b dkfcnm pf rj-yf – dfé yst afr nj hs gjl üt vf Dt kb rj åhb nf ybb d rf xt cn dt dt le otq vb hj djq ärj yj vb xtc rjq b gj kb nb xtc rjq lth éf ds. Cnf yj dzcm åj uf xt, Dt kb rj åhb nf ybz, hf pe vt tn cz, cnf kf lt vjr hf-

≤Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf d vbht≥ pf 2003 ujl

$2,409

$5,062$6,404

$13,789

$25,06230,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

Ybéybq Xtndthnsq Nhtnbq Dnjhjq Dthöybq

$2,409

$5,062$6,404

$13,789

$25,062

Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf b ljöjls yf leie yfctktybz

DD

G y

f l

ei

e y

fct

kty

bz d

ljr

kflt

Bp

ljrk

flf

≤Ä

rjyj

vbx

tcrf

z c

djåjlf

d v

bht≥ p

f 2

005 u

jl

(Eco

nom

ic F

reed

om o

f the

Wor

ld: 2

005

Ann

ual R

epor

t)

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLFÄ-ÉEH YF K CIF

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF 8 Ä-ÉEHYF K CIF

nbtq.Åjktt ytlfdybt ljrfpfntkmcndf gjlndthélfñn bltñ j njv,

xnj hjcn b åjktt dscjrbq ehjdtym ljöjljd ghbdjlzn r ltvjr-hfnbb bkb, gj rhfqytq vtht, gjvjufñn tt cjöhfyznm. Gjkbnjkj-ub Flfv Gitdjhcrb b Athyfylj Kbvjyléb bpexbkb 135 cnhfy pf gthbjl c 1950 gj 1990 ujl b ecnfyjdbkb, xnj ≤ljöjl yf leie yfctktybz öjhjij ghtlcrfpsdftn cnfåbkmyjcnm ltvjrhfnbb≥. Yfghbvth, jyb jåyfheébkb, xnj d cnhfyfö c ljöjljv yf leie yfctktybz ybét 1000 ljkkfhjd, ltvjrhfnbz vjétn d chtlytv hfccxbnsdfnm yf dsébdfybt d ntxtybt djcmvb ktn. Änj cghfdtl-kbdj bp hfcxtnf gfhbntnf gjregfntkmyjq cgjcjåyjcnb pf 1985 ujl. Gfhbntn gjregfntkmyjq cgjcjåyjcnb jpyfxftn gjkjétybt, xnj jåvtyyst rehcs vtéle dfkñnfvb yföjlzncz d hfdyjdtcbb, rjulf bö gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjåyjcnm d rféljq bp ldeö cnhfy jlbyfrjdf. Rjulf ljöjls yföjlbkbcm d lbfgfpjyt jn 1001 lj 2000 ljkkfhjd, dthjznysq chjr cjöhfytybz ltvjrhfnbb cjcnfd-kzk 18 ktn. D cnhfyfö c ljöjlfvb dsit 6055 ljkkfhjd vjéyj åskj jéblfnm, xnj ltvjrhfnbz åeltn lkbnmcz dtxyj.

Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf gjhjélftn hjcn, yj yt dctulf dtltn r ltvjrhfnbb. Ghbvtxfntkmysvb ghbvthfvb ckeéfn Ujyrjyu b Cbyufgeh, ult ärjyjvbrf jlyf bp cfvsö cdjåjlysö d vbht. B åjufncndj cfvj gj ctåt njét yt dctulf dscnegftn htpekmnfnjv ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls, j xtv cdbltntkmcndeñn ytrjnjhst åjufnst htcehcfvb cnhfys c jnyjcbntkmyj dscjrbvb ljöj-lfvb, yj c étcnrbv ujcelfhcndtyysv rjynhjktv yfl ärjyj-vbrjq; tcntcndtyyj, uhfélfycrbt b gjkbnbxtcrbt cdjåjls d änbö cnhfyfö njét cbkmyj juhfybxtys. Jlyfrj rkñxtdfz hjkm ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb jxtdblyf. Jyf vjétn åsnm vjoyjq cbkjq ghjldbétybz ltvjrhfnbb, f lkz cjöhfytybz gjkbnbxtcrjq cdjåjls ytjåöjlbvf dscjrfz cnt-gtym cdjåjls ärjyjvbxtcrjq

.Kbåthfkmyfz ltvjrhfnbz b dkfcnm pfrjyf

Ltvjrhfnbz – yt cbyjybv cdjåjls. Rfr vs eåtlbkbcm, ltvjr-hfnbz, rjnjhfz yt cjghjdjélftncz lheubvb cdjåjlfvb, tldf kb ljåmtncz ecgtöf d juhfybxtybb ghjbpdjkf gjkbnbxtcrbö dkfcntq, gecnm lfét bpåhfyysö. Gjänjve d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghbkfufñncz åjkmibt ecbkbz lkz erhtgktybz dkfcnb pfrjyf – rkñxtdjuj rjvgjytynf kbåthfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbb b ärjyjvb-xtcrjq cdjåjls.

Cjdthityyj jxtdblyj, xnj dkfcnm pfrjyf ytjåöjlbvf lkz yjhvfkmyj aeyrwbjybheñotq ltvjrhfnbb. Dct åjkmit jcjp-yftncz njn afrn, xnj dkfcnm pfrjyf ytjåöjlbvf b lkz ärjyjvb-xtcrjuj hfpdbnbz. D ljrkflt ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf d vbht≥, yfghbvth, ecnfyjdktyj, xnj yb jlyf cnhfyf cj ckfåjq dkfcnmñ pfrjyf yt vjétn jåtcgtxbnm pyfxbntkmyst ntvgs hjcnf (dsit 1,1 ghjwtynf) gjckt njuj, rfr ljöjl yf leie yfctktybz gjlyb-vftncz dsit 3400 ljkkfhjd. Bysvb ckjdfvb, rjulf ärjyjvbrf ljcnbuftn jghtltktyyjuj ehjdyz hfpdbnbz, lkz gjllthéfybz hjcnf ytjåöjlbvs ekexitybz d catht jåtcgtxtybz dkfcnb pfrjyf.

Djpvjéyj, d jnkbxbt jn cybétybz nfhbajd bkb ghbdfnbpf-wbb, dkfcnm pfrjyf ytkmpz dytlhbnm yfghzveñ. Dgjkyt vjétn åsnm, xnj dkfcnm pfrjyf djpybrftn gjckt njuj, rfr ghfdbkmyj cltkfys ghjxbt dtob, bkb jlyjdhtvtyyj c änbv.

Dyjie crhjvyjt ghtlkjétybt. Dvtcnj njuj xnjås jhbty-nbhjdfnmcz yf ghzvjt dytlhtybt dkfcnb pfrjyf, vs ljkéys cjplfdfnm eckjdbz, d rjnjhsö jyf vjétn ckjébnmcz. Chtlb dctuj ghjxtuj, änj jpyfxftn cgjcjåcndjdfybt ghjdtltybñ hsyjxysö htajhv b jåtcgtxtybt ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls. Lkz vyjubö åtlysö cnhfy änj jpyfxftn cjrhfotybt hfpvthjd ghfdbntkmcndf. Cnhfys, d rjnjhsö ctujlyz tcnm cbkmyfz dkfcnm pfrjyf, cyfxfkf cjplfkb änjn bycnbnen b njkmrj gjnjv edtkb-xbkb hfpvths cdjbö ghfdbntkmcnd.

R cjéfktybñ, ckbirjv vyjuj åtlysö cnhfy ctujlyz gsnftn-cz gjdnjhbnm änjn ghjwtcc yfjåjhjn. D nfrbö hfpysö cnhfyfö, rfr, yfghbvth, Åhfpbkbz, Ckjdfrbz, Htcgeåkbrf Rjyuj b Hjc-cbz, ljkz ghfdbntkmcndtyysö hfcöjljd d dfkjdjv dyenhtyytv ghjlernt ghtdsiftn 30 bkb 40 ghjwtynjd. Gjgsnrb erhtgbnm dkfcnm pfrjyf nfv, ult ghfdbntkmcndf jcnfñncz åjkmibvb, jåhtxtys yf ytelfxe bkb åelen pfnhelytys. Ltqcndbntkmyj, öjnz gjcktlybt 20 ktn d vbht yfåkñlftncz ntyltywbz r hjcne ärjyjvbxtcrjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq cdjåjls, åjkmibycnde cnhfy tot ghtlcnjbn ghjqnb ljkubq genm r jåhtntybñ gjlkbyyjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls. Hjccbz, vjétn åsnm, b jnrfpfkfcm jn cjwbfkbpvf, yj gj byltrce ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls d vbht≥ jyf pfybvftn 115-t vtcnj bp 127 cnhfy.

Åjktt njuj, Afhbl Pfrfhbz d cdjtq hfåjnt jnvtxftn, xnj åjkmibycndj åtlysö ltvjrhfnbq d vbht jnyjcbncz r ytkb-åthfkmysv, nj tcnm r gjkbnbxtcrbv htébvfv, ghb rjnjhsö cdjåjls, pf bcrkñxtybtv cdjåjls dsåbhfnm herjdjlbntktq, yt dgjkyt endthlbkbcm. Jy pfvtxftn, xnj yf Pfgflt cyfxfkf ckj-ébkfcm kbåthfkmyfz rjycnbnewbjyyfz nhflbwbz, f pfntv ghj-bpjitk gthtöjl r ltvjrhfnbb. D 1800 ujle, yfghbvth, d Dtkbrj-åhbnfybb – gjéfkeq, cfvjv kbåthfkmyjv jåotcndt d vbht yf

Ñéyjrjhtqcrbt åhjrths ghbdtncndeñn htrjhlysq dpktn Rjhtqcrjuj

cdjlyjuj byltrcf wty yf wtyyst åevfub yf Rjhtqcrjq ajyljdjq åbhét

d Ctekt d ctynzåht 2005 ujlf. Lbrnfnehf ecnegbkf vtcnj ltvjrhfnbb d

cnhfyfö, rjnjhst ghjdtkb kbåthfkbpfwbñ cdjbö hsyrjd tot d 1960-t b

1970-t ujls, drkñxfz Ñéyeñ Rjhtñ.

AP/WWP Työfg, Xjq Léä-re


njn vjvtyn – ujkjcjdfkb dctuj 2 ghjwtynf uhfélfy. Pfrfhbz lfktt erfpsdftn, xnj d yt jnyjczoböcz r Pfgfle cnhfyfö, rjnj-hst ytlfdyj jceotcndbkb gthtöjl r kbåthfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbb, nfrbö, rfr Ñéyfz Rjhtz b Nfqdfym, cyfxfkf nfrét gjzdbkbcm rfgbnfkbpv b dkfcnm pfrjyf. Änf vjltkm vjétn jåüzcybnm, gjxtve htubjys, gjljåyst Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt, rjnjhst cyf-

xfkf ghjdtkb ltvjrhfnbpfwbñ, f pfntv yfxfkb ärjyjvbxtcreñ kbåthfkbpfwbñ, cnjkryekbcm c jcjåsvb nhelyjcnzvb ghb jåtc-gtxtybb ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls bkb hjcnf.

Ctujlyz cnhfys Djcnjxyjq b Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs, Kfnby-crjq Fvthbrb b lheubö htubjyjd c hfpkbxyjq cntgtymñ ecgtöf gsnfñncz jlyjdhtvtyyj jåtcgtxbnm b ltvjrhfnbñ, b ärjyjvbxtcreñ cdjåjle. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf cdthyenf bkb gthtcnfkf åsnm ghbjhbntnjv, xnj yt cekbn ltvjrhfnbb ybxtuj öjhjituj. D lheubö ckexfzö, rfr d Äcnjybb, ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf gjcktljdfntkmyj hfcntn, ntv cfvsv, erhtgkzz ltvjrhfnbñ. Nt bp yfc, rnj dthbn d ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbq rfgbnfkbpv, ébdtv kb vs d åjufnsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö, åtlysö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bkb fdnjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcndfö, ybrjulf yt ljkéys egecrfnm bp dble rkñxtdeñ hjkm ärjyjvb-xtcrjq cdjåjls d ljcnbétybb cdjåjlyjuj jåotcndf. ■


Pfdjl vjåbkmysö ntktajyjd ≤Äkrjntr≥ d Nfkkbyt cnhtvbncz r

eukeåktybñ d Äcnjybb ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls b nfrbv jåhfpjv

erhtgkztn ltvjrhfnbñ d cnhfyt.

AP/WWP Rfqz-rflb Ctgg

10 Ä-ÉEHYF K CIF

Ähyfylj lt Cjnj – ghtpbltyn Bycnbnenf cdjåjls b ltvjrhfnbb d Kbvt (Gthe). D 1990-t ujls, hfåjnfz cjdtnybrjv ghtpbltynf Gthe Fkmåthnj Aelébvjhb, lt Cjnj gjvju ddtcnb d ltqcndbt ghjuhfvvs ärjyjvbxtcrbö htajhv, rjnjhst jåktuxbkb djpdhfotybt Gthe d vtéle-yfhjlyeñ ärjyjvbxtcreñ cbcntve. Ybét ghbdjlbncz jnhsdjr bp bynthdmñ Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjuj xfcnyjuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf c lt Cjnj, rjnjhsq hfccrfpsdf-tn j ghjxyjq cdzpb vtéle bveotcndtyysvb ghfdfvb b ltvjrhfnbtq. Bynthdmñ dgthdst jgeåkbrjdfyj d bplfybb änjuj Wtynhf ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrfz htajhvf ctujlyz≥.

DJGHJC: Tckb gjcvjnhtnm yf pfgflyst ltvjrhfnbb, e dctö tcnm cbkmyst cbcntvs jöhfys bveotcndtyysö

ghfd. Dféyj kb cjplfdfnm nfrbt cbcntvs d eckjdbzö ajhvb-heñotqcz ltvjrhfnbb?

LT CJNJ: Yf vjq dpukzl, d pfgflysö ltvjrhfnbzö gjhféftn, ghtélt dctuj, nj, xnj d ybö htfkmyj ltqcndeñn bveotcndtyyst ghfdf. E ybö vjuen åsnm hfpyst cbcntvs ptvktdkfltybz b ghfd cjåcndtyyjcnb, yj dj dctö änbö cnhf-yfö tcnm jlyf jåofz xthnf: jyb pfobofñn ghfdj kñltq jgthbhjdfnm cdjbvb bveotcndtyysvb ghfdfvb. Dféyj yt njkmrj pyfnm, xnj tckb ds dkflttnt bveotcndjv, nj ds vjét-nt jåtcgtxbnm cjåkñltybt cdjbö bveotcndtyysö ghfd, yj b nj, xnj tckb ds htibnt ghjlfnm tuj, kñåjq, rnj regbn tuj bkb bcgjkmpetn d rfxtcndt pfkjujdjuj jåtcgtxtybz gjl rjvvthxtcrbt wtkb, bcgsnsdftn edthtyyjcnm d änjq cltkrt.

Dj vyjubö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö bkb yf ajhvbheñ-oböcz hsyrfö bveotcndtyyst ghfdf ceotcndeñn. Jlyfrj jyb yt ljgjkytys ghfdjdjq åfpjq, rjnjhfz bvttncz d hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö b gjpdjkztn änbv bveotcndtyysv ghf-dfv cnfyjdbnmcz dfkñnjq. Änf ghfdjdfz åfpf jåtcgtxbdftn ytreñ jgjhe, rjnjhfz gjpdjkztn cjåcndtyyjcnb gthtöjlbnm d yfbåjktt wtyyjt gjkmpjdfybt c dscjrjq cntgtymñ åtpj-gfcyjcnb.

Yf åjkmibycndt ajhvbheñoböcz hsyrjd, jn Hjccbb lj Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, ctujlyz tcnm kñlb, rjnjhst ghtélt yt dkfltkb cjåcndtyyjcnmñ, f ntgthm dkfltñn. Yj ujcelfhcndty-yfz cbcntvf – bcgjkybntkmyfz, pfrjyjlfntkmyfz b celtåyfz dkfcnm – yt ecgtkf gjcnhjbnm åfpe b bycnbnens, ytjåöjlb-vst lkz jöhfys bveotcndtyysö ghfd.

Rjhjxt ujdjhz, dféyj nj, ödfnbn kb gjkbnbxtcrjuj plhf-djuj cvsckf yf ajhvbheñoböcz hsyrfö, xnjås cjplfnm ghfdjdeñ jcyjde, pfobofñoeñ ghfdf xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjc-nb. Gjänjve gthdsq ifu – jghtltkbnm, rfrbt bveotcndty-yst ghfdf ceotcndeñn. Dnjhjq – bpdktxm ehjrb bp ädjkñ-wbb hfpkbxysö vjltktq, bcgjkmpetvsö d pfgflyjv vbht, b

njuj, rfr cjplfdfkbcm jhufybpfwbb, xnjås yfbkexibv jåhf-pjv jhufybpjdfnm b pfobnbnm änb ghfdf ñhblbxtcrb.

DJGHJC: Rfr ås ds jöfhfrnthbpjdfkb cjjnyjitybt cbkmysö cbcntv bveotcndtyysö ghfd c ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb bycnbnenfvb?

LT CJNJ: Cdzpm vtéle änbvb ldevz dtofvb jxtym ghjx-yf. C ltvjrhfnbtq dj vyjujv cdzpfyj cjplfybt öjhjitq cbcntvs bveotcndtyysö ghfd d njv cvsckt, xnj ytdjp-vjéyj gjcnhjbnm nfreñ cbcntve, tckb ds yt pyftnt, xnj levfñn kñlb yf ybpjdjv ehjdyt jå jnyjitybb r dtofv, ptvkt b frnbdfv. Njkmrj gjckt änjuj vjéyj ddtcnb bveot-cndtyyst ghfdf d pfrjys, rjnjhst cnfyen gj-yfcnjzotve ltqcndtyysvb.

D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfghbvth, d ntxtybt dctuj 19-uj b yfxfkf 20-uj dtrf ltqcndjdfkb hfpkbxyst vtöfybpvs, ghbpyfdfdibt ghfdf yf ptvkñ gthdsö gjctktywtd, jcdfbdfd-ibö ptvkb yf pfgflt cnhfys, öjnz gthdjyfxfkmyj cnhfyf yt bvtkf cjjndtncndeñotq ghfdjdjq åfps. Dvtcnj njuj xnjås ghblthébdfnmcz åhbnfycrjq nhflbwbb, gj rjnjhjq pfrjy ecnfyfdkbdfñn rjhjkm b celmz, ghfdbntkmcndj CIF bcöjlbkj bp njuj, xnj e kñltq yf vtcnfö tcnm cdjb cjåcn-dtyyst cgjcjås jghtltktybz vyjujxbcktyysö bveotcn-dtyysö ghfd, b jyb afrnbxtcrb cjplfkb jåotcndtyyst ljujdjhs yf vtcnfö. D bnjut cajhvbhjdfkfcm äaatrnbdyfz jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz cbcntvf bveotcndtyysö ghfd, rjnj-hfz hfåjnfkf, yj yt bcgjkmpjdfkf pfrjyjd, pfdtptyysö bp Fyukbb. Dvtcnj änjuj jyf jgbhfkfcm yf cbcntve vtcnyjq ltvjrhfnbb b ghbywbgs cghfdtlkbdjcnb, dsntrfdibt bp njuj, xnj vyjubt åtlyst kñlb d CIF cnjkåbkb ptvkb b ghtlüzdkzkb ghfdf yf ptvkñ, rjnjhst åskb, gj ceotcnde, endthéltys åjkmibycndjv yfctktybz. Bvtyyj gjänjve jyb pfrhtgbkbcm.

Tckb ltvjrhfnbz tcnm yfhjljdkfcnbt, änj, chtlb ghjxtuj, jpyfxftn, xnj jåotcndtyyst ljujdjhs kñltq ghbpyfñncz b pfobofñncz. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj cnhfyf exbnsdftn änb ljuj-djhtyyjcnb, yföjlzobtcz d cnflbb cnfyjdktybz, b gjcntgty-yj dgktnftn änb bveotcndtyyst ghfdf d åjktt ckjéysq b lfktrj bleobq jåotcndtyysq ljujdjh.

Bcnjxybr: ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrfz htajhvf ctujlyz – bveotcndtyyst ghfdf b ltvjrhfnbz≥, yjvth 1, 1996

Gjkyjcnmñ bynthdmñ vjéyj ghjxbnfnm gj flhtce: http://www.cipe.org/publications/as/ert/e19/desoto.htm

BVEOTCNDTYYST GHFDF B LTVJRHFNBZnjxrf phtybz

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF

11Ä-ÉEH YF K CIF

D änjq cnf nmt jå ceé lf tn cz wty yjcnm, rj nj heñ ghb lf tn plj hj djq lt vjr hf nbb cdj åj lf dt hj bc gj dt lf ybz. Fd njh öf hfr-nt hb pe tn ht kb ub jp yst by cnb ne ns rfr fkm nth yf nbd ysq bc njx ybr bltq b cj wb fkm yjq rhb nb rb b extå ysq ≤gj kb ujy≥ lt vjr hf nb xtc rj uj uhfé lfy cn df. Jy gj rf ps df tn, gj xt ve lt vjr hf nb xtc rbt ghf db ntkm cn df lj kéys gj jo hznm edf éb-ntkm yjt jn yj it ybt r ht kb ub jp yj ve hfp yj jå hf pbñ. Ntl U. Lét kty – ghj atc cjh gj kb nj kj ubb d eyb dth cb nt nt Lt Gj d Uhby rfc kt, in. By lbf yf, b d eyb dth cb nt nt inf nf Yt df lf d Kfc-Dt uf ct.

Edf ét ybt cdj åj ls cj dtc nb, rj nj hfz xf ot dct uj cdz pf yf cj cdj åj ljq dt hj bc gj dt lf-

ybz, jrf ps df tn cbkm yjt åkf ujn-djh yjt djp ltqcn dbt yf lt vjr hf-nb xtc reñ dkfcnm. Gj cktl cn dbz ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls d wt kjv gj pb-nbd ys: 1) ht kb ubz jåtc gt xb df tn fkm nth yf nbd yst bc njx yb rb bltq, cj wb fkm yjq rhb nb rb b yj df njh cn df lkz lt vjr hf nb xtc rbö ghf db ntkm cnd;

2) ht kb ub jp yst by cnb ne ns ght lj cnfd kz ñn jgsn b yf ds rb, rj nj hst vjé yj ghb kj ébnm r lt vjr hf nb xtc rj ve uhfé lfy cn de; 3) cj åkñ lt ybt ght hj uf nbd ht kb ub jp ysö vtym iby cnd vj étn er ht gbnm kt ub nbv yjcnm lt vjr hf nb xtc rbö ghf db ntkm cnd dyen-hb cnhf ys b yf vté le yfhjl yjv ehjd yt.

Ht kb ubz b uj ce lfh cn dj

Ghb plj hj djv lt vjr hf nb xtc rjv ht éb vt uj ce lfh cn dj b ht kb ub jp yst by cnb ne ns lj kéys cj öhf yznm yt pf db cb vjcnm lheu jn lhe uf b ghj zd kznm lheu r lhe ue edf ét ybt. Änj yt pyf-xbn, xnj yt lj kéyj åsnm rjy nfr njd vté le cdtn crjq cat hjq gj kb nb rb b ghj cnhf ycn djv cdz nj uj, rj nj hjt jght ltkz tn cz ht kb ub tq, gj crjkm re yf kb wj pyf xb ntkm yjt gt ht ct xt ybt änbö ldeö jå kfc ntq. Yj, gj öj ét, yt rj nj hfz aeyr wbj yfkm yfz fd nj-yj vbz d jn yj it yb zö vté le wth rj dmñ b uj ce lfh cn djv ghb yj-cbn uj ce lfh cn de joe nb veñ gjkm pe.

Cnjkm hfp yst yf åkñ lf nt kb, rfr ahfy wep crbq gb cf ntkm b uj ce lfh cn dty ysq ltz ntkm Fktr cbc lt Njr dbkm (1805–1859 uj ls) b yt vtw rbq gj kb nj kju Äkb pf åtn Yt kkt-Yjq vfyy (1916 ujl), jn vt xf kb rjy ajh vbcn crbt nty lty wbb lt vjr hf nb xtc rbö gj kb nb xtc rbö rekm neh. Bys vb ckj df vb, d äuf kb nfh ysö (d cj wb fkm yjv b ghf dj djv cvsc kt ckj df) jå ot cn dfö ltqcn de tn

xhtp ds xfq yj vjo yjt cj wb fkm yjt lfd kt ybt, gj åeé lfñ ott r ghb yz nbñ ujc gjl cn deñot uj vyt ybz. Yt kkt-Yjq vfyy yf pdf-kf änjn at yj vty ≤cgb hf kmñ vjk xf ybz≥, rj nj hfz jxtym gj öj éf yf ds ldb ye neñ Njr db ktv rkfc cb xtc reñ rjy wtg wbñ ≤nb hf ybb åjkm iby cn df≥. Ght jå kf lfñ obt njx rb pht ybz xfc nj vj uen jrf ps dfnm djp ltqcn dbt yf jå ot cn dty yjt vyt ybt b uj ce lfh cn-dty yeñ gj kb nb re, rj nj hj ve ghfr nb xtc rb yt kmpz cj ghj nbd-kznm cz.

Ht kb ubz xfc nj ghb dyj cbn d geå kbx yst lbc rec cbb ≤ghj-hj xtc rbq uj kjc≥. Ht kb ubz gj pdj kz tn fgtk kb hj dfnm r åj ktt ec njq xb dsv – ≤dtx ysv≥ – nhfyc wty ltyn ysv wty yjc nzv d lt vjr hf nb xtc rjv lbf kj ut b jåtc gt xbnm ds hf ét ybt vyt ybq vtym iby cnd. Änf aeyr wbz dfé yf ghb ht éb vfö, d rj nj hsö jå ot cn dty yjt vyt ybt ds cne gf tn d rf xt cn dt gj cktl ytq by cnfy-wbb, gj crjkm re ghtl cnfd kt ybt fkm nth yf nbd ysö nj xtr pht ybz xfc nj jåj uf of tn gj kb nb xtc rbt lbc rec cbb. Ht kb ub jp yst dt hj-df ybz yt jc yj df ys yf cj wb fkm ysö b gj kb nb xtc rbö htf kb zö dht vt yb, b änj gj pdj kz tn bv cke ébnm yt pf db cb vs vb bc njx yb-rf vb rhb nb rb ght jå kf lfñ ot uj gj kb nb xtc rj uj yf cnhjt ybz d jght ltkty ysq bc nj hb xtc rbq vj vtyn.

Yf ghb vth, d Gjkm it ib hj rj hfc ghj cnhf yty yjt rf nj kb xt cn-dj lf df kj dtc rjt fkm nth yf nbd yjt vb hj djp pht ybt uhfé lf yfv änjq cnhf ys d gt hb jl ujc gjl cn df rjv ve ybc nb xtc rjq bltj kj-ubb. Gj gsn rb gj kb nb xtc rjq cj wbf kb pf wbb, ghtl ghb yz nst rjv ve ybc nb xtc rbv ht éb vjv, yt ås kb äa atr nbd ys vb, båj bv fr nbd yj ghj nb dj ltqcn dj df kf gj kb nb xtc rb fy uf éb hj dfy-yfz ht kb ubz. Ltqcn db ntkm yj gj ge kzh yjt d yf hj lt rf nj kb xt-cn dj vju kj gj pdj kbnm gj kz rfv ghj dj lbnm hfp kb xbt vté le gjkm crbv uj ce lfh cn djv (cdtn crbv b cj wbf kbc nb xtc rbv) b gjkm crjq yf wb tq (rf nj kb xtc rjq b gj nty wb fkm yj lt vjr hf nb-xtc rjq). Njx yj nfr ét d gth dst uj ls ght pb ltyn cn df Hj yfkm lf Htq uf yf (1981–1989 uj ls) d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö nf rbt htf-kbb, rfr zlth yjt hf pj he ét ybt b gj vjom åtl ysv, en hf nb kb cdjq dtc d jå ot cn dty yjv lbc reh ct. Yf wbj yfkm ysq cj dtn rf nj kb xtc rbö tgbc rj gjd hfc cs kfk gfc nsh crbt gbcm vf j åtp-yhfd cn dty yjc nb zlth yjq djq ys b ghj djp ukf ifk yhfd cn dty yst bv gt hf nb ds, kt éf obt d jc yj dt gj vj ob åtl ysv. Le öjd yst b by ntk ktr ne fkm yst ht ceh cs fvt hb rfy crjq wth rdb jåtc gt xb kb yt jå öj lb vsq ghj nb dj dtc ärj yj vb xtc rj ve b dyti yt gj kb nb-xtc rj ve rjy cth df nbp ve.

D änjq bltt, rj ytx yj, ytn yb xt uj jcj åty yj yj dj uj. D cdj tq ryb ut ≤Lt vjr hf nbz d Fvt hb rt≥ Fktr cbc lt Njr dbkm jght ltkzk ht kb ubñ rfr jlby bp dfé ytq ibö afr nj hjd, cvzu xfñ obö nb hf ybñ åjkm iby cn df d Cj tlb yty ysö Inf nfö. Åe le xb bc njx-yb rf vb nhfyc wty ltyn ysö wty yjc ntq, rj nj hst cj lth éfn vyj uj-xbc kty yst yhfd cn dty yst bv gt hf nb ds, bvtñ obt jn yj it ybt r uj ce lfh cn dty yjq gj kb nb rt, ht kb ub jp yst nhf lb wbb, yt jnjé lt-

CDJ ÅJ LF CJ DTC NBNtl U. Lét kty

Eybz, jrf ps df tn cbkm yjt åkf ujn-djh yjt djp ltqcn dbt yf lt vjr hf-nb xtc reñ dkfcnm. Gj cktl cn dbz ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls d wt kjv gj pb-nbd ys: 1) ht kb ubz jåtc gt xb df tn fkm nth yf nbd yst bc njx yb rb bltq, cj wb fkm yjq rhb nb rb b yj df njh cn df lkz lt vjr hf nb xtc rbö ghf db ntkm cnd;



cndkztvst c ghfdzobvb htébvfvb, ckeéfn dféysv juhfybxb-ntktv rjyajhvbcncrbö ntyltywbq ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö rekmneh.

Pfobnf htkbubjpyjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz

Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf ljkéys pfobofnm b gjjo-hznm htkbubjpyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt. Ghbcencndbt vyjétcndf htkbubjpysö nhflbwbq d jåotcndt erhtgkztn bö cgjcjåyjcnm dscnegfnm d rfxtcndt cjwbfkmysö b gjkbnbxtcrbö rhbnbrjd, gj rhfqytq vtht, gj nhtv ghbxbyfv.

Yfbåjktt jxtdblyfz wtyyjcnm htkbubjpyjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz lkz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj lbcrehcf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj yfkbxbt vyjétcndf ujkjcjd vjétn ghbdtcnb r extne

vyjétcndf njxtr phtybz d jåotcndtyysö ltåfnfö. Yfghbvth, d cjdhtvtyyjq Åhfpbkbb Hbvcrj-rfnjkbxtcrfz wthrjdm (jcj-åtyyj yf ehjdyt vtcnysö ghböjljd) cnfkf bcnjxybrjv cjwb-fkmyjq rhbnbrb ukeåjrbö ghbxby ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b gjkbnb-xtcrjuj ythfdtycndf (nhflbwbz ≤ntjkjubb jcdjåjéltybz≥), f hfcneott ldbétybt ghjntcnfynjd-tdfyutkbcnjd ghbdktrftn dybvfybt r djghjcfv yhfdcndtyyjcnb b ctvtqyjq ébpyb.

Dj-dnjhsö, htkbubjpyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt jrfpsdftn gjkjéb-ntkmyjt dkbzybt yf cfve htkbubjpyeñ dthe, frnbdbpbhetn exfcnbt yfctktybz d cjwbfkmyj-gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb b gjds-iftn xktycndj d jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbzö. Cgtwbfkbcns gj cjwbjkjubb htkbubb cxbnfñn, xnj d rjyrehtynyjq htkb-ubjpyjq chtlt e hfpysö rjyatccbq tcnm vjoyst cnbveks gjcnfhfnmcz cltkfnm cdjb nhflbwbb ghbdktrfntkmysvb lkz cdjbö htfkmysö b gjntywbfkmysö xktyjd. D nfrbö eckjdbzö htkbubjpyfz frnbdyjcnm d wtkjv jåsxyj dsit, xtv d jåcnf-yjdrt, d rjnjhjq vjyjgjkbñ bvttn jlyf nhflbwbz. Yfghbvth, htkbubjpyfz frnbdyjcnm d wtkjv dsit d Cjtlbytyysö Inf-nfö c bö htkbubjpysv gkñhfkbpvjv, xtv d crfylbyfdcrbö cnhfyfö cj ckjébdibvbcz htkbubjpysvb nhflbwbzvb. D

Gjkmit, ult ghtjåkflfñn rfnjkbrb, d gjcnrjvveybcnbxtcrbq gthbjl nfrét pfvtnyj cybpbkjcm xbckj gjctotybq wthrdb b lheubt gjrfpfntkb exfcnbz d htkbubjpyjq ébpyb.

Gjxtve änj dféyj? Yfexyfz kbnthfnehf gjrfpsdftn, xnj exfcnbt d htkbubjpysö jhufybpfwbzö dscnegftn dféysv bcnjxybrjv cjwbfkmyjuj rfgbnfkf, nj tcnm gjpyfdfntkmysö b cjwbfkmysö yfdsrjd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz exfcnbz d ltvjrhf-nbxtcrjq gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb. D wthrdb kñlb exfncz dvtcnt ljåbdfnmcz jåobö wtktq, rjycnhernbdyj ekfébdfnm vtékbx-yjcnyst rjyakbrns b dsåbhfnm vtéle cjgthybxfñobvb jåotcndtyysvb åkfufvb. Dct änb yfdsrb dféys lkz ajhvb-hjdfybz uhfélfy, cjpyfybt rjnjhsö ≤yfcnhjtyj≥ yf ltvjrhf-nbñ. Ltqcndbntkmyj, ytrjnjhst bccktljdfybz ghtlgjkfufñn,

xnj htkbubjpyfz cjwbfkbpfwbz – tlbycndtyysq yfltéysq bcnjxybr cjwbfkmyjuj rfgbnfkf chtlb ntö fvthbrfywtd, rjnj-hst, gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb, jåkflfñn vtymibvb djpvjéyjc-nzvb tuj ghbjåhtntybz. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, htkbubz, gjljåyj lheubv bycnbnenfv uhfélfycrj-uj jåotcndf, ckeébn dféysv vtöfybpvjv ajhvbhjdfybz yfdsrjd uhfélfycndtyyjcnb. D jåcnfyjdrt htkbubjpyjuj hfpyj-jåhfpbz jåsxyj åjkmit kñltq gjkmpeñncz djpvjéyjcnzvb, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkzñn htkbub-jpyst bycnbnens.

Yfrjytw, htkbubjpyjt hfpyj-jåhfpbt vjétn gjybpbnm dthjzn-yjcnm djpybryjdtybz cthmtpysö gjkbnbxtcrbö rjyakbrnjd yf

htkbubjpyjq gjxdt. D jåotcndfö c ytcrjkmrbvb ljvbybheñ-obvb htkbubjpysvb nhflbwbzvb uhfélfyt vjuen ltvjybpb-hjdfnm cdjbö cjjntxtcndtyybrjd, ghbyflktéfobö r bysv nhf-lbwbzv, xnj edtkbxbdftn djpvjéyjcnm åehysö rjyakbrnjd c ghbvtytybtv yfcbkbz. Yfghjnbd, d åjktt gkñhfkbcnbxtcrjq jåcnfyjdrt yb jlyf htkbubjpyfz nhflbwbz yt vjétn ghbdktxm åjkmibycndf, xnj pfcnfdkztn htkbubjpysö uhfélfy, pfybvfñ-oböcz gjkbnbrjq, yföjlbnm rjvghjvbccs, xnjås ljcnbufnm xfcnbxysö gjkbnbxtcrbö wtktq.

D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfghbvth, ytrjnjhst htkbubjpyst uheggs rhbnbreñn gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf gj hfpkbxysv djghjcfv vjhfkb b jåhfpf ébpyb. Jlyfrj bö äaatrnbdyjcnm juhfybxtyf, chtlb ghjxtuj, åjujckjdcrbvb hfpkbxbzvb d hfvrfö cjåcndtyysö htkbubjpysö nhflbwbq. Rhjvt njuj, dyenhtyybt cgjhs gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr vjlthybpv, ädj-kñwbz, htkbubjpysq jgsn b njkrjdfybt ljrnhby, dj vyjujv ghtljndhfnbkb ajhvbhjdfybt vjyjkbnysö gjkbnbxtcrbö rjfkbwbq. Ckjdjv, ljrnhbyfkmyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt d hfvrfö htkbubb, bcgjdtletvjq åjkmibycndjv fvthbrfywtd (öhbcnbfy-cndf), f nfrét nhflbwbz edfébntkmyjuj jnyjitybz r lheubv

Leöjdtycndj, ghtlcnfdkzñott hfpyst rjyatccbb, gjtn yf vtérjyatccbjyfkmyjq ckeéåt d Cjåjht åjujvf-

nthb d Kjc-Fylétktct (infn Rfkbajhybz) d ctynzåht 2002 ujlf. Jlyf bp dféytqibö wtyyjcntq htkbubjpyjuj

hfpyjjåhfpbz lkz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj lbfkjuf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj vyjétcndj ujkjcjd vjétn jåtcgtxbnm yfkb-

xbt vyjétcndf njxtr phtybz d jåotcndtyyjq lbcreccbb.

AP/WWP Hbl Cfrcjy


htkbubzv, drkñxfz belfbpv b bckfv, ghfrnbxtcrb bcrkñxfñn djpvjéyjcnm njuj, xnj rfrfz-kbåj jnltkmyj dpznfz htkbubjp-yfz uheggf pfqvtn d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt d gjkbnbxtcrjv lbcrehct.

Ghfdf htkbubjpysö vtymibycnd

Htkbubjpyst nhflbwbb xfcnj ghtntyleñn yf bcnbye d jnyj-itybb nfrbö ghtltkmysö htfkbq, rfr ceoyjcnm åsnbz, cvsck xtkjdtxtcrjq ébpyb b jåüzcytybz ceotcndjdfybz pkf d vbht. Gjljåyst endthéltybz, rfr ghfdbkj, ytdjpvjéyj ghjdthbnm bkb jghjdthuyenm, b d änjv cvsckt jyb yt vjuen åsnm ghtl-vtnjv ghzvsö gthtujdjhjd bkb rjvghjvbccjd. Gjänjve kñlb bkb exhtéltybz, yfltktyyst gjkbnbxtcrjq dkfcnmñ (yfghb-vth, yfhjlyjt åjkmibycndj d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb), xfcnj gjldthufñncz cjåkfpye gjlfdbnm fkmnthyfnbdyst dthcbb htkb-ubjpyjq bcnbys bkb ceotcndtyyj juhfybxbnm ghthjufnbds htkbubjpysö vtymibycnd. Ceotcndeñn, gj vtymitq vtht, ldt ghbxbys, gj rjnjhsv gjkbnbxtcrbt kblths d ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbö ghfdbntkmcndfö ljkéys cjghjnbdkznmcz änjve cjåkfpye b cnhtvbnmcz rfr vjéyj ibht cjåkñlfnm ghfdf htkbubjpysö vtymibycnd.

Dj-gthdsö, ghtljcnfdktybt cdjåjls dthjbcgjdtlfybz gjcktljdfntkzv htkbubb, bcgjdtletvjq vtymibycndjv, rjnj-hst d cjwbfkmyjv bkb åjujckjdcrjv cvsckt vjuen åsnm dsntcytys yf jåjxbye, bcrkñxftn ehfdybdfybt gjkyjghfdyj-uj uhfélfycndf c ghbyflktéyjcnmñ r jghtltktyyjq htkbub-jpyjq nhflbwbb. Yfghbvth, tckb xtkjdtr vjétn åsnm dgjkyt fvthbrfywtv, yt åelexb öhbcnbfybyjv, bkb dgjkyt bphf-bkmnzybyjv, yt åelexb tdhttv, ghtlcnfdbntkb htkbubjpysö nhflbwbq, dsgflfñobö bp ljvbybheñotq d lfyyjq rekmneht vjltkb, yt åelen cnfkrbdfnmcz c ghjåktvjq dsåjhf vtéle

ldevz cdjbvb ≤bgjcnfczvb≥. Ghb jncencndbb jåzpfntkmyjq cdzpb vtéle uhfélfycndjv cnhfys b ghbdthétyyjcnmñ jght-ltktyyjq htkbubjpyjq nhflbwbb ghtlcnfdbntkb vtymibycnd c åjkmitq dthjznyjcnmñ åelen gjdbyjdfnmcz pfrjye b gjkyj-wtyyj exfcndjdfnm d gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb cnhfys. Bysvb ckj-dfvb, ghtljcnfdktybt cdjåjls dthjbcgjdtlfybz htkbubjpysv vtymibycndfv, gj-dblbvjve, crjhtt erhtgbn ktubnbvyjcnm dkfcnb d ukfpfö xktyjd nfrbö uhegg.

Djghjc ktubnbvyjcnb jcjåtyyj dféty lkz ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbö htébvjd, gjnjve xnj ltvjrhfnbz – änf cbcntvf eåté-ltybz, rjnjhfz nhtåetn frnbdyjuj cjukfcbz b exfcnbz eghfd-kztvsö. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf jåhtnfñn ktubnbvyjcnm, eåtélfz uhfélfy d cdjtv ghfdt b cgjcjåyjcnb eghfdkznm. Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf nfr-ét nhtåeñn frnbdyjuj exfcnbz, f yt gfccbdyjuj gjlxbytybz cj cnjhjys cdjbö uhfélfy, b vjéyj endthélfnm, xnj ljåbnm-cz nfrjuj exfcnbz nhelytt, rjulf ytrjnjhst xktys jåotcndf kbitys djpvjéyjcnb htfkbpjdsdfnm dféytqibt pfghjcs cdjtq kbxyjcnb.

Dnjhfz ghbxbyf, gj rjnjhjq cktletn cjåkñlfnm ghfdf htkb-ubjpysö vtymibycnd, cdzpfyf c vtéleyfhjlysvb jnyjitybz-vb. Ubårjcnm, gjpdjkzñofz ghfdbntkmcnde cnhfys dcnegfnm d ckjéyst jnyjitybz c lheubvb ujcelfhcndfvb, xfcnj juhfyb-xbdftncz ghtlcnfdktybzvb j htkbubjpyjq lbcrhbvbyfwbb, rjnjhst crkflsdfñncz e ghfdbntkmcnd änbö ujcelfhcnd. Tckb gjcvjnhtnm yf äne ghjåktve gjl lheubv eukjv, ghfdbntkm-cndj, rjnjhjt lbcrhbvbybhetn jghtltktyyst htkbubjpyst vtymibycndf, xfcnj jrfpsdftncz d ytdsujlyjv gjkjétybb ghb dpfbvjltqcndbb c lheubvb ujcelfhcndfvb, d rjnjhsö änf vfhubyfkmyfz htkbubjpyfz nhflbwbz åjktt dkbzntkmyf gjkb-nbxtcrb.

Yfghbvth, d yfxfkt 1970-ö ujljd cgjcjåyjcnm ghtpbltynf CIF Hbxfhlf Ybrcjyf ghjdjlbnm gjkbnbre hfphzlrb c Cjdtn-crbv Cjñpjv gjhjq juhfybxbdfkfcm dscrfpsdftvsv vyjubvb fvthbrfywfvb (d njv xbckt b vyjubvb xktyfvb Rjyuhtccf) vytybtv j njv, xnj d CCCH gjldthufñncz lbcrhbvbyfwbb tdhtb. Nfr yfpsdftvfz ≤gjghfdrf Létrcjyf≥ (dytctyyfz ctyf-

Fkb Åfhlfrjuke, nehtwrbq vbybcnh gj ltkfv htkbubq, gthtl tdhtqcrbvb

b öhbcnbfycrbvb cbvdjkfvb d eybdthcbntnt Vecnfas Rtvfkz d Fynfrmt

(Nehwbz) d ctynzåht 2005 ujlf. Tdhtqcrbt, öhbcnbfycrbt b vecekmvfy-

crbt htkbubjpyst kblths b extyst cj dctuj vbhf cjåhfkbcm yf gthdsq

cbvgjpbev ≤Dcnhtxf wbdbkbpfwbq≥ ytgjlfktre jn cbhbqcrj-nehtwrjq

uhfybws.

AP/WWP Vehfl Ctpth

14 vfz 2004 ujlf d Jvföt (infn Ytåhfcrf) bylebcncrbq cdzotyyjcke-

ébntkm pfébuftn cdtxe d ltym jnrhsnbz tlbycndtyyjuj d Ytåhfcrt

bylebcncrjuj öhfvf.

AP/WWP Yfnb Öfhybr


njhjv Utyhb Létrcjyjv) bvtkf wtkmñ juhfybxbnm njhujdkñ vtéle Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb b Cjdtncrbv Cjñpjv b gjcnf-dbnm nfreñ njhujdkñ d pfdbcbvjcnm jn ekexitybq d jåkfcnb cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf cj cnjhjys cjdtncrjuj ghfdbntkm-cndf. Åtpeckjdyj, genm r hfphzlrt åsk ås pyfxbntkmyj åjktt ukflrbv, tckb ås Cjdtncrbq Cjñp yt djcghbybvfkcz vyjub-vb rfr fynbctvbncrjt ujcelfhcndj. F yt nfr lfdyj jådbytybz d juhfybxtybb ltzntkmyjcnb öhbcnbfycrbö vbccbjythjd d Bjhlfybb, Tubgnt, Rbnft b Ctdthyjq Rjhtt jckjéybkb Ghtpb-ltyne Léjhlée E. Åeie pflfxe yfkfébdfybz cjnhelybxtcndf c ghfdbntkmcndfvb änbö cnhfy. Öhbcnbfyt tdfyutkbxtcrbö wthrdtq dscnegfñn dféysv rjvgjytynjv ghtpbltyncrjq htc-geåkbrfycrjq rjfkbwbb d fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrt, b kñåjve ghtpbltyne gjkbnbxtcrb nhelyj jceotcndkznm lbgkjvfnb-xtcrbt vths, bleobt dhfphtp c ghtlgjxntybzvb rkñxtdjuj äktrnjhfnf.

Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv dj dhtvz ytlfdytq gjtplrb d Gfrbc-nfy z pfvtnbk, xnj vjq fdnjhbntn rfr ghtlcnfdbntkz Cjtlb-ytyysö Infnjd åsk crjvghjvtnbhjdfy ibhjrj hfcghjcnhf-ytyysv vytybtv j njv, xnj fvthbrfycrjt ghfdbntkmcndj b fvthbrfycrbq yfhjl d gthbjl gjckt 11 ctynzåhz ghjzdkzñn d rfrjv-nj cvsckt ≤fynbvecekmvfycrbt≥ yfcnhjtybz. Z jåyf-heébk, xnj d ytcrjkmrbö ckexfzö felbnjhbz, cjcnjzofz bp cneltynjd eybdthcbntnjd, yt étkfkf ckeifnm vjb ljdjls d pfobne ghbywbgf htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls lj ntö gjh, gjrf z

yt pfnhjyek, r bö eljdktndjhtybñ, djghjc j njv, xnj vecekm-vfyt, ébdeobt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yt cnfkb éthndfvb ghfdjdjq lbcrhbvbyfwbb d herfö ghfdbntkmcndf. Gj lheueñ cnjhjye Fnkfynbrb gjgsnrf Ahfywbb ghtctxm htkbubjpyeñ hjpym, pfghtnbd vecekmvfycrbv ltdjxrfv yjcbnm nhflbwbjy-yst gkfnrb yf ujkjdt, f tdhtqcrbv vfkmxbrfv – thvjkrb d ujcelfhcndtyysö irjkfö, vjukf dspdfnm cybétybt yfwbj-yfkmyjuj ghtcnbéf Ahfywbb yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt b d lheubö htubjyfö. Ytrjnjhst abkmvs, djcghbybvftvst rfr fynbbc-kfvcrbt, djpvjéyj, ghbdtkb r gjkbnbxtcrjve yfcbkbñ yf htkbubjpyjq gjxdt d Yblthkfylfö.

Dj dctö änbö ckexfzö vytybt j yfkbxbb lbcrhbvbyfwbb, gj vtymitq vtht, nfr ét dféyj, rfr b cfvf htfkmyjcnm. D pyf-xbntkmyjq cntgtyb ecgtiyfz lbgkjvfnbz pfdbcbn jn ljåhjq djkb d jnyjitybzö vtéle cedthtyysvb ujcelfhcndfvb. Vyt-ybt uhfélfy ytrjnjhsö cnhfy j njv, xnj bö tlbyjdthws jrfpfkbcm uhfélfyfvb dnjhjuj cjhnf d lheubö ujcelfhcndfö, vjétn cltkfnm ljcnbétybt nfrjq ljåhjq djkb ghjåktvfnbx-ysv.

Pfrkñxtybt

Lbyfvbxyfz, hfpyjjåhfpyfz b gkñhfkbcnbxtcrfz htkbub-jpyfz chtlf cgjcjåcndetn cnfyjdktybñ pljhjdjuj ltvjrhfnb-xtcrjuj jåotcndf. Öjnz yt cktletn ghtedtkbxbdfnm pyfxtybt htkbubb d gjkbnbrt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ujcelfhcndf, htkbubz vjétn ckeébnm bcnjxybrjv rhbnbrb njuj bkb byjuj gjkbnb-xtcrjuj rehcf, ghjcdtotybz uhfélfy b gjkbnbxtcrjq ktubnbv-yjcnb. ■


Åellbcncrbt vjyföb vjkxf cnjzn yf cnegtyzö fvthbrfycrjuj Rfgbnjkbz

d Dfibyunjyt d bñyt 1998 ujlf yf vbnbyut d pfobne cdjåjls dthjbcgjdt-

lfybz d Nbåtnt.

AP/WWP Léj Vfhrtn

15 DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLFÄ-ÉEH YF K CIF

Fd njh hfc cvfn hb df tn ldt vj lt kb uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb – vj nb db hj dfy yjq kbx ysv by nt ht cjv b ldb éb vjq pf åj njq jå jå ot cn dty yjv åkf ut. ≤Vj ltkm uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb, ldb-éb vjq pf åj njq jå by nt ht cfö jå ot cn df, nht åe tn, xnj ås uhfé lf yt c xfc nys vb by nt ht cf vb nfr ét jå kf lf kb gj yb-vf yb tv yt jå öj lb vjc nb jå ot cn dty yj uj åkf uf b ghj zd kz kb pf åj ne j yt v≥, – cxb nf tn jy. Hfkma Rtn xäv – gj xtn ysq ghj atc cjh bc nj hbb, uj ce lfh cn dty yj uj eg hfd kt ybz b gj kb nj-kj ubb Vfr cdtk kjd crj uj Wty nhf gj bpe xt ybñ dj ghj cjd uhfé-lfy cn dty yjc nb b uj ce lfh cn dty yj uj eg hfd kt ybz Cb hf rmñc-crj uj eyb dth cb nt nf (Cb hf rmñc, in. Ymñ-Qjhr)

Yt lfd yj yf ct vb yf ht d jl yjv bp fvt hb rfy crbö eyb dth cb-nt njd cne lty nf bp Dmtn yf vf

gj ghj cb kb ds hf pbnm cdjt jn yj-it ybt r dpukz lfv yf lt vjr hf nbñ gj kb nj kj uf Hj åth nf Lf kz, rj nj hsq en dth élf tn, xnj lt vjr hf nbz jåz pf-ntkm yj lj kéyf xen rj dj cghb yb vfnm yeé ls kñ ltq, rj nj hst ≤cdj åjl ys hfp hf åf ns dfnm b bc gjkm pj dfnm vbh-

yst chtl cn df lkz rhb nb rb he rj djl cn df, jrf pf ybz yf yt uj lfd-kt ybz b tuj cvt ys≥. Gj vyt ybñ Lf kz, he rj dj lb nt kb jåz pf ys jå hf ofnm dyb vf ybt b htf ub hj dfnm yf hfp kbx yst vyt ybz b gj nhtå yjc nb kñ ltq, ds hf éft vst yt njkm rj xt htp ghtl cnf db-ntkm yst by cnb ne ns, yj b c gj vj omñ dctö ghj xbö vbh ysö chtl cnd – gt nb wbq, lt vjy cnhf wbq, kjå åb hj df ybz, ds cneg kt-ybq d pf ob ne hfp kbx ysö by nt ht cjd b ghj xbö, lj cneg ysö d cdjåjl yjv b kb åt hfkm yjv jå ot cn dt.

Gj kb nj kju Léjy Vñk kth dyj cbn cdjq drkfl d änj jå ceé-lt ybt, gj zc yzz, xnj jåz pfy yjc nb, cdz pfy yst c uhfé lfy cn dty-yjc nmñ, vb yb vfkm ys. ≤D ltqcn db ntkm yjc nb lt vjr hf nbz – änj jxtym ghj cnj. Änj vj étn clt kfnm kñ åjq. Kñ lzv yt jåz pf-ntkm yj åsnm öj hj ib vb bkb åkf uj hjl ys vb, bv yf lj ghj cnj jn lf dfnm ct åt jn xtn d cdj bö by nt ht cfö b, tc kb e ybö tcnm r änj ve crkjy yjcnm, ds hf pbnm bö≥. D wt kjv fgf nbx yst b lj cnf-njx yj äuj bc nb xtc rbt uhfé lf yt lt vjr hf nb xtc rj uj uj ce lfh cn df lj kéys lkz ds gjk yt ybz cdjt uj ljk uf kbim evtnm jwt yb dfnm ht fkm yjcnm b gj yb vfnm cdjb by nt ht cs. Ét kf ybz cnht vbnm cz r bltf kfv, lj åb dfnm cz jå ot cn dty yj uj åkf uf bkb bysv jå hf-pjv ghj zd kznm åkf uj hjl cn dj, r cxfc nmñ, yt yeé yj – lf änj uj jåsx yj b ytn cht lb vj nb djd, gj åeé lfñ obö xt kj dt rf r ltqcn-dbñ.

Bnfr, xnj ét jn dt nbk dmtn yfv crbq cne ltyn? Cxb nf tn kb jy, xnj lfy yfz rjy wtg wbz lt vjr hf nbb b uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb, pf xfc neñ hfc ödf kb dft vfz rfr ≤hf åj nfñ ofz≥ d CIF b lhe ubö ≤pht ksö≥ lt vjr hf nb zö, vj étn cke ébnm vj lt kmñ lkz tuj cnhf-ys? ≤Yb d rj tv cke xft≥, – crf pfk jy, hf püzc ybd cdjq jn dtn c gj vj omñ nf rbö ajh ve kb hj djr, d rj nj hsö yf ikf jn hf ét ybt åj ktt åj uf nfz, åj ktt cbkm yfz rjy wtg wbz uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb b åj ktt uke åj rjt gj yb vf ybt lt vjr hf nbb, ds öj lz obt lf kt rj pf hfv rb yt gjl öj lz otq lkz yt uj ≤ghj wt leh yjq≥ vj lt kb. Tuj ghtl cnfd kt ybt j uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb ås kj åjkm it ghj lbr nj-df yj pf åj njq jå jå ot cn dty ysö by nt ht cfö b jc yj ds df kjcm yf cj dth ity yj lhe ujq jwty rt cgj cjå yjc nb kñ ltq le vfnm b ltqcn dj dfnm, bc öj lz bp cj jå hf ét ybq jå ot cn dty yj uj åkf uf. Tuj gj pb wbz nfr ét ghtl gj kf uf kf, xnj lt vjr hf nb xtc rjt eg hfd-kt ybt vju kj ås aeyr wbjyb hj dfnm d åjkm itq cnt gt yb ≤äa atr-nbd yj b åkf ujhjl yj≥, xnj bltn dhfp htp c blt tq j njv, xnj ≤d ltqcn db ntkm yjc nb lt vjr hf nbz – änj jxtym ghj cnj≥ b nht åe tn kbim yf kb xbz djp vjé yjc nb ds hf éfnm by nt ht cs lkz dctö d hfv rfö njq bkb byjq vj lt kb rjy akbr nf by nt ht cjd.

Vj ltkm uhfé lfy cn dty yjc nb, åj ktt ghj ybr ye nfz jå ot cn dty-ysv le öjv, nht åj df kf ds öj lf lf kt rj pf hfv rb hfp kbx ysö db ljd ltz ntkm yjc nb jn ltkm ysö by lb db ljd, ght ckt leñ obö bc rkñ xb ntkm yj cdjb by nt ht cs, nf rbö rfr uj kj cj df ybt, cj plf-ybt jh uf yb pf wbq, kjå åb hj df ybt, ghj dt lt ybt lt vjy cnhf wbq, dcneg kt ybt d gfh nbb b uheg gs gj by nt ht cfv. Gj ljåyjq ltz-ntkm yjc nb ckt le tn jéb lfnm jn xkt yjd cdjåjl yj uj jå ot cn df b, hf pe vt tn cz, jyf yt lj kéyf pf ght ofnm cz. Jyf ds hf éf tn

UHFÉ LFY CN DTY YJCNM B LT VJR HF NB XTC RJT GHFD KT YBT

Hfkma Rtn xäv

Ygj ghj cb kb ds hf pbnm cdjt jn yj-it ybt r dpukz lfv yf lt vjr hf nbñ gj kb nj kj uf Hj åth nf Lf kz, rj nj hsq en dth élf tn, xnj lt vjr hf nbz jåz pf-ntkm yj lj kéyf xen rj dj cghb yb vfnm yeé ls kñ ltq, rj nj hst ≤cdj åjl ys hfp hf åf ns dfnm b bc gjkm pj dfnm vbh-

Lj åhjdjkm ws eåb hf ñn ve cjh yf Rf yfk-cnhbn d Yj djv Jh ktf yt

(in. Keb pbf yf) dj dht vz jh uf yb pj dfy yj uj ceå åjn yb rf gj kbr db lf wbb

gj cktl cn dbq ehf uf yf ≤Rfn hb yf≥ d jr nzå ht 2005 uj lf.

AP/WWP Hj åthn A. Åe rf nb

16

nj, xnj åhbnfycrbq gjkbnbxtcrbq ntjhtnbr Öfhjkml Kfcrb (1893-1950 ujls) yfpsdfk ≤ytelthébvsv hfpyjjåhfpbtv xtkj-dtxtcrbö cnhtvktybq, vyjétcndjv cnhtvktybq, yt bvtñobö jåotq wtkb≥. Ärc-ghtpbltyn CIF Létqvc Välbcjy (1751-1836 ujls) pfvtnbk, xnj ≤crhsnst ghbxbys≥ änjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz cnhtvktybq, dtleobt r ≤hfplhjåktyyjcnb≥, ≤rjhtyzncz d xtkj-dtxtcrjq ghbhjlt, b vs dblbv, rfr gjdcñle jyb ghbdyjczncz d hfpkbxyst cntgtyb frnbdyjcnb d cjjndtncndbb c hfpysvb jåcnjzntkmcndfvb, ceotcndeñobvb d uhfélfycrjv jåotcndt≥. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfpkbxyst kñlb d cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt gjjo-hzñncz r cfvjdshfétybñ, ndjhxtcnde b cnhtvktybñ r cxfc-nmñ b ghjwdtnfybñ. Ceotcndetn nfrét gjkbnbxtcrfz dsujlf jnnjuj, xnj hfpkbxyst bynthtcs (xtv åjkmit, ntv kexit) dsyeéltys dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm b blnb yf rjvghjvbccs lheu c lheujv nfrbvb genzvb, ghb rjnjhsö ghtljndhfoftncz nbhf-ybxtcrjt ljvbybhjdfybt kñåjq jnltkmyj dpznjq ahfrwbb bkb lfét rjfkbwbb ahfrwbq – d änjv pfrkñxtys ghtbveot-cndf cdjåjlyjuj, dctjödfnsdfñotuj, vyjujjåhfpyjuj, jnrhsnj-uj b hfdyjghfdyjuj jåotcndf.

Ntv yt vtytt, lkz dmtnyfvcrjuj cneltynf, lf b lkz Välb-cjyf änj yt åskj xtv-nj ytghfdbkmysv kbåj gjlktéfobv pfghtne bkb lfét ytljgeotybñ, f crjhtt ytgjkysv, b djjåot yt åskj yfcnjzotq uhfélfycndtyyjcnmñ bkb pyfxb-vsv ghfdbntkmcndjv, ceotcndeñobv c cjukfcbz yfctktybz. Uhfélfycndtyyjcnm, gj cenb, nhtåetn njuj, xnj uhfélfycrjt htcgeåkbrfycrjt vsiktybt ÖªÈÈÈ dtrf cxbnfkj tlbycndtyyj dféyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq ljåhjltntkmñ, – xnjås xktys ghfdb-ntkmcndf, herjdjlbntkb b ghjcnst kñlb yf yfwbjyfkmyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyzö öjnz ås jnxfcnb exbnsdfkb cjjåhfétybz jåotcndtyyjuj åkfuf, f yt cnhtvbkbcm njkmrj r xfcnbxysv, uheggjdsv bkb äujbcnbxtcrbv wtkzv. Xnjås åsnm uhfélfyf-vb, ghtlcnfdbntkb fggfhfnf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz ljkéys d jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb herjdjlcndjdfnmcz yt njkm-rj cdjbvb kbxysvb bkb uheggjdsvb bynthtcfvb b cdjbv ghfdjv pfobofnm cdjb xfcnyst bynthtcs, rjnjhsvb jyb rfr

xktys cdjåjlyjuj jåotcndf nfrét, hfpevttncz, jåkflfñn, yj b bynthtcfvb jåotcndtyysvb.

≤Ldjqyfz jåzpfyyjcnm≥ Uhfélfybyf

Jåotcndtyyst bynthtcs d ytrjnjhjv cvsckt pbélencz yf bynthtcfö gj jnyjitybñ r ltkfv jåotcndtyyjcnb, cgjcjåyjc-nb rféljuj uhfélfybyf – nfr yfcnfdkzk cdjbö cjjntxtcndty-ybrjd d Zgjybb Aerepfdf Ñrbxb d ägjöe Vtqlpb (1868-1911 ujls), rjulf cnhfyf cnhtvbkfcm gjyznm pfgflyeñ ltvjrhfnbñ, – dpznm yf ctåz ≤ldjqyeñ jåzpfyyjcnm≥. Hfpevttncz, ≤yjdsq uhfélfyby≥, rfr b dczrbq ljåhjgjhzljxysq uhfélfyby, ljkéty cjåkñlfnm pfrjys b jåsxfb cdjtq cnhfys, yj rfr uhfélfyby jy nfrét jåzpfy exfcndjdfnm d eghfdktybb ujce-lfhcndjv. Lkz änjuj ytjåöjlbvj, exbk cdjbö cneltynjd d Eyb-dthcbntnt Rtqj Aerepfdf, xnjås uhfélfyt hfpdbdfkb d ctåt ≤leö ytpfdbcbvjcnb≥, ghjzdkzkb dybvfybt r jåotcndtyysv ltkfv b exfcndjdfkb d jåceéltybzö, dsåjhfö, jhufybpfwbjy-yjq ltzntkmyjcnb b jåotcndtyysö ltkfö cnhfys. Nj tcnm, jyb ljkéys ≤gkfybhjdfnm ltzntkmyjcnm yf åkfuj cnhfys, gbcfnm j cdjbö bltzö b hfcghjcnhfyznm bö chtlb jåotcndtyyjcnb, f nfrét cnhtvbnmcz hfåjnfnm lkz cdjtq cnhfys≥. Yj cfvjt ukfdyjt, jyb ljkéys ≤ghbjåhtcnb cgjcjåyjcnm dsyjcbnm ceéltybz≥ lkz dsgjkytybz cdjbö uhfélfycrbö jåzpfyyjcntq. Öjnz änj ghjbcöjlbkj gjxnb pf cnj ktn lj njuj, rfr d Zgj-ybb cnfkb ibhjrj cnhtvbnmcz djgkjnbnm änb ghtlgbcfybz d ébpym, Aerepfdf, ytcjvytyyj, drkflsdfk d gjyznbt uhfélfy-cndtyyjcnb ujhfplj åjktt åjufnsq cvsck, xtv ≤vbybvfkmyfz uhfélfycndtyyjcnm≥, r rjnjhjq ghbpsdftn vjltkm rjyakbrnjd bynthtcjd, ljvbybheñofz yf Pfgflt.

Fvthbrfycrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq ltzntkm Åtyléfvby Ahfyr-kby bvtk d dble gjxnb nj ét cfvjt, rjulf pfzdbk yf pfct-lfybb Rjycnbnewbjyyjuj rjydtynf 1787 ujlf, yf rjnjhjv hfccvfnhbdfkjcm ghtlkjétybt ≤ghtljcnfdbnm bpåbhfntkmyjt ghfdj njkmrj cdjåjlysv ptvktdkfltkmwfv≥, xnj rkñxtdjq afr-njh, rjnjhsq ytjåöjlbvj bvtnm d dble ghb yfltktybb ghf-djv ujkjcf, – änj ≤ljåhjltntkm b uhfélfycrjt xedcndj yfibö ghjcnsö kñltq≥. Nj tcnm, jy crtgnbxtcrb jnyjcbkcz r bltt ghtljcnfdbnm bpåbhfntkmyjt ghfdj njkmrj cdjåjlysv ptv-ktdkfltkmwfv, gjnjve xnj vyjubt lheubt kñlb nfrét vjuen jåkflfnm ljåhjltntkmñ b uhfélfycrbv xedcndjv. Yfghbvth, dct ytbveobt csyjdmz athvthjd, cjklfns-gfnhbjns, chféfd-ibtcz d ujls Fvthbrfycrjq htdjkñwbb, f nfrét htvtcktyyb-rb b njhujdws, crjhtt dctuj, jrfpfkbcm ås jndtncndtyysvb bpåbhfntkzvb b uhfélfyfvb. Lheujq ltktufn gjzcybk, xnj ≤rfélsq xtkjdtr, ltvjycnhbheñobq dybvfybt r jåotcnde b gjcnjzyyeñ jåoyjcnm bynthtcjd c jåotcndjv, ljkéty gjkm-pjdfnmcz dctvb ghfdfvb b ghbdbktubzvb änjuj jåotcndf≥. Åjufncndj b ghfdj cjåcndtyyjcnb – gkjöbt bylbrfnjhs änj-uj dféyjuj rfxtcndf, pfvtnbk jy. Rhjvt njuj, jgsn exfcnbz d ujcelfhcndtyyjv eghfdktybb, jcjåtyyj yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt, crjhtt dctuj, hfcibhbn uhfélfycrjt xedcndj ghjcnjkñlbyjd, gjlujnjdbd bö r njve, xnjås cnfnm öjhjibvb uhfélfyfvb. Jy jnvtnbk, xnj Ahfyrkbye yt yhfdbkjcm ≤dct, xnj gjlhsdf-

Xktys jhufybpfwbb ≤Fvthbrjhgc≥, rjnjhst ljåhjdjkmyj dspdfkbcm

exfcndjdfnm d jåotcndtyysö hfåjnfö d CIF chjrjv yf jlby ujl, yf

vbnbyut d Åjcnjyt (in. Vfccfxectnc) d jrnzåht 2001 ujlf.

AP/WWP Gfnhbwbz Vfrljyytkk


17

kj leö ghjcnsö kñltq≥, b, d xfcnyjcnb, ytghtljcnfdktybt bv bpåbhfntkmysö ghfd. Pfvtnbv nfrét, xnj yb jlby bp rhbnthb-td Aerepfds bkb Ahfyrkbyf yt bcrkñxfk ås étyoby, hfåjd, xthyjrjébö, 18-ktnybö bkb fyukj-fvthbrfywtd, rjnjhsv d Fvthbrt ÖªÈÈÈ dtrf jnrfpsdfkjcm d bpåbhfntkmyjv ghfdt b gjkyjwtyyjv uhfélfycndt, tckb ås d gjybvfybb ÖªÈÈÈ dtrf ghtlcnfdbntkb änbö rfntujhbq yt cxbnfkbcm kbityysvb nfrbö rfxtcnd, rfr ev, hfccelbntkmyjcnm b gjkbnbxtcrfz lttc-gjcjåyjcnm. D cjjndtncndbb c htcgeåkbrfycrjq bltjkjubtq Ahfyrkbyf, Njvfcf Létaathcjyf b lheubö jcyjdfntktq CIF, gjkyjwtyyjt uhfélfycndj ljkéyj åskj jåzpfntkmyj hfcghj-cnhfybnmcz yf ybö gj vtht hfpdbnbz d gjcktleñobt dtrf fynhjgjkjubxtcrjuj b rekmnehyjuj gjybvfybz hfcs, rkfccf b gjkf. D cktleñobt ldf dtrf ghjbpjikj hfcghjcnhfytybt ghf-df ujkjcf yf xthyjrjébö, étyoby, åsdibö hfåjd, djctvyfl-wfnbktnybö, rjulf änb rfntujhbb uhfélfy, rjnjhst ghtélt cxbnfkbcm yt jåkflfñobvb ytjåöjlbvsv gjkbnbxtcrbv byntkktrnjv b phtkjcnmñ, yfrjytw, gjkexbkb ghbpyfybt rfr jåkflfñobt lfyysvb rfxtcndfvb.

Hfpevttncz, dybvfybt r änbv ytjåöjlbvsv rfxtcndfv uhfélfycndtyyjcnb jåjcyjdsdfkj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt ujcelfh-cndtyyjt eghfdktybt, dtcmvf jnkbxyjt jn ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf, jcyjdfyyjuj yf vbybvfkbcnrjq vjltkb rjy-akbrnf bynthtcjd. Änj cjjndtncndjdfkj jåjbv dtleobv bltf-kfv fvthbrfycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb (1776 ujlf), cjukfcyj rjnjhsv dct kñlb cjplfys hfdysvb b yfltktys ytjnxeélftvsvb ghfdfvb, f ghfdbntkmcndf ≤xthgfñn cdjb pfrjyyst gjkyjvjxbz bp cjukfcbz eghfdkztvsö≥. D Ltrkfhf-wbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb d cgbcrt ≤ghfdjyfheitybq b epehgfwbq≥, cjdthityysö rjhjktv Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, gthdsv cnjbn nj, xnj ≤jy jnrfpsdfkcz lfdfnm cdjt cjukfcbt yf ghbyznbt pfrjyjd, d dscitq cntgtyb gjktpysö b ytjåöjlbvsö lkz jåotuj åkfuf≥. Nj tcnm, jlybv bp dféysö äktvtynjd cfvjeghfdkztvjuj ujce-lfhcndf cxbnfkjcm nj, xnj uhfélfyt ljkéys nfr bkb byfxt bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm lfdfnm cdjt cjukfcbt, dshféfnm cdjt ghj-levfyyjt jljåhtybt ltqcndbq ghfdbntkmcndf, b xnj gj ghfde cghfdtlkbdjcnb ybrfrjq jhufy dkfcnb yt vju cnjznm vtéle änbv cjukfcbtv b ghbyznbtv pfrjyjd, ≤d dscitq cntgtyb gjktpysö b ytjåöjlbvsö lkz jåotuj åkfuf≥. Åtp änjuj frnbd-yjuj b rjycnhernbdyjuj exfcnbz uhfélfyt cxbnfkbcm ås, rfr hfpüzcybk åjktt xtv pf ldf nsczxtktnbz lj änjuj d Fabyfö Gthbrk, ≤yt ghjcnj åtpltqcndeñobvb, yj åtcgjktpysvb≥. Nj tcnm, ghjcnj ≤kñåjq≥ xtkjdtr yf änj yt cgjcjåty; fabyzyt ≤cgjcjåys dsyjcbnm ceéltybz, b dvtcnj njuj xnjås jnyjcbnm-cz r lbcreccbzv rfr r rfrjq-nj ghtuhflt yf genb ltqcndbz, vs gjkfuftv änj jåzpfntkmysv ghtldfhbntkmysv eckjdbtv kñåjuj velhjuj ltqcndbz djjåot≥.

Xnjås gjllthéfnm änjn dscjrbq bltfk uhfélfycndtyyjcnb, ytjåöjlbvj hfphtibnm vyjubt fcgtrns ébpyb, cltkfd cfvj-eghfdktybt äaatrnbdysv ujcelfhcndtyysv ecnhjqcndjv. Rfr nfrjt djpvjéyj? Dj-gthdsö, ujcelfhcndj ljkéyj åsnm cdjåjl-ysv jn byjcnhfyyjuj ljvbybhjdfybz bkb dyenhtyytuj euyt-ntybz, nj tcnm ljkéys åsnm cdjåjlys jn bcnjxybrf äythubb lkz cjnty htdjkñwbq ghjnbd nbhfybb dj dct dhtvtyf b dj

dctv vbht. Yj lfét d ckexft ≤ecgtiyjuj≥ gjhfétybz jlyjuj nbhfyf (fyukbqcrbt gehbnfyt b Rhjvdtkm d 1649 ujle, hec-crbt rjvveybcns b Ktyby d 1917-1921 ujlfö, Öjibvby d 1953 b 1975 ujlfö, ytcrjkmrj gj-byjve – lfét fvthbrfycrfz fhvbz ghjnbd Cfllfvf Öectqyf d 2003 ujle b n. l.) jcnftncz ghjåkt-vf ljcnbétybz äaatrnbdyjuj cfvjeghfdktybz. Fvthbrfycrbq lbgkjvfn Léjhlé Rtyyfy pfvtnbk d 1993 ujle, xnj jlyjq bp öelibö ≤vtldtémbö eckeu≥ cjdtncrjuj htébvf hjccbqcrjve jåotcnde åskj ≤nj, xnj jy jcnfdbk gjckt ctåz yfhjl yfcnjkm-rj ytrdfkbabwbhjdfyysv (jåhfnbnt dybvfybt yf änj ckjdj), xnj njn jrfpfkcz ytcgjcjåty pfvtybnm änjn htébv xtv-kbåj kexibv≥. Juhjvyjt dybvfybt r änjve nhelyjve b dféyjve djghjce b åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj geåkbrfwbq yf lfyyeñ ntve cjcnfdkzñn cenm jåceéltybq uhfélfycndtyyjcnb, uhfélfycrj-uj jåotcndf b äaatrnbdyjuj eghfdktybz, gj rhfqytq vtht, cj dhtvtyb Gthbrkf b Fhbcnjntkz. Pltcm b jgfctybz Ahfyr-kbyf d 1787 ujle b cjvytybz gbcfntkz Fktrcbcf lt Njrdbkz d ghbywbgt gjlxbytybz vtymibycndf åjkmibycnde d 1830-t ujls, b gjcnlfhdbybcncrbt fhuevtyns cjwbjkjujd j njv, xnj ghfdbntkmcndj – änj ghjcnj uheggs cj cdjtrjhscnysvb bynt-htcfvb, åjhñobtcz pf dkfcnm, b åtcgjrjqcndj d jnyjitybb ceotcndjdfybz bkb cjplfybz ≤cjwbfkmyjuj rfgbnfkf≥. Nfr rfrbt ét ghbdsxrb, rfrjt evjyfcnhjtybt, rfrbt bycnbnens vjuen djcgbnfnm ≤ljåhjltntkm b uhfélfycrjt xedcndj≥, d hfd-yjq cntgtyb ytjåöjlbvst uhfélfyfv pfhjélfñoböcz, ≤gtht-öjlysö≥ b phtksö ltvjrhfnbq?

Jåextybt uhfélfycndtyyjcnb

Cnjhjyybrb äaatrnbdyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdkt-ybz, yfxbyfz jn Gkfnjyf, Fhbcnjntkz, Rjyaewbz b Ähfpvf b pfrfyxbdfz Léjyjv Kjrrjv, Njvfcjv Létaathcjyjv, Öjhfcjv Vfyyjv, Léjyjv Lmñb b Dfwkfdjv Ufdtkjv, åskb exbntkzvb, gbcfntkzvb b abkjcjafvb ghjcdtotybz, cnht-vzobvbcz cltkfnm nfr, xnjås ghfdbntkb åskb ujnjds r dsgjkytybñ cdjtq ytghjcnjq, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf jåot-cndtyyst bynthtcs b dscjrjyhfdcndtyyjq pflfxb. Dct jyb

Ltqcndtyyjq ltvjrhfnbb nhtåeñncz ghjcdtotyyst uhfélfyt: cneltyns

Cgtkvfyjdcrjuj rjkktléf d Fnkfynt (in. Léjhlébz).

Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfphtitybz Cgtkvfyjdcrjuj rjkktléf



cxbnfñn nfrét, xnj tckb e dkfcnb jrfpsdfñncz yt gjlöjlzobt lkz änjuj kñlb, änj dtltn r ytäaatrnbdyjve eghfdktybñ åtpjnyjcbntkmyj r xbcke ghfdbntktq. Rkfccbxtcrbq fyfkbp Fhbcnjntkz, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ujcelfhcndtyyjt eghfdktybt, jceotcndkztvjt jlybv, ytcrjkmrbvb bkb vyjubvb kñlmvb, vjétn åsnm öjhjibv d eckjdbzö vjyfhöbb, fhbcnjrhfnbb bkb rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ujcelfhcndf bkb gkjöbv d eckjdbzö nbhf-ybb, jkbufhöbb bkb ltvjrhfnbb (d tuj gjybvfybb – dkfcnm njkgs gjl dkbzybtv ltvfujujd). Ltkj yt d njv, crjkmrj kñltq cnjbn e dkfcnb, f d njv, yfcrjkmrj öjhjij jyb ghfdzn. D ytrjnjhjv cvsckt lfyyfz ghjåktvf cnfyjdbncz ujhfplj åjktt ckjéyjq, yj yt vtytt dféyjq, rjulf xbckj ghfdbntktq djphfc-nftn jn jlyjuj bkb ytcrjkmrbö kñltq lj – rfr d eckjdbzö ltvjrhfnbb – vfrcbvfkmyj djpvjéyjuj xbckf, hfdyjuj xbcke dctö uhfélfy.

Njvfc Létaathcjy, jlby bp fdnjhjd Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcb-vjcnb b nhtnbq ghtpbltyn CIF, d 1776 ujle ghtlkjébk ddtc-nb jåott (lfét dctjåott) jåhfpjdfybt d Dbhlébybb, infnt, rjnjhsq njkmrj xnj jåhtk ytpfdbcbvjcnm b exhtlbk jhufys cfvjeghfdktybz, xnjås dct kñlb ≤gjybvfkb cdjb ghfdf, gjl-lthébdfkb bö b hfpevyj exfcndjdfkb d änjv cfvjeghfdktybb≥. Fvthbrfycrbq ghjcdtnbntkm Öjhfc Vfyy ujdjhbk j njv ét d 1848 ujle, dscnegfz pf ddtltybt dctjåotuj yfkjuf yf gjl-lthére veybwbgfkmysö irjk, ≤gjnjve xnj ibhjrfz hfcghj-cnhfytyyjcnm ytdtétcndf, cetdthbq b gjhjrjd cgjcjåcndetn hfpdtltybñ d yfitq cnhfyt dfhdfhjd b dfylfkjd, åjktt hfphe-ibntkmysö lkz jåotcndtyyjuj åkfuf, xtv kñåst dfhdfhs b dfylfks bp-pf heåtéf≥. Ljkufz rfhmthf d gthdjq gjkjdbyt ÖÖ dtrf Léjyf Lmñb, cdzpsdfdituj ltvjrhfnbñ c ghjcdtotybtv b cnhtvbditujcz ghtdhfnbnm fvthbrfycrbt irjks d ≤kfåj-hfnjhbb ltvjrhfnbb≥, ult exfobtcz vjukb ås ghfrnbrjdfnm ltvjrhfnbñ b ≤exbnmcz yf ltkt≥ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ecnfyjdrfv b yfdsrfv ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghfdktybz, hfcibhbkf änj yfvt-htybt. Byfxt ujdjhz, cfvjeghfdktybt yf kñåjv ehjdyt åeltn äaatrnbdyj hfåjnfnm b ghbyjcbnm öjhjibt htpekmnfns yf åkfuj jåotcndf, njkmrj tckb nt kñlb rfr d Fvthbrt, nfr b pf heåtéjv, rjnjhst cktleñn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ghbywbgfv yf ghfrnbrt, åelen cjjndtncndtyysv jåhfpjv jåextys jcjpyfybñ cdjtq cjwbfkmyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb.

Nfrbv jåhfpjv, lkz öjhjituj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghfdktybz ytjåöjlbvf cbcntvf irjk b eybdthcbntnjd, veybwbgfkmysö b (bkb) xfcnysö, c extåysvb rehcfvb, wtkm rjnjhsö ajhvbhj-dfnm uhfélfy, rjnjhst jndtncndtyyj bcgjkyzñn cdjq jåotcn-dtyysq ljku, b kblthjd, rjnjhst eghfdkzñn d bynthtcfö jåotcndf. Ltqcndbntkmyj, d ytrjnjhsö fpbfncrbö jåotcndfö, d xfcnyjcnb, änj jrfpfkjcm yfcnjkmrj ukfdtycndeñobv, xnj nfv cjxkb ytjåöjlbvsv gjdhtvtybnm c ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq ghfrnb-rjq, exfcnbtv yfhjlf d ujcelfhcndtyyjv eghfdktybb lj ntö gjh, gjrf dct yt jåexfncz uhfvjnyjcnb b yt ≤yfcnhjzncz≥ yf geåkbxyjt jåceéltybt djghjcjd ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdkt-ybz. Njkmrj ghb änjv eckjdbb bvttn cvsck lfnm yfhjle ghfdj ujkjcf, xnjås kñlb åskb rdfkbabwbhjdfyysvb uhfélfyfvb, f yt nhflbwbjyyj gjckeiysvb ≤dbynbrfvb≥ ujcelfhcndtyyjq vfibys. Ñéyfz Rjhtz, Vfkfqpbz b lfét Rbnfq ghjltvjycnhb-

hjdfkb änjn ghbjhbntn d cdjbö gjlöjlfö r cfvjeghfdktybñ, rfr b Zgjybz d cdjt dhtvz ghb gthtöjlt r ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve ghfdktybñ.

Jndtncndtyysq uhfélfyby

D rjywt cdjtuj fyfkbpf vsckb b ltzntkmyjcnb åsdituj Ghtpbltynf Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfdf Ufdtkf Gjk Åthvfy d 1997 ujle jåhfnbk dybvfybt yf yfåkñltybt Ufdtkf j njv, xnj, ytcvjnhz yf dct hfpujdjhs j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, pfrjyfö, rjycnb-newbzö b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbzö, vyjubt cnhfys ≤dct tot yt ljcnbukb dscjrjuj ehjdyz ltvjrhfnbb≥. ≤Yj gjxt-ve? Lf gjnjve, – wbnbhetn Åthvfy Ufdtkf, – xnj ltvjrhfnbb nhtåetncz jghtltktyysq nbg uhfélfy. Tq nhtåeñncz uhfélfyt, rjnjhst xedcndeñn jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ytxnj åjkmitt, xtv bö cjåcndtyysq ntgksq eujkjr; uhfélfyt, rjnjhst öjnzn exfcn-djdfnm d jåotcndtyysö ltkfö, yfcnfbdfñn yf änjv; uhfélfyt c cbkmysv öfhfrnthjv; uhfélfyt, rjnjhst dctv cthlwtv hfp-ltkzñn bltb ltvjrhfnbb≥ (bvtyyj änj bvtk d dble Gthbrk, rjulf yfpsdfk åtpltqcndeñobö uhfélfy ≤åtcgjktpysvb≥). ≤Jghtltktyysq nbg uhfélfy≥, ytjåöjlbvsq lkz äaatrnbdyj-uj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghfdktybz, ghtlgjkfuftn ukeåjrj vjhfkm-ysq crkfl kbxyjcnb b gjybvfybt jåotcndtyysö gjnhtåyjc-

Åsdibq Ghtpbltyn Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfd Ufdtk dscnegftn gthtl

éehyfkbcnfvb gjckt ujkjcjdfybz d Ghfut.

AP/WWP Cb-Nb-Rtq, Cnfybckfd Gtcrf


ntq, xnj dtltn r ljåhjltntkmyjve gjdtltybñ yf dctö ehjdyzö, d njv xbckt yf ehjdyt ctvmb, htubjyf, cnhfys, f nfrét pfåjnt j vbht b cghfdtlkbdjcnb dj dctv vbht.

Tckb änj rfétncz ytdjpvjéyjq bltfkbcnbxtcrjq rjywtg-wbtq, yt cdjqcndtyyjq xtkjdtxtcrjq ghbhjlt, nj cktletn dcgjvybnm, xnj änj dsukzlbn yt åjktt ythtfkbcnbxyj, xtv ghtlgjkjétybt j njv, xnj dct crkflsdftncz rfr ytkmpz kex-it, rjulf hfpyjjåhfpysv kbxysv bynthtcfv dctö uhfélfy ghjcnj gjpdjkzñn cnfkrbdfnmcz, cjplfdfz rjyakbrn byntht-cjd – vbybvfkbcncreñ vjltkm uhfélfycndtyyjcnb d jåotcn-dtyyjq ébpyb. Rhjvt njuj, vjltkm uhfélfycndtyyjcnb, ldbéb-vjq pfåjnjq jå bynthtcfö jåotcndf, nhtåetn, xnjås uhfélfyt c xfcnysvb bynthtcfvb nfrét jåkflfkb ghfdbkmysv gjybvf-ybtv jåotcndtyyjuj åkfuf b pfåjnjq j ytv. Änf vjltkm nfr-ét ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj ytrjnjhfz kbxyfz pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm ckeébn ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ xtkjdtxtcrjq ébpyb b dctulf d njq bkb byjq cntgtyb åeltn ceotcndjdfnm d xtkjdtxtcrjv gjdtltybb, yj änj rfxtcndj ytjåöjlbvj juhfybxbdfnm bkb

lbcwbgkbybhjdfnm, f yt gjjohznm, rfr d jåotcndtyyjq, nfr b d kbxyjq ébpyb. Jyf nfrét ghbpyftn, xnj jlyb bylbdbleevs ljcnbufñn änjq clthéfyyjcnb b hfpvthtyyjcnb kexit, xtv lheubt (hfpevttncz, bcnjhbz dctö yfhjljd bpjåbketn ghbvt-hfvb gjljåyjuj vyjujjåhfpbz) b xnj cjwbfkmyst ghbdsxrb, dthjbcgjdtlfybt, rekmnehyst wtyyjcnb b jåhfpjdfybt vjuen jrfpsdfnm pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf nj, rfr änf vjltkm hfåjnf-tn d rjyrhtnyjv jåotcndt. Cjxtnfybt dkbzybz ctvtqysö wty-yjcntq, cjwbfkmyjuj rfgbnfkf, nhflbwbq chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, extåysö pfdtltybq b gjkbnbxtcrjuj herjdjlcn-df vjétn jrfpsdfnm djpltqcndbt yf rfxtcndj ébpyb jåotcndf d kñåjq cnhfyt. B änj åkfujndjhyjt djpltqcndbt vjéyj joe-nbnm yf ehjdyt vbrhjrjcvf d kñåjq vjvtyn b d kñåjv vtcnt dczrbq hfp, rjulf uhfélfyby hfpdbdftn e ctåz xedcndj uhfé-lfycndtyyjcnb b ltqcndetn d cjjndtncndbb c ybv. ■

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB / LTR FÅHM 2005 UJLF 20 Ä-ÉEH YF K CIF

Yt pf db cb vfz cbc nt vf ce ltå ysö jh uf yjd yt jå öj lb vf lkz jåtc gt xt ybz lj cne gf dctö uhfé lfy r ghf dj ce lbñ, en dth-élf tn fd njh änjq cnf nmb. Ce lmz Db rb Vfqkp-Kfu hfyé lt kbn cz cdj bv jgs njv jrf pf ybz gj vj ob ce lmzv d He fy lt d ht ajh vb hj df ybb ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs gjc kt ut yj wb lf, jåtc-gt xb dfz uhfé lf yfv änjq cnhf ys åj ktt ib hj rbq lj cneg r ghf dj ce lbñ. Db rb Vfqkp-Kfu hfyé – jr heé yjq ce lmz Pf gfl-yj uj jr he uf in. Jr kf öj vf, d ghji kjv xkty Rj vb nt nf gj vté le yf hjl ysv ce ltå ysv jn yj it yb zv Ce ltå yjq fc cj wbf-wbb CIF b ghtl ct lf ntkm cj plfy yjq ghb änjv rj vb nt nt Hf åj xtq uheg gs gj Fa hb rt (1999-2005 uj ls).

Ckj df ≤Hfd yjt ghf dj ce lbt gj pf rj ye≥ ds uhf db hj df ys yfl döj ljv d plf ybt Dth öjd-

yj uj ce lf CIF d Df iby unj yt. D änbö ckj dfö dj gkj ot yj jåt of ybt Fvt hb rb cdjt ve yf hj le. B änj jåt of ybt ≤hfd yj uj ghf dj ce lbz gj pf rj ye≥ yt vj étn åsnm htf kb-pj df yj, tc kb ytn cdjåjl yj uj b yt ju hf yb xty yj uj lj cne gf r yf itq cbc nt vt ghf dj ce lbz lkz dctö kñ ltq, yt pf db cb vj jn bö vtc nf bkb cj wb fkm yj uj gj kj ét ybz.

Yt pf db cb vfz ce ltå yfz dkfcnm

b lj cneg r ghf dj ce lbñ

Jl ybv bp dfé ytq ibö fc gtr njd hfd yj uj lj cne gf r ghf dj-ce lbñ ds cne gf tn yt pf db cb vfz cbc nt vf ce ltå ysö jh uf yjd. D fvt hb rfy crjq cbc nt vt jn ghfd kt ybz ghf dj ce lbz yb jlby xt kj-dtr, yt pf db cb vj jn cdj tq lj kéyjc nb, dkfc nb bkb dkbz ybz, yt vj étn dt ktnm ce lmt ds ytc nb nj bkb byjt ht it ybt gj lt ke. Ht it ybt ce lmb lj kéyj jc yj ds dfnm cz yf pf rj yt b vj étn åsnm bp vt yt yj njkm rj ds it cnjz obv ce ljv, ht it ybt rj nj hj uj nfr-ét lj kéyj jc yj ds dfnm cz yf ltqcn deñ otv pf rj yj lf ntkm cn dt.

Yt pf db cb vfz cbc nt vf ce ltå ysö jh uf yjd – änj jlby bp fc gtr njd ghf dj dj uj uj ce lfh cn df, äkt vtyn åj ktt aey lf vty nfkm-yjq cbc nt vs ≤dkfc nb pf rj yf≥, rj nj hfz ce ot cn detn d CIF b lhe ubö lt vjr hf nb xtc rbö cnhf yfö. Gj jght ltkt ybñ Dct vbh yj-uj åfy rf, dkfcnm pf rj yf ght df kb he tn nfv, ult: 1) cf vj ghf db-ntkm cn dj gjl xb yt yj pf rj ye; 2) dct hfd ys gt htl pf rj yjv; 3) xt kj dt xtc rjt lj cnj by cn dj rfé lj uj by lb db lee vf ghb pyf tn cz

b pf ob of tn cz pf rj yjv; b 4) ghf dj ce lbt lj cneg yj dctv. Cj jn-dtn cn dty yj lkz dkfc nb pf rj yf nht åe tn cz ≤yt pf db cb vfz ce ltå-yfz cbc nt vf, ghb rj nj hjq ce ls vj uen njk rj dfnm b ghb vt yznm pf rj ys b yjh vf nbd yst fr ns åtc ghb cnhf cnyj b äa atr nbd yj, ds yj cbnm hf wbj yfkm yj ghtl crf pet vst ht it ybz b jce ot cn-dkznm cdjñ ltz ntkm yjcnm d ht éb vt ghj phfx yjc nb. Gj cktl jdf-ntkm yjt ghf djg hb vt yt ybt, d cdjñ jxt htlm, ght lecvfn hb df tn cnf åbkm yeñ by cnb ne wbj yfkm yeñ cht le, d rj nj hjq vj uen jwt yb dfnm cz ljk uj chjx yst gj cktl cn dbz ärj yj vb xtc rbö ht it ybq≥.

Yt rj nj hst en dth élf ñn, xnj wtkm yt pf db cb vjq ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs – ju hf yb xbnm dkfcnm uj ce lfh cn df b pf ob nbnm ghf df uhfé lfy. Lkz nj uj xnj ås cel aeyr wbjyb hj dfk yt pf db cb vj, yt jå öj lb vs jght ltkty yst pf obn yst vt hs. C jh uf yb pf wb jy-yjq njx rb pht ybz, ghj phfx yjcnm ghj wt le hs yf pyf xt ybz ce ltq b dgj cktl cn dbb jn cen cn dbt eu hj ps gj nt hb hf åj ns bkb cyb ét-ybz pf hgkf ns gj ds if ñn cgj cjå yjcnm ce ltå yjq dtn db dkfc nb by nth ght nb hj dfnm pf rjy åtp yt yeé yj uj dvt if ntkm cn df cj cnj-hj ys lhe ubö dtn dtq dkfc nb bkb uhfé lfy. Yf ghb vth, Rjy cnb ne-wbz CIF ght lecvfn hb df tn, xnj at lt hfkm yst ce lmb ≤pf yb vf ñn cdjb lj kéyjc nb lj ntö gjh, gj rf dt len ct åz åt peg htx yj, b d ec nf yjd kty yst chj rb gj ke xf ñn pf cdjñ ckeé åe djp yfu hfé lt-ybt, rj nj hjt yt vj étn åsnm evtym it yj d gt hb jl ght ås df ybz d lj kéyjc nb≥. C fl vb yb cnhf nbd yjq njx rb pht ybz, yt pf db-cb vjcnm ghj wt le hs åñ létn yj uj ab yfy cb hj df ybz ce ljd jn lhe ubö dtn dtq dkfc nb b ghj phfx yjcnm ghj wt leh lbc wbg kb yfh-ysö dpsc rf ybq b cyz nbz c lj kéyjc nb ce ltq nfr ét ekex if ñn yt pf db cb vjcnm ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs. Rhj vt nj uj, rj ltr cs gj dt lt-ybz fvt hb rfy crbö ce ltq b fl dj rf njd ec nf yfd kb df ñn tlb yst vb yb vfkm yst cnfy lfh ns gj dt lt ybz. Yf rj ytw, yt pf db cb vjcnm ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs CIF uf hfy nb he tn cz cgj cjå yjc nmñ ce ltq ghb dj lbnm d bc gjk yt ybt cdjb ht it ybz, ghb dkt rfz yf he ib nt-ktq r jn dtn cn dty yjc nb pf yt edf ét ybt r ce le.

Ce ltå yfz ht ajh vf d He fy lt

D ntj hbb vyj ubt bp änbö pf obn ysö vth ås kb rjy cnb ne-wbjy yj b pf rj yj lf ntkm yj ghb yz ns d ghj wtc ct ghf dj djq ht ajh vs b gt ht cvjn hf pf rj yj lf ntkm cn df d He fy lt. Vj ltkm, hfp hf åj nfy yfz änjq rhj itx yjq cnhf yjq d Fa hb rt, yf wt kt yf yf eljd ktn dj ht ybt yt jn kjé yjq gj nhtå yjc nb d djc cnf yjd kt-ybb ce ltå yjq cbc nt vs b jåtc gt xt ybb nj uj, xnj ås ce ls yfl ns cz xf vb pf rkñ xty ysö d nñhm ve gj ljpht dft vsö d ut yj wb lt ghj dj lb kbcm d cj jn dtn cn dbb c yfl kt éf otq ghf dj djq ghj wt-le hjq. Cbc nt vf ghf dj ce lbz d He fy lt d 2001 uj le jn hf éf kf

LJ CNEG R GHF DJ CE LBÑCe ltå yfz ht ajh vf d He fy lt

Db rb Vfqkp-Kfu hfyé

Cyj uj ce lf CIF d Df iby unj yt. D änbö ckj dfö dj gkj ot yj jåt of ybt Fvt hb rb cdjt ve yf hj le. B änj jåt of ybt ≤hfd yj uj ghf dj ce lbz gj pf rj ye≥ yt vj étn åsnm htf kb-pj df yj, tc kb ytn cdjåjl yj uj b yt ju hf yb xty yj uj lj cne gf r yf itq cbc nt vt ghf dj ce lbz lkz dctö kñ ltq, yt pf db cb vj jn bö vtc nf

21

bcnjhbñ änjq cnhfys. Hefylbqcrbt celtåyst exhtéltybz åskb gjkbnbxtcrb jhbtynbhjdfys, rjhhevgbhjdfys b erjv-gktrnjdfys åjkmibv xbckjv gjkbnbxtcrbö yfpyfxtywtd, wtkm rjnjhsö cjcnjzkf yt d njv, xnjås cktljdfnm åerdt pfrjyf, f d njv, xnjås dsgjkyznm djkñ yfpyfxbdituj bö jhufyf. Jncencndbt rjvgtntynysö celtåysö jhufyjd d Hefylt gjckt ghjdjpukfitybz ytpfdbcbvjcnb åskj jlybv bp ntö afrnjhjd, rjnjhst dyjcbkb pyfxbntkmysq drkfl d cjplfybt jåcnfyjd-rb åtpyfrfpfyyjcnb, b bvtyyj jyf ghbdtkf r utyjwble 1994 ujlf, eytcituj ébpyb åjktt vbkkbjyf hefylbqwtd.

Gjckt utyjwblf hefylbqcrjt jåotcndj ytbpåtéyj jrfpf-kjcm nhfdvbhjdfyj jncencndbtv dkfcnb pfrjyf b jåhtvtytyj ckfåjq ärjyjvbrjq b ckfåsvb exhtéltybzvb ujcelfhcn-dtyyjq dkfcnb. Åjktt ldeö vbkkbjyjd åtétywtd uene b dyen-htyyt gthtvtotyysö kbw vbuhbhjdfkb d cjctlybt cnhfys – Ltvjrhfnbxtcreñ Htcgeåkbre Rjyuj, Åeheylb b Nfypfybñ. Cbcntvf ghfdjcelbz d Hefylt gjckt utyjwblf åtpltqcndjdfkf. Vyj-ubt cjnhelybrb gjkb-wbb b cbk åtpjgfcyjc-nb åtéfkb bp cnhfys. D nñhmvfö yföjlbkjcm åjktt 100 nsc. gjljpht-dftvsö d utyjwblt. Jxtym vfkj celtq, ghj-rehjhjd b fldjrfnjd jcnfkbcm d ébdsö, b d cnhfyt yt ceotcndjdf-kj yb jlyjq fccjwbf-wbb ñhbcnjd.

D änjq cbnefwbb d bñkt 2001 ujlf d pfrjyjlfntkmyjv gjhzlrt åskf cjplfyf Rjvbccbz gj htajhvt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Hefy-ls. D tt cjcnfd djikb ghtlcnfdbntkb hfpkbx-ysö hefylbqcrbö ghjatccbjyfkmysö b ñhblbxtcrbö jhuf-ybpfwbq, drkñxfz Dthöjdysq cel, Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb, ghjrehfnehe, yfwbjyfkmysq eybdthcbntn b fccjwbfwbñ ñhbc-njd. Rjvbccbb åskj gjhextyj gjlujnjdbnm ghjtrns pfrjyf jå jhufybpfwbb b ñhbclbrwbb celjd, pfrjyf jå änbxtcrjv rjltr-ct lkz celtåyjq dkfcnb, pfrjyf jå jhufybpfwbb, aeyrwbjyb-hjdfybb b ñhbclbrwbb Dthöjdyjuj cjdtnf celtåyjq cbcntvs, pfrjyf j cjplfybb Yfwbjyfkmyjq ghjrehfnehs, pfrjyf jå eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt b pfrjyf j cjdjregyjcnb yjhv ljrfpfntkmcndtyyjuj ghfdf.

Yfxbyfz c 2002 ujlf, z åskf jabwbfkmysv ghtlcnfdbntktv CIF gj hzle bybwbfnbd, cdzpfyysö c ghfdjdsvb htajhvf-vb b gthtcvjnhjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d Hefylt. Gthdfz Vté-leyfhjlyfz rjyathtywbz gj htajhvt celjghjbpdjlcndf b gthtcvjnhe pfrjyjlfntkmcndf d Hefylt, ghjdtltyyfz d njv

ujle, åskf ghbpdfyf cgjcjåcndjdfnm jåvtye byajhvfwbtq. Rjyathtywbz ghjdjlbkfcm gjl äubljq Rjvbccbb gj htajhvt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Hefyls b abyfycbhjdfkfcm Gjcjkmcndjv CIF b Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ. D ytq ghbybvfkb exfcnbt hefylbqcrbt celmb, jådbybntkb b fldj-rfns, f nfrét ghtlcnfdbntkb Fhutynbys, Åeheylb, Rfvtheyf, Rfyfls, Rtybb, Vfdhbrbz, Ctytufkf, CIF, Nfypfybb, Eufyls b ÑFH.

Exfcnybrb rjyathtywbb 2002 ujlf cjchtljnjxbkb cdjt dybvfybt yf ghfdjdjq htajhvt b gthtcvjnht pfrjyjlfntkm-cndf, ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåyjq cbcntvs b dkfcnb pfrjyf. Ltkt-ufns ghtlcnfdbkb htrjvtylfwbb jn itcnb hfåjxbö uhegg, pfnhfubdfdibt djghjcs ytpfdbcbvjcnb celjd, celtåyjq änbrb, celtåyjuj flvbybcnhbhjdfybz b hjkb eghfdkzñobö ltkfvb celjd, eghfdktybz celtåyjq cbcntvjq, yfåjhf b gjlujnjdrb ckeéfobö celjd, f nfrét ghjwtlehs åñlétnyjuj abyfycbhj-

dfybz celjd. Htpekmnfns hfåjns ldeö bp änbö uhegg – Hfåjxtq uheg-gs gj djghjcfv ytpfdb-cbvjcnb celtåysö jhuf-yjd b Hfåjxtq uheggs gj djghjcfv celtåyjq änbrb – d jåjåotyyjv dblt ghtlcnfdktys d åjrjdjq dhtprt.

Htrjvtylfwbb

gj dytctybñ

bpvtytybq

D 2003 ujle åskf ghjdtltyf dnjhfz Vtéleyfhjlyfz rjy-athtywbz gj htajhvt celjghjbpdjlcndf b gthtcvjnhe pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndf d Hefylt. Tt wtkmñ åskj dshfåj-

nfnm hfvrb celtåyjq htajhvs d Hefylt, cjukfceñobtcz c dct-jåobvb cnfylfhnfvb ljåhjcjdtcnyj hfåjnfñotq b äaatr-nbdyjq celtåyjq dkfcnb. Exfcnybrb rjyathtywbb ghtlcnf-dbkb ghtlkjétybz gj drkñxtybñ d Rjycnbnewbñ b lheubt jcyjdyst pfrjys htrjvtylfwbq hfåjxbö uhegg gj djghjcfv, hfccvjnhtyysv bvb d 2002 ujle. D rjyathtywbb ghbybvfkb exfcnbt ltktufns bp cnhfy, ghtlcnfdktyysö yf rjyathtywbb 2002 ujlf, f nfrét ltktufns bp Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, Uthvfybb, Udfntvfks, Lfybb, Pfvåbb, Vfkfdb, Vfkb, Ybuthbb, Yblthkfy-ljd, Ahfywbb b Äabjgbb.

Exfcnybrfvb rjyathtywbb åskb tlbyjukfcyj ghbyzns cktleñobt jabwbfkmyst htrjvtylfwbb:

• hfyu ljkéyjcnysö kbw celtåysö jhufyjd ljkéty åsnm ärdbdfktynty hfyue dscjrjgjcnfdktyysö ghtlcnfdbntktq lhe-ubö dtndtq dkfcntq b ufhfynbhjdfy jcyjdysv pfrjyjv;

Yf ctvbyfht gj celtåyjq htajhvt, jhufybpjdfyyjv Rjvbccbtq gj htajhvt pfrjyjlf-

ntkmcndf Hefyls, fdnjh cnfnmb – dnjhfz cktdf. D ctvbyfht ghbyzkb exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbnt-

kb celtåysö jhufyjd CIF b celmb bp lheubö cnhfy.

Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfphtitybz celmb Dbrb Vfqkp-Kfuhfyé



• jrkfl b kmujns celmb yt ljkéys evtymifnmcz d gthbjl bcgjkytybz bv ckeétåysö jåzpfyyjcntq;

• d cbcntvt celtåysö jhufyjd ljkéty åsnm cjplfy ltgfhnf-vtyn abyfycjd b flvbybcnhbhjdfybz;

• celtåyst jhufys ljkéys bvtnm infn gjcnjzyysö cjnhel-ybrjd, eckjdbz yfqvf rjnjhsö ljkéys jghtltkznmcz celtåys-vb jhufyfvb;

• d ghjrehfneht ljkéty åsnm cjplfy ltgfhnfvtyn abyfy-cjd b flvbybcnhbhjdfybz;

• ghbyznm jcyjdyjq pfrjy jå exhtéltybb gjcnjzyyj ltqcn-deñotq ytpfdbcbvjq Rjvbccbb gj htajhvt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Hefyls, jghtltkzñobq tt cjcnfd, gjkyjvjxbz b aeyrwbb;

• ghtljcnfdbnm celtåysv jhufyfv gjkyjvjxbz gj hfphfåjn-rt ghjtrnjd dctö htukfvtynjd, rfcfñoböcz celtåysö ghjwt-leh b celtåyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, gjlktéfobö jljåhtybñ njkmrj Gfhkfvtynjv;

• celmb Dthöjdyjuj celf b celf dscitq bycnfywbb ljkéys jncnhfyznmcz jn bcgjkytybz cdjbö ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfyyjc-ntq njkmrj d ckexft bö ytrjvgtntynyjcnb bkb cthmtpysö ghjcnegrjd;

• celmz ljkéty jncnhfyznmcz jn bcgjkytybz cdjbö ljké-yjcnysö jåzpfyyjcntq htpjkñwbtq Ctyfnf, ghbyznjq yt vtytt xtv ldevz nhtnzvb ujkjcjd tuj xktyjd gj htrjvtylf-wbb Dthöjdyjuj cjdtnf celtåyjq cbcntvs;

• celtåyst jhufys ljkéys åsnm egjkyjvjxtys dthibnm ghfdjcelbt gj dctv djghjcfv celtåyjuj öfhfrnthf b bvtnm bcrkñxbntkmyjt ghfdj jghtltkznm, jnyjcbncz kb njn bkb byjq djghjc, dsytctyysq yf bö hfccvjnhtybt, r bö rjvgtnty-wbb, ecnfyjdktyyjq pfrjyjv.

Gj jrjyxfybb rjyathtywbb 2003 ujlf cnfkj zcyj, xnj juhjvyjt pyfxtybt bvttn jåextybt celtq b jådbybntktq, xnj-ås jyb vjukb yflktéfobv jåhfpjv bcgjkyznm cdjb yjdst

ljkéyjcnyst jåzpfyyjcnb. Jlby bpdtcn-ysq hefylbqcrbq ñhbcn jöfhfrnthb-pjdfk celtåyeñ cbcntve cdjtq cnhfys rfr ≤ytlbyfvbxyeñ≥ b dshfpbk åtc-gjrjqcndj d cdzpb c ntv, xnj hzljdjq hefylbqcrbq ñhbcn ljdjkmyj gfccbdty b tve yt ödfnftn xedcndf edthtyyjcnb d ctåt. Lj rjycnbnewbjyysö b pfrjyj-lfntkmysö htajhv celmb, exfcndeñobt d hfccvjnhtybb ltk, pfctlfkb uheggfvb gj nhb xtkjdtrf. Ntgthm bö jåzpfkb dsyjcbnm htitybz gj hfccvfnhbdftvsv ltkfv d jlbyjxre, xnj nhtåetn jn ybö åjkmitq edthtyyjcnb d ctåt b cgjcjå-yjcnb jrfpsdfnm dkbzybt b dyeifnm edfétybt. Jnysyt celmb ljkéys ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf eukeåktybt cdjtq rjvgtntynyjcnb, gjdsitybt ghjbpdj-lbntkmyjcnb b cktljdfybt änbxtcrbv cnfylfhnfv, gjcrjkmre ytpfdbcbvst celtåyst jhufys yfltktys yjdsvb ghf-dfvb b gjkyjvjxbzvb. Lkz cjplfybz b

cjöhfytybz d Hefylt gj-yfcnjzotve ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq cbcntvs nhtåeñncz ecrjhtyyfz gjlujnjdrf b jåextybt hfåjn-ybrjd celtåysö jhufyjd dj vyjubö jåkfcnzö.

Dj dhtvz tot jlyjuj cdjtuj ghbtplf d Hefyle d 2002 ujle z hfåjnfkf d cjcnfdt uheggs, rjnjhfz gjlujnjdbkf ljrevtyn gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Jwtyrf gjnhtåyjcntq d jåhfpjdfybb b gjl-ujnjdrt celtq – ghtlkfuftvsq gkfy b cnhfntubz tuj htfkbpf-wbb≥. Wtkzvb rjvfylbhjdrb åsk cåjh byajhvfwbb j ceot-cndeñotq d Hefylt cbcntvt ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b hfp-hfåjnrf gkfyf cjplfybz b htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs celtåyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b gjlujnjdrb c bcgjkmpjdfybtv htcehcjd änjq cbcntvs. Gkfy ecnfyfdkbdfk jgnbvfkmysq gjhzljr gjlujnjd-rb hefylbqcrbö celtq r äaatrnbdyjq hfåjnt d yjdsö eckjdb-zö, ghtlecvjnhtyysö ghtlkjétyysv pfrjyjv. Yjdsq gjlöjl nhtåjdfk ujhfplj åjkmitq ghbdthétyyjcnb jåhfpjdfybñ b jåextybñ celtq, xtv ghtélt. Gjcrjkmre gjckt ghbyznbz änjuj pfrjyf ghtlcnjzkj eghfplybnm dct ljkéyjcnb celtq d ceotcndeñotq celtåyjq cbcntvt b cjplfnm yjdeñ cbcntve c yjdsvb ljkéyjcnzvb, hefylbqcrjve ghfdbntkmcnde ghtlj-cnfdkzkfcm åtcghtwtltynyfz djpvjéyjcnm jåütrnbdyj jwtybnm b dsåhfnm yfbåjktt rjvgtntynysö rfylblfnjd, cgjcjåysö ghtjåhfpjdfnm celtåyeñ cbcntve d ytpfdbcbvsq b edféftvsq jhufy, rjnjhjve hefylbqws vjukb ås ljdthbnm exhtéltybt, gjllthéfybt b ghbdtltybt d ltqcndbt dkfcnb pfrjyf.

Lheubv bynthtcysv htpekmnfnjv hefylbqcrjq vjltkb cnfkj rjycnbnewbjyyjt gjkjétybt, ecnfyfdkbdfñott, xnj étyobys ljkéys pfybvfnm rfr vbybvev 30fi ≤ljkéyjcntq d jhufyfö, ghbybvfñobö htitybz≥, r rjnjhsv, rfr ghtlgjkfuf-kjcm, jnyjczncz b cels.

Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfphtitybz celmb Dbrb Vfqkp-Kfuhfyé

Pfctlfybt celf gthdjq bycnfywbb d Ubnfhfvt (Hefylf).

Yf ctvbyfht gj celtåyjq htajh-vt, jhufybpjdfyyjv Rjvbccbtq gj htajhvt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Hefyls, fdnjh cnfnmb – dnjhfz cktdf. D ctvb-yfht ghbyzkb exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb celtåysö jhufyjd CIF b celmb bp lheubö cnhfy.

Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfpht-itybz celmb Dbrb Vfqkp-Kfuhfyé

Pfctlfybt celf gthdjq bycnfywbb d Ubnfhfvt (Hefylf).

Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfpht-itybz celmb Dbrb Vfqkp-Kfuhfyé

D bñyt 2002 ujlf hefylbqws cke-ifñn ghjwtcc d celt ≤ufrfrf≥, ghtl-cnfdkzñotv cjåjq åjktt ytjabwb-fkmyeñ fkmnthyfnbde Vtéleyfhjlyj-ve eujkjdyjve nhbåeyfke gj Hefylt b yfwbjyfkmysv hefylbqcrbv celfv. ≤Ufrfrf≥ – änj nhflbwbjyyfz ajhvf ghfdjcelbz, gjpdjkzñofz jåotcn-dtyyjcnb exfcndjdfnm d dsytctybb ghbujdjhf b ecnfyjdktybb vths yfrf-pfybz kbwfv, jådbyztvsv d exfcnbb d utyjwblt 1994 ujlf.

≤Htqnthc≥ / Äynjyb Ymñueyf

23

Pfrkñxtybt

Celtåyfz htajhvf, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, yfwtktyf yf erhtgkt-ybt ytpfdbcbvjcnb ghfdjdjq cbcntvs, gjdsitybt tt äaatr-nbdyjcnb b åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb b hfcibhtybt ljcnegf r ytq. Jåzpfntkmysv eckjdbtv jåtcgtxtybz gjlkbyyj ≤hfdyjuj ghf-djcelbz gj pfrjye≥ d kñåjq cnhfyt dscnegftn jgthfnbdyfz, äaatrnbdyfz b rjvgtntynyfz hfåjnf celjd, jcyjdfyyfz yf cjåkñltybb dscjrbö vjhfkmysö cnfylfhnjd.

Tckb celtåyfz cbcntvf hfåjnftn gkjöj, nj jnghfdktybz ghf-djcelbz yt ghjbcöjlbn. Tckb cels yt hfåjnfñn yflktéfobv jåhfpjv, yb j rfrjv hfdyjv ljcnegt r ghfdjcelbñ yt vjétn åsnm b htxb. ■

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

≤Htqnthc≥ / Äynjyb Ymñueyf

D bñyt 2002 ujlf hefylbqws ckeifñn ghjwtcc d celt ≤ufrfrf≥, ghtlcnfdkzñotv cjåjq åjktt

ytjabwbfkmyeñ fkmnthyfnbde Vtéleyfhjlyjve eujkjdyjve nhbåeyfke gj Hefylt b yfwbjyfkmysv

hefylbqcrbv celfv. ≤Ufrfrf≥ – änj nhflbwbjyyfz ajhvf ghfdjcelbz, gjpdjkzñofz jåotcndtyyjcnb

exfcndjdfnm d dsytctybb ghbujdjhf b ecnfyjdktybb vths yfrfpfybz kbwfv, jådbyztvsv d exfcnbb d

utyjwblt 1994 ujlf.


24

– Xnj nfrjt ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåysö jhufyjd? D jghtltkt-ybb, lfyyjv uheggjq, abuehbheñn nfrbt ahfps, rfr ≤edfét-ybt yfhjlf≥, ≤jncencndbt rfrbö-kbåj euhjp≥, ≤abyfycjdfz åtpjgfcyjcnm b rjynhjkm≥, ≤ytdvtifntkmcndj cj cnjhjys kñåjq lheujq dtndb dkfcnb≥.

• Gjxtve ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåysö jhufyjd dféyf lkz dkfcnb pfrjyf? Gjnjve xnj jyf bvttn ytgjchtlcndtyyjt jnyjitybt r njve, yfkbxtcndetn kb d jåotcndt dkfcnm pfrj-yf lkz pfobns ghfd b uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl. Ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtåysö jhufyjd bvttn rkñxtdjt pyfxtybt lkz ljdthbz yfctktybz r celtåyjq cbcntvt b dféyf d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp äktvtynjd cbcntvs ≤clthétr b ghjnbdjdtcjd≥, juhfybxbdfñ-otq xhtpvthyst gjkyjvjxbz lheubö dtndtq dkfcnb. Yfghb-vth, tckb rfrjt-kbåj jabwbfkmyjt kbwj, rjnjhjve gjhe-xtyj cjåbhfnm yfkjub, åeltn ltkfnm änj ghjnbdjghfdysv jåhfpjv, ghjnbd ytuj vjétn åsnm djpåeélty bcr d celt. D änjv ckexft cel ljkéty bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm ghbrfpfnm nfrj-ve jabwbfkmyjve kbwe cjåkñlfnm pfrjy.

• Rfrjds euhjps ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåysö jhufyjd? Jyb drkñxfñn d ctåz ytcgjcjåyjcnm celtq ghbrfpfnm njq bkb byjq cnjhjyt dsgjkybnm bö ghtlgbcfybz, jncencndbt njxyj ecnfyjdktyyjuj chjrf b ufhfynbq ghtåsdfybz d ljkéyjcnb, f nfrét rjyakbrn vtéle rflhjdsvb celmzvb b dhtvtyyj yföjlzobvbcz e dkfcnb gjkbnbxtcrbvb ltzntkzvb.

• Xnj yflj ltkfnm lkz jåtcgtxtybz ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtå-ysö jhufyjd? Cjplfnm bycnbnen gjlujnjdrb celtq, ghbyznm b jåyfhjljdfnm rjltrc gjdtltybz lkz celtq, ghfrnbrjdfnm

yfpyfxtybt celtq yf jcyjdfybb bö ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rjvgtntywbb b vjhfkmysö ecnjtd, hfpdbdfnm ghjphfxyeñ cbcntve cyznbz celtq c ljkéyjcnb, pfrhtgktyyeñ d Rjycnb-newbb, hfpdbdfnm rekmnehe pfrjyf d ghjnbdjdtc rekmneht dkfcnb b hfphfåfnsdfnm cnhfntubb gjjohtybz b cnbvekbhj-dfybz kbxyjq öhfåhjcnb celtq.

• Xtv ljkéyf hfcgjkfufnm Hefylf lkz cjplfybz ytpfdbcb-vjq celtåyjq cbcntvs? Rjycnbnewbtq, rjnjhfz ghtlecvfn-hbdftn ytpfdbcbveñ celtåyeñ cbcntve, ytpfdbcbvjq cbc-ntvjq yfqvf cjnhelybrjd (pf bcrkñxtybtv ghtlctlfntktq celjd b bö pfvtcnbntktq) b ytpfdbcbvsv vtöfybpvjv lbc-wbgkbyfhysö dpscrfybq.

• Xnj ytjåöjlbvj Hefylt? Cghfdtlkbdfz jgkfnf nhelf ljkéyjcnysö kbw celtåysö jhufyjd; hfpltktybt celtåysö b ghjrehjhcrbö aeyrwbq; ghjwtccefkmyfz ghjphfxyjcnm; xtnrj ecnfyjdktyysq chjr ghtåsdfybz d ljkéyjcnb celtå-ysö xbyjdybrjd; ghfdj yfkfufnm celtåyst pfghtns b yfrfpsdfnm yf ytedfétybt r cele; fltrdfnyjt ntöybxtcrjt jåjheljdfybt b jcyfotybt celtq; ddtltybt nhtåjdfybq j ytghthsdyjv gjdsitybb rdfkbabrfwbb celtq b cjåkñlt-ybb bvb yjhv änbrb; abyfycjdfz ytpfdbcbvjcnm åñlétnjd celtåysö jhufyjd b jrkfljd bö ckeéfobö; exhtéltybt gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñotq rjvbccbb gj htajhvt pfrjyj-lfntkmcndf; exhtéltybt flvbybcnhfnbdysö celjd gthdjq cnegtyb lkz ehtuekbhjdfybz rjyakbrnjd c bcgjkybntkmyjq dtndmñ dkfcnb b ghbyznbt rjltrcf gjdtltybz lkz fldjrfnjd, jådbybntktq b celtq.

GTHDFZ VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ RJYATHTYWBZ GJ HTAJHVT CELJGHJBPDJLCNDF B GTHTCVJNHE

PFRJYJLFNTKMCNDF HEFYLS (2002 UJL)

Hfåjxfz uheggf gj djghjcfv ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtåysö jhufyjd:hfccvjnhtyyst djghjcs

• Htrjvtyljdfnm Rjvbccbb gj htajhvt celjghjbpdjlcndf b gthtcvjnhe pfrjyjlfntkmcndf Hefyls cjdvtcnyj c fccjwbf-wbtq ñhbcnjd, jådbybntkzvb b celmzvb ghbkjébnm ecbkbz lkz jåtcgtxtybz ghbyznbt rjltrcf gjdtltybz celtq, jådbyb-ntktq, fldjrfnjd b dcgjvjufntkmyjuj celtåyjuj gthcjyfkf.

• Htrjvtyljdfnm jwtybdfnm ghjatccbjyfkmyst b vjhfkm-yst rfxtcndf rfylblfnjd d celmb gjchtlcndjv ghjdthrb åbjuhfabxtcrbö lfyysö lj bpåhfybz, f nfrét htrjvtyljdfnm ujcelfhcnde jåtcgtxbdfnm, xnjås celmb jåkflfkb ytjåöjlb-vsvb htcehcfvb (ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrjq, ébkmtv b jrkflfvb) lkz bcgjkytybz cdjbö ghjatccbjyfkmysö jåzpfy-yjcntq b cjåkñltybz ghfdbk änbrb.

• Htrjvtyljdfnm, xnjås rféljt celtåyjt ljkéyjcnyjt kbwj lj dcnegktybz d ljkéyjcnm åskj jåzpfyj cjjåobnm

cdtltybz j cdjtv vfnthbfkmyjv gjkjétybb (kbxyjv bveot-cndt b ljkufö) d wtkzö åjhmås c rjhhegwbtq b jåtcgtxtybz ghjphfxyjcnb dyenhb celtqcrjuj rjhgecf.

• Htrjvtyljdfnm cjplfnm dyenhb celtåyjuj cjdtnf rjvb-ntn lkz jwtyrb ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfdsrjd celtq, rjnjhsq ljkéty jceotcndkznm lbcwbgkbyfhyst aeyrwbb c ghfdjv hfccktljdfnm yfheitybz ghfdbk änbrb b ghb ytjåöjlbvjcnb ghbvtyznm cfyrwbb.

• Htrjvtyljdfnm cjplfnm fccjwbfwbñ celtq lkz gjjoht-ybz dpfbvyjq gjllthérb b jåvtyf bltzvb – d xfcnyjcnb, gj djghjcfv änbrb.

Hfåjxfz uheggf gj djghjcfv celtåyjq änbrb: htrjvtylfwbb


25

Alexander, Larry. Is There a Right of Freedom of Expression?

New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Allen, David S. Democracy, Inc.: The Press and Law in the

Corporate Rationalization of the Public Sphere.

Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2005.

Becker, Edward R. God vs. the Gavel: Religion and the Rule of

Law. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Dorn, James A. Economic Liberties and the Judiciary.

Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 1987.

Drinan, Robert F. Can God & Caesar Coexist?: Balancing

Religious Freedom and International Law. New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press, 2004.

Dyck, Arthur J. Rethinking Rights and Responsibilities:

The Moral Bonds of Community. Washington, DC:

Georgetown University Press, 2005.

Epstein, Richard Allen. Principles for a Free Society: Reconciling

Individual Liberty With the Common Good. Reading, MA:

Perseus Books, 1998.

Halperin, Morton H., Joseph T. Siegle, and Michael M. Weinstein.

The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote

Prosperity and Peace. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004.

Hasson, Kevin Seamus. The Right to Be Wrong: Ending the

Culture War Over Religion in America. San Francisco, CA:

Encounter Books, 2005.

Ketcham, Ralph. The Idea of Democracy in the Modern Era.

Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004.

McIntosh, Kenneth R., and Marsha L. McIntosh. Issues of

Church, State, & Religious Liberties: Whose Freedom, Whose

Faith? Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers,

(forthcoming 2006).

Mercuro, Nicholas, and Warren J. Samuels, eds.

The Fundamental Interrelationships Between Government

and Property. Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999.

Novak, Michael. The Universal Hunger for Liberty: Why the

Clash of Civilizations Is Not Inevitable. New York, NY:

Basic Books, 2004.

Odell-Scott, David. Democracy and Religion: Free Exercise and

Diverse Visions. Kent, OH: State University Press, 2004.

Pevehouse, Jon C. Democracy From Above: Regional

Organizations and Democratization. Cambridge [England]:

Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Posner, Richard A. Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Putnam, Robert. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in

Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Schultz, Jeffrey. Encyclopedia of Media and Politics in America.

Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2005.

Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 2005.

Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcnegyjcnm dsitgthtxbcktyysö htcehcjd.

ÅBÅKBJUHFABZXnj tot gjxbnfnm jå jcyjdfö ltvjrhfnbb


26 Ä-ÉEHYF K CIF

Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbq wtynh gj bpextybñ ltvjrhfnbb http://www.democ.uci.edu/democ/

Herjdjlcndj gj bccktljdfybñ djghjcjd ltvjrhfnbbhttp://www.ned.org/research/demresources/intro.html

Jhufybpfwbz ≤Ahbljv öfec≥http://www.freedomhouse.org

Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl ltvjrhfnbbhttp://www.ned.org

Jhufybpfwbz ≤Nhfycgähtycb bynthyäiyk≥http://www.transparency.org

Dbhnefkmysq wtynh ltvjrhfnbbhttp://democracy.state.gov

Dctvbhyjt ldbétybt pf ltvjrhfnbñhttp://www.www.wmd.org

Cdjåjlysq hsyjr bltq

Rjvbntn d pfobne éehyfkbcnjdhttp://www.www.cpj.org

Wtynh Gthdjq gjghfdrbhttp://www.firstamendmentcenter.org

Ljrkfl j hfpdbnbb ukjåfkmysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb: vbccbjyths bp CVBhttp://www.ellenhume.com/articles/missionaries.pdf

Vtéleyfhjlyfz atlthfwbz éehyfkbcnjd http://www.ifj.org

Vtéleyfhjlysq jåvty gj djghjce ≤Cdjåjlf cfvjdshfétybz≥http://www.ifex.org

Vtéleyfhjlyfz éehyfkbcncrfz ctnm http://www.ijnet.org

Jåcktljdfybt gj djghjcfv cdjåjls gtxfnbhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/research/pressurvey.htm

Rjvbntn gj djghjcfv dctvbhyjq cdjåjls gtxfnbhttp://www.wpfc.org

Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf

Fvthbrfycrbq ghjtrn ≤Gjljnxtnyjcnm b åjhmåf c rjhhegwbtq≥ http://www.respondanet.com

Gjhnfk gj djghjcfv åjhmås c rjhhegwbtq d Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbbhttp://www.nobribes.org/

Wtynh bycnbnewbjyfkmysö htajhv b ytajhvfkmyjuj ctrnjhf ghb Vähbktylcrjv eybdthcbntnthttp://www.iris.umd.edu/

Wtynh vtéleyfhjlyjuj xfcnyjuj ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf http://www.cipe.org

Byltrc ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjlshttp://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/downloads.cfm

Bycnbnen ärjyjvbxtcrbö ltkhttp://www.iea.org

Dctvbhysq åfyr: åjhmåf c rjhhegwbtq b ujcelfhcndtyyjt eghfdktybthttp://www.worldbank.org/wbi/gac

Uhfélfycrjt exfcnbt

Changemakers.nethttp://www.changemakers.net

CBDYTN / CBDBNFChttp://www.civnet.org

HTCEHCS BYNTHYTNFBcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb d Bynthytnt lkz åjktt ukeåjrjuj bpextybz

jcyjd ltvjrhfnbb

Xnj vjuen ltkfnm ltnb: vyt-ybz b hfåjnf cktleñotuj gjrjktybzhttp://www.whatkidscando.org/index.asp


27

Vtéleyfhjlysq ajyl bpåbhfntkmysö cbcntv http://www.ifes.org/

Kbuf étyoby-bpåbhfntktqhttp://www.lwv.org/Am/Template.cfm?Section=Home

Dkfcnm pfrjyf

Yfwbjyfkmysq rjycnbnewbjyysq wtynhhttp://www.constitutioncenter.org/

Ccskrb yf htcehcs, gjcdzotyyst dkfcnb pfrjyf (Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF)http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/democracy/rule_of_law/rulelaw_legal.html

Cdjåjlf jnghfdktybz htkbubjpysö jåhzljd

Vbyytcjncrbq eybdthcbntn: cdjåjlf dthjbcgjdtlfybz bkb dthshttp://www.1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/studyguides/religion.html

Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz pf cdjåjle dthjbcgjdtlfybzhttp://www.iarf.net/

Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcnegyjcnm dsitgthtxbcktyysö htcehcjd. Dct ccskrb yf htcehcs ghbdjlzncz gj cjcnjzybñ yf yjzåhm 2005 ujlf.


A MONTHLY JOURNAL

OFFERED IN MULTIPLE

LANGUAGES

REVIEW THE FULL LISTING OF TITLES AT http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

ltv jrh fn bbpavroz.ru/files/osndem.pdf · ght ccjq: jåtc gt xt ybt gj ljnxtn yjc nb uj ce lfh cn...

Documents