LSAT*

PrepTest 41October 2003

Test ID: LL3041

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Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION I

Analytical Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION II

Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III

Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION IV

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1. Because the statement all gray rabbits are rabbits istrue, it follows by analogy that the statement allsuspected criminals are criminals is also true.

The reasoning above is flawed because it fails torecognize that

(A) the relationship between being a criminal andbeing a rabbit is not of the same kind as thatbetween being suspected and being gray

(B) the relationship between being suspected andbeing a rabbit is not of the same kind as thatbetween being gray and being a criminal

(C) the relationship between being a gray rabbitand being a rabbit is not of the same kind asthat between being a suspected criminal andbeing a criminal

(D) not all rabbits are gray(E) not all criminals are suspected

2. A study of plaque buildup on teeth used threerandomly assigned groups of people who brushed theirteeth twice a day for a year. People in Group 1 used thesame toothbrush all year. People in Group 2 used thesame toothbrush all year but sterilized it each month.People in Group 3 used a new, sterile toothbrush eachmonth. At the end of the year, people in Groups 1 and2 had the same amount of plaque buildup as eachother, while people in Group 3 had less plaque buildup.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toexplain the relative amounts of plaque buildup foundin the three groups?

(A) The buildup of plaque on teeth, which brushingtwice a day helps to prevent, is accelerated bythe growth of bacteria on toothbrushes thatremained unsterilized for more than a month.

(B) The stiffness of the bristles on newtoothbrushes, which the mechanical action ofbrushing destroys after several months,inhibits the buildup of plaque.

(C) The people who did the study measured theamount of plaque buildup by a new methodnot usually employed by dentists.

(D) Before they joined the study, some of thepeople in Group 3 had been in the habit ofbrushing their teeth only once a day.

(E) The people in Group 2 and Group 3 brushedtheir teeth as vigorously as did the people inGroup 1.

3. Xavier: Demand by tourists in Nepal forinexpensive thangka paintings has resulted inthe proliferation of inferior thangkascontaining symbolic inaccuraciesa sure signof a dying art form. Nepal should prohibitsales of thangkas to tourists, for such aprohibition will induce artists to createthangkas that meet traditional standards.

Yvette: An art form without dedicated young artistswill decay and die. If tourists were forbiddento buy thangkas, young artists would ceasemaking thangkas and concentrate instead onan art form tourists can buy.

Yvette responds to Xavier by

(A) denying the existence of the problem thatXaviers proposal is designed to ameliorate

(B) challenging the integrity of Xaviers sources ofinformation

(C) arguing that Xaviers proposal, ifimplemented, would result in the veryconsequences it is meant to prevent

(D) using an analogy to draw a conclusion that isinconsistent with the conclusion drawn byXavier

(E) showing that the evidence presented by Xavierhas no bearing on the point at issue

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1 -2- 11SECTION I

Time35 minutes

25 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

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4. Industry experts expect improvements in job safetytraining to lead to safer work environments. A recentsurvey indicated, however, that for manufacturerswho improved job safety training during the 1980s,the number of on-the-job accidents tended toincrease in the months immediately following thechanges in the training programs.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent discrepancy in the passage above?

(A) A similar survey found that the number of on-the-job accidents remained constant after jobsafety training in the transportation sectorwas improved.

(B) Manufacturers tend to improve their job safetytraining only when they are increasing thesize of their workforce.

(C) Manufacturers tend to improve job safetytraining only after they have noticed that thenumber of on-the-job accidents has increased.

(D) It is likely that the increase in the number ofon-the-job accidents experienced by manycompanies was not merely a randomfluctuation.

(E) Significant safety measures, such as protectiveequipment and government safetyinspections, were in place well before theimprovements in job safety training.

5. Statistician: Two major studies found no causal linkbetween medical procedure X and disorder Y,but these studies are flawed. One study lookedat 1,000 people who had undergoneprocedure X and the other study looked at1,100 people who had undergone procedure X.But because disorder Y occurs in only .02percent of the population, researchers wouldneed to include many more than 1,100 peoplein a study to detect even a doubling of the rateof disorder Y.

Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main conclusion of the statisticians argument?

(A) Contrary to the findings of two major studies,there is reason to think that procedure Xcauses disorder Y.

(B) Two studies that discovered no causal linkbetween procedure X and disorder Y areunsound.

(C) Researchers should conduct more-extensivestudies of procedure X to determine whetherthe procedure is causally linked with disorder Y.

(D) The two studies cited did not reach aconclusion as to whether disorder Y resultsfrom procedure X.

(E) Despite the opinions of many medical experts, ithas not been established that there is a causallink between procedure X and disorder Y.

6. Patti: Most parents are eager for their preschoolersto learn as much as possible. However, insteadof providing general opportunities for theirchildren to learn, parents often direct theirchildrens learning to their own personalconcerns. Because children have a naturalcuriosity and thirst for knowledge, they learnan enormous amount simply through growingand adapting to the world. Therefore, this typeof directed learning is unlikely to improve achilds preschool education.

Which one of the following is an assumption onwhich Pattis argument depends?

(A) Parents who use the type of directed learningin question have been exposed to misguidedpsychological theories about children.

(B) Children will have difficulty adapting to theworld without the unique help and guidanceof their parents.

(C) The type of directed learning in question islikely to enhance the general opportunitiesfor children to learn.

(D) The type of directed learning in question isnot a necessary part of the process of growingand adapting to the world.

(E) General opportunities to learn are not typicalof the early years of formal education.

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7. Two things are true of all immoral actions. First, ifthey are performed in public, they offend publicsensibilities. Second, they are accompanied byfeelings of guilt.

If all of the statements above are true, then whichone of the following must be false?

(A) Some immoral actions that are not performedin public are not accompanied by feelings ofguilt.

(B) Immoral actions are wrong solely by virtue ofbeing accompanied by feelings of guilt.

(C) Some actions that offend public sensibilities ifthey are performed in public are notaccompanied by feelings of guilt.

(D) Some actions that are accompanied by feelingsof guilt are not immoral, even if theyfrequently offend public sensibilities.

(E) Every action performed in public that isaccompanied by feelings of guilt is immoral.

8. Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warneach other of nearby predators, depending onwhether the danger comes from land or from the air.

Which one of the following, if true, contributes mostto an explanation of the behavior of vervet monkeysdescribed above?

(A) By varying the pitch of its alarm call, a vervetmonkey can indicate the number of predatorsapproaching.

(B) Different land-based predators are responsiblefor different numbers of vervet monkeydeaths.

(C) No predators that pose a danger to vervetmonkeys can attack both from land and fromthe air.

(D) Vervet monkeys avoid land-based predators byclimbing trees but avoid predation from theair by diving into foliage.

(E) Certain land-based predators feed only onvervet monkeys, whereas every predator thatattacks vervet monkeys from the air feeds onmany different animals.

9. Technological improvements will enable foodproduction to increase as populations increase.However, increases in food production will benegligible unless societies become more centralizedso that all factors contributing to the production offood can be better coordinated. But, historically, themore centralized a society was, the greater thepercentage of its people who perished if and when itcollapsed. Thus, increasing the centralization ofsocieties in an effort to increase food production viabetter technology will merely exacerbate the disastersassociated with societal collapse.

The statements above, if true, most strongly supportwhich one of the following?

(A) The more centralized a society is, the greaterits need for increased food production.

(B) Not every problem associated with the collapseof a centralized society would be prevented bytechnological improvements.

(C) The rate at which the worlds population isgrowing will continue to increase indefinitely.

(D) The production of food can be increased onlyby improved technology.

(E) Societies have become more centralized astechnology has improved.

10. In an experiment, scientists changed a single gene incloned flies of a certain species. These cloned flieslacked the eye cells that give flies ultraviolet vision,even though cloned siblings with unaltered,otherwise identical genes had normal vision. Thus,scientists have shown that flies of this species lackingultraviolet vision must have some damage to thisgene.

Which one of the following is an assumptionrequired by the argument?

(A) The relationship between genes and vision inflies is well understood.

(B) No other gene in the flies in the experiment isrequired for the formation of the ultravioletvision cells.

(C) Ultraviolet vision is a trait found in all speciesof flies.

(D) The gene change had no effect on the fliesother than the lack of ultraviolet vision cells.

(E) Ultraviolet vision is an environmentallyinfluenced trait in the species of flies in theexperiment.

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11. In the recent election, a countrys votersoverwhelmingly chose Adler over Burke. Voters knewthat Burke offered more effective strategies for dealingwith most of the countrys problems. Moreover, Burkehas a long public record of successful governmentservice that testifies to competence and commitment. Itwas well known, however, that Burkes environmentalpolicy coincided with the interests of the countrysmost dangerous polluter, whereas Adler proposed apolicy of strict environmental regulation.

Which one of the following is most stronglysupported by the information above?

(A) Throughout their respective political careers,Adler has been more committed to takingmeasures to protect the countrysenvironment than Burke has been.

(B) Voters realized that their countrys naturalresources are rapidly being depleted.

(C) The concern of the countrys voters for theenvironment played an important role inAdlers election.

(D) Offering effective strategies for dealing with acountrys problems is more important inwinning an election than having a long recordof successful government service.

(E) In every respect other than environmentalpolicy, Burke would have served the countrybetter than Adler will.

12. Poor nutrition is at the root of the violent behavior ofmany young offenders. Researchers observed that in acertain institution for young offenders, the violentinmates among them consistently chose, from the foodavailable, those items that were low in nutrients. In asubsequent experiment, some of the violent inmateswere placed on a diet high in nutrients. There was asteady improvement in their behavior over the fourmonths of the experiment. These results confirm thelink between poor nutrition and violent behavior.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthensthe argument?

(A) Some of the violent inmates who took part inthe experiment had committed a largenumber of violent crimes.

(B) Dietary changes are easier and cheaper toimplement than any other type of reformprogram in institutions for young offenders.

(C) Many young offenders have reported that theyhad consumed a low-nutrient food sometime inthe days before they committed a violent crime.

(D) A further study investigated young offenderswho chose a high-nutrient diet on their ownand found that many of them werenonviolent.

(E) The violent inmates in the institution whowere not placed on a high-nutrient diet didnot show an improvement in behavior.

13. Robin: When a regions economy is faltering, manypeople lose their jobs. As a result, spending onconsumer goods declines, leading in turn tomore lost jobs and a worsening of theeconomy. Eventually, the economy becomes sobad that prices collapse; the lower pricesencourage people to increase spending onconsumer goods, and this higher spendingresults in economic improvement.

Terry: People cannot increase their spending if theyhave no jobs and no money for anything otherthan basic necessities, so price collapses cannotlead to economic improvement.

Which one of the following, if true, most underminesTerrys objection to Robins analysis?

(A) Companies hire more workers after theeconomy starts to improve again, and manynewly hired workers then make long-deferredpurchases.

(B) Even when economic conditions areworsening, consumers realize that theeconomy will eventually improve.

(C) Even people who do not lose their jobs spendless in bad economic times and thus havesavings available to spend when pricescollapse.

(D) People who have lost their jobs must continueto buy some basic goods such as food, evenduring bad economic times.

(E) The prices of some consumer goods remainstable, even during a general price collapse.

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14. Laila: Though lying may be unacceptable in mostcases, there are exceptions: when lying bringsabout more good than harm, lying is morallypermissible.

Which one of the following judgments conformsmost closely to the principle stated by Laila?

(A) It is morally permissible for Marcus to lie tohis parents about where he is going for theevening as long as what he is going to do isnot itself a bad thing to do.

(B) It is morally permissible for Lane to lie to thepolice about the whereabouts of a friend evenif Lane suspects the friend has committed acrime.

(C) It is morally permissible to lie about anythingthat affects only yourself.

(D) It is morally permissible for Debra to lie tokeep Thomas from being unhappy as long asthe lie helps Thomas and does no harm.

(E) It is morally permissible to lie to innocentpeople if the lie will cause those people tomake a choice that will benefit them but mayharm others.

15. If all works of art evoke intense feelings, and thissculpture is a work of art, then it follows that thissculpture evokes intense feelings. But this sculpturedoes not evoke intense feelings at all. So either thissculpture is not a work of art, or not all works of artevoke intense feelings.

Which one of the following arguments is most similarin its pattern of reasoning to the argument above?

(A) If all classes are canceled, and the biology lab isa class, then it follows that the biology lab iscanceled. But the biology lab is not a class. Sothe biology lab is not canceled, or someclasses are not canceled.

(B) If all medical research is significant, and thisresearch is medical, then it follows that thisresearch is significant. But this research isactually of no significance. So not all medicalresearch is significant, and this research is notmedical.

(C) If all vitamins are safe in large doses, and beta-carotene is a vitamin, then it follows thatbeta-carotene is safe in large doses. But beta-carotene is not safe in large doses. So not allvitamins are safe in large doses, or beta-carotene is not a vitamin.

(D) If all sciences rely heavily on mathematics, andclinical psychology is a science, then it followsthat clinical psychology relies heavily onmathematics. But clinical psychology does notrely heavily on mathematics. So clinicalpsychology is not a science.

(E) If all classes are canceled today, then it followsthat today is a holiday and the library isclosed. But today is not a holiday. So someclasses are not canceled, or the library is open.

16. With decreased production this year in many rice-growing countries, prices of the grain on worldmarkets have increased. Analysts blame this increaseon the fact that only a small percentage of worldproduction is sold commercially, with governmentgrowers controlling most of the rest, distributing itfor local consumption. With so little rice beingtraded freely, even slight changes in production cansignificantly affect the amount of rice available onworld markets.

Which one of the following, if true, would most callinto question the analysts explanation of the priceincrease?

(A) Rice-importing countries reduce purchases ofrice when the price increases dramatically.

(B) In times of decreased rice production,governments store more of the rice theycontrol and reduce their local distribution ofrice.

(C) In times of decreased rice production,governments export some of the riceoriginally intended for local distribution tocountries with free grain markets.

(D) Governments that distribute the rice crop forlocal consumption purchase the graincommercially in the event of productionshortfalls.

(E) During reduced rice harvests, rice-importingcountries import other kinds of crops,although this fails to compensate fordecreased rice imports.

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17. Sharon, a noted collector of fine glass, found a rareglass vase in a secondhand store in a small town shewas visiting. The vase was priced at $10, but Sharonknew that it was worth at least $1,000. Sayingnothing to the storekeeper about the value of thevase, Sharon bought the vase for $10. Weeks later thestorekeeper read a newspaper article about Sharonscollection, which mentioned the vase and how shehad acquired it. When the irate storekeeper lateraccused Sharon of taking advantage of him, Sharonreplied that she had done nothing wrong.

Which one of the following principles, if established,most helps to justify Sharons position?

(A) A seller is not obligated to inform a buyer ofanything about the merchandise that the selleroffers for sale except for the demanded price.

(B) It is the responsibility of the seller, not thebuyer, to make sure that the amount ofmoney a buyer gives a seller in exchange formerchandise matches the amount that theseller demands for that merchandise.

(C) A buyers sole obligation to a seller is to pay infull the price that the seller demands for apiece of merchandise that the buyer acquiresfrom the seller.

(D) It is the responsibility of the buyer, not theseller, to ascertain that the quality of a pieceof merchandise satisfies the buyers standards.

(E) The obligations that follow from any socialrelationship between two people who are wellacquainted override any obligations that followfrom an economic relationship between the two.

18. Health officials now recommend that people reducetheir intake of foods that are high in cholesterol, suchas red meat. The recent decline in the totalconsumption of beef indicates that many people arefollowing this recommendation. But restaurantsspecializing in steak are flourishing despite an overalldecline in the restaurant industry. So clearly therestill are a lot of people completely ignoring the healthrecommendation.

The argument is vulnerable to criticism on whichone of the following grounds?

(A) It neglects to consider whether restaurants thatspecialize in steak try to attract customers byoffering steak dinners at low prices.

(B) It assumes without warrant that people whoeat steak at steak restaurants do not need toreduce their intake of foods that are high incholesterol.

(C) It presupposes that the popularity ofrestaurants that specialize in steaks is a resultof a decrease in the price of beef.

(D) It mistakes the correlation of the decline inbeef consumption and the decline in therestaurant industry for a causal relation.

(E) It fails to consider whether the people whopatronize steak restaurants have heeded thehealth officials by reducing their cholesterolintake in their at-home diets.

19. Film critic: There has been a recent spate of so-called documentary films purporting to givethe true story of one historical event oranother. But most of these films have beeninaccurate and filled with wild speculations,usually about conspiracies. The filmmakersdefend their works by claiming that freedom ofspeech entitles them to express their views.Although that claim is true, it does notsupport the conclusion that anyone ought topay attention to the absurd views expressed inthe films.

To which one of the following principles does thefilm critics commentary most closely conform?

(A) Although filmmakers are entitled to expressabsurd views, they are not justified in doingso.

(B) Everyone ought to ignore films containingwild speculations about conspiracies.

(C) Freedom of speech sometimes makes theexpression of absurd views necessary.

(D) Freedom of speech does not entitle filmmakersto present inaccurate speculations as truth.

(E) Views that people are entitled to express neednot be views to which anyone is obliged topay attention.

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20. The people most likely to watch a televised debatebetween political candidates are the most committedmembers of the electorate and thus the most likely tohave already made up their minds about whom tosupport. Furthermore, following a debate,uncommitted viewers are generally undecided aboutwho won the debate. Hence, winning a televiseddebate does little to bolster ones chances of winningan election.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable tocriticism because the argument fails to consider thepossibility that

(A) watching an exciting debate makes peoplemore likely to vote in an election

(B) the voting behavior of people who do notwatch a televised debate is influenced byreports about the debate

(C) there are differences of opinion about whatconstitutes winning or losing a debate

(D) peoples voting behavior may be influenced inunpredictable ways by comments made by theparticipants in a televised debate

(E) people who are committed to a particularcandidate will vote even if their candidate is perceived as having lost atelevised debate

21. Many successful graphic designers began theircareers after years of formal training, although asignificant number learned their trade moreinformally on the job. But no designer ever becamesuccessful who ignored the wishes of a client.

If all of the statements above are true, which one ofthe following must also be true?

(A) All graphic designers who are unsuccessfulhave ignored the wishes of a client.

(B) Not all formally trained graphic designersignore clients wishes.

(C) The more attentive a graphic designer is to aclients wishes, the more likely the designer isto be successful.

(D) No graphic designers who learn their trade onthe job will ignore clients wishes.

(E) The most successful graphic designers learntheir trade on the job.

22. If violations of any of a societys explicit rulesroutinely go unpunished, then that societys peoplewill be left without moral guidance. Because peoplewho lack moral guidance will act in many differentways, chaos results. Thus, a society ought never toallow any of its explicit rules to be broken withimpunity.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that the argument

(A) takes for granted that a society will avoid chaosas long as none of its explicit rules areroutinely violated with impunity

(B) fails to consider that the violated rules mighthave been made to prevent problems thatwould not arise even if the rules wereremoved

(C) infers, from the claim that the violation ofsome particular rules will lead to chaos, thatthe violation of any rule will lead to chaos

(D) confuses the routine nonpunishment ofviolations of a rule with sometimes notpunishing violations of the rule

(E) takes for granted that all of a societys explicitrules result in equally serious consequenceswhen broken

23. Perception cannot be a relationship between aconscious being and a material object that causesthat being to have beliefs about that object. For thereare many imperceptible material objects about whichwe have beliefs.

Which one of the following is most closely parallel inits flawed reasoning to the flawed reasoning in theargument above?

(A) Art cannot be an artifact created by someonewith the express purpose of causing anaesthetic reaction in its audience. For we oftenhave aesthetic reactions to artifacts that arenot art.

(B) Liberty cannot be the obligation of otherpeople not to prevent one from doing as onewishes. For no matter what one tries to dosome people will try to prevent it.

(C) Preparation cannot be action directed towardfulfilling needs and solving problems beforethey arise. For there are problems so severethat no amount of preparation will help.

(D) Happiness cannot be the state of mind inwhich pleasure both qualitatively andquantitatively predominates over pain. For wesimply cannot compare pain and pleasurequalitatively.

(E) Physics cannot be the science that investigatesthe ultimate principles of nature. For humanbeings are finite, and the ultimate principlescannot be understood by finite beings.

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24. Ethicist: In general it is wrong to use medicaltreatments and procedures of an experimentalnature without the patients consent, becausethe patient has a right to reject or accept atreatment on the basis of full informationabout all the available options. But knowledgeof the best treatment for emergency conditionscan be gained only if consent to experimentalpractices is sometimes bypassed in medicalemergencies. So some restrictednonconsensual medical research should beallowed.

Which one of the following is an assumptionrequired by the ethicists argument?

(A) Doctors often do not know what is best fortheir own patients in emergency situations.

(B) If patients knew that experimental treatmentswere being used in medical emergencies, itcould adversely affect the outcome of thatresearch.

(C) Nonconsensual medical research should beallowed only if the research is highly likely toyield results that will benefit the patient.

(D) In cases where the best treatment option isunknown, a patient ceases to have the right toknow the treatment plan and the alternatives.

(E) The right of patients to informed consent isoutweighed in at least some medicalemergencies by the possible benefits ofresearch conducted without their consent.

25. Gas station owner: Increased fuel efficiency reducesair pollution and dependence on imported oil,which has led some people to suggest thatautomobile manufacturers should make carssmaller to increase their fuel efficiency. Butsmaller cars are more likely to be seriouslydamaged in collisions and provide lessprotection for their occupants. Greater fuelefficiency is not worth the added risk tohuman lives; therefore, manufacturers shouldnot seek to increase fuel efficiency.

The reasoning in the gas station owners argument isflawed because the argument

(A) presumes, without providing justification, thatit would be impossible to reduce thelikelihood of dangerous accidents for smallcars

(B) concludes, on the basis of the claim that onemeans to an end is unacceptable, that the endshould not be pursued

(C) draws a conclusion about what should be donefrom premises all of which are about factualmatters only

(D) presupposes the truth of what it sets out toprove

(E) presumes, without providing justification, thatincreasing fuel efficiency is the only way toreduce air pollution

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S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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2 -10- 2

Questions 17

A closet contains exactly six hangers1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6hanging, in that order, from left to right. It also containsexactly six dressesone gauze, one linen, one polyester,one rayon, one silk, and one woola different dress oneach of the hangers, in an order satisfying the followingconditions:

The gauze dress is on a lower-numbered hanger thanthe polyester dress.

The rayon dress is on hanger 1 or hanger 6.Either the wool dress or the silk dress is on hanger 3.The linen dress hangs immediately to the right of the

silk dress.

1. Which one of the following could be an accuratematching of the hangers to the fabrics of the dressesthat hang on them?

(A) 1: wool; 2: gauze; 3: silk; 4: linen; 5: polyester;6: rayon

(B) 1: rayon; 2: wool; 3: gauze; 4: silk; 5: linen; 6:polyester

(C) 1: polyester; 2: gauze; 3: wool; 4: silk; 5: linen;6: rayon

(D) 1: linen; 2: silk; 3: wool; 4: gauze; 5: polyester;6: rayon

(E) 1: gauze; 2: rayon; 3: silk; 4: linen; 5: wool; 6:polyester

2. If both the silk dress and the gauze dress are on odd-numbered hangers, then which one of the followingcould be true?

(A) The polyester dress is on hanger 1.(B) The wool dress is on hanger 2.(C)) The polyester dress is on hanger 4.(D) The linen dress is on hanger 5.(E) The wool dress is on hanger 6.

3. If the silk dress is on an even-numbered hanger,which one of the following could be on the hangerimmediately to its left?

(A) the gauze dress(B) the linen dress(C) the polyester dress(D) the rayon dress(E) the wool dress

4. If the polyester dress is on hanger 2, then which oneof the following must be true?

(A) The silk dress is on hanger 1.(B) The wool dress is on hanger 3.(C) The linen dress is on hanger 4.(D) The linen dress is on hanger 5.(E) The rayon dress is on hanger 6.

5. Which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) The linen dress hangs immediately next to thegauze dress.

(B) The polyester dress hangs immediately to theright of the rayon dress.

(C) The rayon dress hangs immediately to the leftof the wool dress.

(D) The silk dress is on a lower-numbered hangerthan the gauze dress.

(E) The wool dress is on a higher-numberedhanger than the rayon dress.

6. Which one of the following CANNOT hangimmediately next to the rayon dress?

(A) the gauze dress(B) the linen dress(C) the polyester dress(D) the silk dress(E) the wool dress

7. Assume that the original condition that the linendress hangs immediately to the right of the silk dressis replaced by the condition that the wool dress hangsimmediately to the right of the silk dress. If all theother initial conditions remain in effect, which one ofthe following must be false?

(A) The linen dress is on hanger 1.(B) The gauze dress is on hanger 2.(C) The wool dress is on hanger 4.(D) The silk dress is on hanger 5.(E) The polyester dress is on hanger 6.

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22SECTION II

Time35 minutes

24 Questions

Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it maybe useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blackenthe corresponding space on your answer sheet.

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2-11-2Questions 812

At a childrens festival, exactly four songs are performed,each exactly once: Nights All Right, Question Man,Rhino Rock, and Sammy. The songs are performedconsecutively, each on a different one of exactly fourinstruments: flute, guitar, harmonica, or keyboard. Thesongs are performed in accordance with the following:

The first song performed is not performed on theflute.

If Sammy is performed on the keyboard, thenRhino Rock is performed on the harmonica.

If Question Man is performed on the keyboard,then Nights All Right is performed on the flute.

The song performed on the keyboard immediatelyfollows Rhino Rock and immediately precedesNights All Right.

8. Which one of the following could be an accuratematching of the four songs performed at the festivalwith the instruments on which they are performed,listed in order from the first song performed to thelast?

(A) Nights All Right: guitar; Question Man:keyboard; Sammy: guitar; Rhino Rock:flute

(B) Question Man: guitar; Rhino Rock:harmonica; Sammy: keyboard; Nights AllRight: flute

(C) Rhino Rock: flute; Question Man:keyboard; Nights All Right: harmonica;Sammy: guitar

(D) Sammy: harmonica; Nights All Right:guitar; Question Man: keyboard; RhinoRock: flute

(E) Sammy: harmonica; Rhino Rock: guitar;Question Man: flute; Nights All Right:keyboard

9. Which one of the following could be true?

(A) Question Man immediately follows the songperformed on the keyboard.

(B) Nights All Right immediately precedes thesong performed on the keyboard.

(C) Question Man immediately precedes thesong performed on the guitar.

(D) Rhino Rock immediately precedes the songperformed on the harmonica.

(E) Sammy immediately precedes the songperformed on the guitar.

10. Which one of the following CANNOT be true of thesong performed on the flute?

(A) It immediately precedes Question Man.(B) It immediately follows Question Man.(C) It immediately precedes Rhino Rock.(D) It immediately follows Nights All Right.(E) It immediately follows Sammy.

11. If Rhino Rock is the second song performed at thefestival, then which one of the following could betrue?

(A) The first song performed is performed on thekeyboard.

(B) The third song performed is performed on theguitar.

(C) The third song performed is performed on theflute.

(D) Nights All Right is performed on the guitar.(E) Rhino Rock is performed on the guitar.

12. If Question Man is the third song performed at thefestival, then each of the following could be trueEXCEPT:

(A) Question Man is performed on the guitar.(B) Question Man is performed on the

keyboard.(C) Rhino Rock is performed on the guitar.(D) Sammy is performed on the guitar.(E) Sammy is performed on the harmonica.

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PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 11

2 -12- 2Questions 1317

Each of the seven members of the board of directorsGuzman, Hawking, Lepp, Miyauchi, Upchurch, Wharton,and Zhuserves on exactly one of two committeesthefinance committee or the incentives committee. Onlyboard members serve on these committees. Committeemembership is consistent with the following conditions:

If Guzman serves on the finance committee, thenHawking serves on the incentives committee.

If Lepp serves on the finance committee, thenMiyauchi and Upchurch both serve on theincentives committee.

Wharton serves on a different committee from theone on which Zhu serves.

Upchurch serves on a different committee from theone on which Guzman serves.

If Zhu serves on the finance committee, so doesHawking.

13. Which one of the following could be a complete andaccurate list of the members of the financecommittee?

(A) Guzman, Hawking, Miyauchi, Wharton(B) Guzman, Lepp, Zhu(C) Hawking, Miyauchi, Zhu(D) Hawking, Upchurch, Wharton, Zhu(E) Miyauchi, Upchurch, Wharton

14. Which one of the following pairs of board membersCANNOT both serve on the incentives committee?

(A) Guzman and Hawking(B) Guzman and Wharton(C) Hawking and Wharton(D) Miyauchi and Upchurch(E) Miyauchi and Wharton

15. What is the maximum number of members on thefinance committee?

(A) two (B) three (C) four (D) five(E) six

16. If Miyauchi and Wharton both serve on the financecommittee, then which one of the following could betrue?

(A) Guzman and Lepp both serve on the financecommittee.

(B) Guzman and Upchurch both serve on theincentives committee.

(C) Hawking and Zhu both serve on the financecommittee.

(D) Lepp and Upchurch both serve on theincentives committee.

(E) Zhu and Upchurch both serve on the financecommittee.

17. If Guzman serves on the incentives committee, thenwhich one of the following must be true?

(A) Hawking serves on the finance committee.(B) Lepp serves on the incentives committee.(C) Miyauchi serves on the finance committee.(D) Wharton serves on the incentives committee.(E) Zhu serves on the finance committee.

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PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 12

2-13-2Questions 1824

Eight peopleFiona, George, Harriet, Ingrid, Karl,Manuel, Olivia, and Peterare sitting, evenly spaced,around a circular picnic table. Any two of them are said tobe sitting directly across from one another if and only ifthere are exactly three other people sitting between them,counting in either direction around the table. Thefollowing conditions apply:

Fiona sits directly across from George.Harriet sits immediately next to neither Fiona nor

Karl.Ingrid sits immediately next to, and immediately

clockwise from, Olivia.

18. Which one of the following could be the order inwhich four of the people are seated, with no one elseseated between them, counting clockwise around thetable?

(A) George, Peter, Karl, Fiona(B) Harriet, Olivia, Ingrid, Karl(C) Ingrid, Fiona, Peter, Manuel(D) Olivia, Manuel, Karl, George(E) Peter, Harriet, Karl, Fiona

19. If Harriet and Olivia each sits immediately next toGeorge, then which one of the following could be thetwo people each of whom sits immediately next toPeter?

(A) Fiona and Karl(B) Fiona and Olivia(C) Harriet and Ingrid(D) Harriet and Karl(E) Karl and Manuel

20. If George does not sit immediately next to Harriet,then which one of the following could be the twopeople each of whom sits immediately next toManuel?

(A) Fiona and Harriet(B) Fiona and Peter(C) George and Karl(D) George and Peter(E) Harriet and Peter

21. If Manuel sits immediately next to Olivia, then whichone of the following people must sit immediatelynext to Fiona?

(A) Harriet (B) Ingrid(C) Karl(D) Manuel (E) Peter

22. What is the minimum possible number of peoplesitting between Ingrid and Manuel, countingclockwise from Ingrid around the table?

(A) zero (B) one (C) two(D) three(E) four

23. If Karl sits directly across from Ingrid, then each ofthe following people could sit immediately next toOlivia EXCEPT:

(A) Fiona (B) George (C) Harriet(D) Manuel (E) Peter

24. If Karl sits directly across from Harriet, then what isthe minimum possible number of people sittingbetween George and Karl, counting clockwise fromGeorge to Karl?

(A) zero(B) one(C) two(D) three(E) four

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S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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33 -14-

1. The water of Lake Laberge, in Canada, currentlycontains high levels of the pesticide toxaphene.Authorities are puzzled because toxaphene wasbanned in North America in the early 1980s and nowis used only in a few other parts of the world.

Which one of the following, if true, does most toexplain why the water of Lake Laberge currentlycontains high levels of toxaphene?

(A) Levels of pesticides in the environment oftencontinue to be high for decades after their useends.

(B) Lake Laberges water contains high levels ofother pesticides besides toxaphene.

(C) Toxic chemicals usually do not travel largedistances in the atmosphere.

(D) North American manufacturers opposedbanning toxaphene.

(E) Toxic chemicals become more readilydetectable once they enter organisms the sizeof fish.

2. Although Samantha likes both oolong and green tea,none of her friends likes both. However, all of herfriends like black tea.

If the statements above are true, each of thefollowing could be true EXCEPT:

(A) Samantha likes black tea.(B) None of Samanthas friends likes green tea.(C) Samanthas friends like exactly the same kinds

of tea as each other.(D) One of Samanthas friends likes neither oolong

nor green tea.(E) One of Samanthas friends likes all the kinds of

teas that Samantha likes.

3. Because it permits a slower and more natural rhythmof life, living in the country is supposed to be morehealthy and relaxed than living in the city. Butsurveys show that people living in the countrybecome ill as often and as seriously as people livingin the city, and that they experience an equal amountof stress.

The statements above, if true, provide the mostsupport for which one of the following?

(A) Living in the country is neither healthier normore relaxing than living in the city.

(B) Living in the country does not in fact permit aslower and more natural rhythm of life thanliving in the city.

(C) People whose rhythm of life is slow andnatural recover quickly from illness.

(D) Despite what people believe, a natural rhythmof life is unhealthy.

(E) The amount of stress a person experiencesdepends on that persons rhythm of life.

4. Industrialist: Environmentalists contend thatemissions from our factory pose a health riskto those living downwind. The only testimonypresented in support of this contention comesfrom residents of the communitiessurrounding the factory. But only a trainedscientist can determine whether or not theseemissions are dangerous, and none of theresidents are scientists. Hence our factorysemissions present no health risk.

The reasoning in the industrialists argument isflawed because the argument

(A) impugns the motives of the residents ratherthan assessing the reasons for theircontention

(B) does not consider the safety of emissions fromother sources in the area

(C) presents no testimony from scientists that theemissions are safe

(D) fails to discuss the benefits of the factory to thesurrounding community

(E) equivocates between two different notions ofthe term health risk

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33 3SECTION III

Time35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 14

3-15-35. In the city of Glasgow, Scotland, trade doubled

between 1750, when the first bank opened there, and1765, when government regulations on banking werefirst implemented in Scotland.

Each of the following, if true, could contribute to anexplanation of the doubling described aboveEXCEPT:

(A) The technological revolution that started inthe early eighteenth century in Englandresulted in increased trade between Englandand Scotland.

(B) Reductions in tariffs on foreign goods in 1752led to an increase in imports to Glasgow.

(C) The establishment of banking in Glasgowencouraged the use of paper money, whichmade financial transactions more efficient.

(D) Improvements in Scottish roads between 1750and 1758 facilitated trade between Glasgowand the rest of Scotland.

(E) The initial government regulation of Scottishbanks stimulated Glasgows economy.

6. Some argue that laws are instituted at least in part tohelp establish a particular moral fabric in society. Butthe primary function of law is surely to help ordersociety so that its institutions, organizations, andcitizenry can work together harmoniously, regardlessof any further moral aims of the law. Indeed, thehighest courts have on occasion treated moral beliefsbased on conscience or religious faith as grounds formaking exceptions in the application of laws.

The statements above, if true, most strongly supportwhich one of the following?

(A) The manner in which laws are appliedsometimes takes into account the beliefs ofthe people governed by those laws.

(B) The law has as one of its functions theordering of society but is devoid of moralaims.

(C) Actions based on religious belief or on moralconviction tend to receive the protection ofthe highest courts.

(D) The way a society is ordered by law should notreflect any moral convictions about the waysociety ought to be ordered.

(E) The best way to promote cooperation among asocietys institutions, organizations, andcitizenry is to institute order in that societyby means of law.

7. In Western economies, more energy is used tooperate buildings than to operate transportation.Much of the decline in energy consumption since theoil crisis of 1973 is due to more efficient use ofenergy in homes and offices. New buildingtechnologies, which make lighting, heating, andventilation systems more efficient, have cut billionsof dollars from energy bills in the West. Since energysavings from these efficiencies save several billiondollars per year today, we can conclude that 50 to 100years from now they will save more than $200 billionper year (calculated in current dollars).

On which one of the following assumptions does theargument rely?

(A) Technology used to make buildings energyefficient will not become prohibitivelyexpensive over the next century.

(B) Another oil crisis will occur in the next 50 to100 years.

(C) Buildings will gradually become a lessimportant consumer of energy thantransportation.

(D) Energy bills in the West will be $200 billionlower in the next 50 to 100 years.

(E) Energy-efficient technologies based on newscientific principles will be introduced in thenext 50 to 100 years.

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33 -16-8. Travel writer: A vacationer should choose an airline

that has had an accident in the past 5 years.Though this may seem counterintuitive,studies show that the average airline has 1accident every 5 years. So if an airline has hadno accident during the past 5 years, thechances that the airline will have a crash areincreased.

The flawed reasoning in the travel writers argumentis most similar to that in which one of the followingarguments?

(A) A tossed coin has come up heads 100 times ina row. It is therefore reasonable to believe thatthe coin is not fair, and thus that it is morelikely to come up heads than tails when it isflipped again.

(B) If there are 10 adult male baboons in a troop,the chance of an average adult male baboonascending to dominance in any given year is 1in 10. Thus, if an adult male baboon has beenin the troop more than 10 years and has neverascended to dominance, then the chance ofhis doing so is now better than 1 in 10.

(C) On a given day, an average residents chance ofbeing involved in a traffic accident in acertain city is 1 in 10,000. Therefore, thechance of Marty, a 5-year-old resident, beinginvolved in a traffic accident in the city onany given day is also 1 in 10,000.

(D) The average adolescent who works full-time ina certain country makes about 76 cents forevery dollar that an adult who works full-timethere makes. Therefore, since in this countrythe average adolescent who works part-timemakes less than the average adolescent whoworks full-time, the average adolescent whoworks part-time makes less than 76 cents forevery dollar made by an employed adult.

(E) Though until recently this chess grandmasterhad responded to opening move X with moveY half of the time, in the current tournamenthe has responded to move X with move Y 90percent of the time. Thus, in the next game ofthe current tournament, he is 90 percentlikely to respond to move X with move Y.

9. Phoebe: There have been many reported sightingsof strange glowing lights, but a number ofthese sightings have a straightforward, naturalexplanation. They occurred clustered in timeand location around the epicenters of threeearthquakes, and so were almost certainlyearthquake lights, a form of ball lightningcaused by stresses in the ground.

Quincy: I am skeptical that the association betweenthe lights and the earthquakes is anythingmore than a coincidence. The theory thatground stresses related to earthquakes cancause any kind of lightning is extremelyspeculative.

In responding to Phoebe, Quincy

(A) takes a correlation to be a causal relation(B) challenges the accuracy of the data about

sightings that Phoebe takes for granted(C) criticizes Phoebes explanation as

unsubstantiated(D) offers an explanation of the glowing lights

different from Phoebes(E) accuses Phoebe of introducing irrelevant

information

10. Those who have the ability to fully concentrate arealways of above-average intelligence. Also, beingsuccessfully trained in speed-reading will usually beaccompanied by an increased ability to concentrate.

If the statements above are true, then each of thefollowing could be true EXCEPT:

(A) Some people can speed-read, and are able tofully concentrate, but are of below-averageintelligence.

(B) All people who can speed-read are of above-average intelligence.

(C) Many people of above-average intelligence areunable to fully concentrate.

(D) Some people with little ability to concentrateare of below-average intelligence, but canspeed-read.

(E) All people who can speed-read are able toconcentrate to some extent.

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PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 16

3-17-311. In order to maintain a high standard of living, a

nation must maintain a functioning infrastructure.Major investment in the improvement of itsinfrastructure will, over time, reward a nation with acorresponding rise in its standard of living. Hence anation whose standard of living is on the rise can besafely assumed to be a nation that has investedheavily in improving its infrastructure.

The reasoning in the argument is flawed because theargument fails to take into account that

(A) a nation that fails to invest in its infrastructureneed not experience any resulting decline inits standard of living

(B) many nations are unable to make the neededinvestments in infrastructure

(C) the rise in a nations standard of living that isprompted by investment in its infrastructuremay take a long time to occur

(D) a rise in a nations standard of living need notbe the result of major investments in itsinfrastructure

(E) nations often experience short-term crises thatrequire that resources be diverted to purposesother than the maintenance and improvementof infrastructure

12. Yang: Yeast has long been known to be a leaven,that is, a substance used in baking to makebreads rise. Since biblical evidence ties the useof leavens to events dating back to 1200 B.C.,we can infer that yeast was already known tobe a leaven at that time.

Campisi: I find your inference unconvincing; severalleavens other than yeast could have beenknown in 1200 B.C.

Campisi counters Yangs argument by

(A) suggesting that an alternative set of evidencebetter supports Yangs conclusion

(B) questioning the truth of a presumptionunderlying Yangs argument

(C) denying the truth of Yangs conclusion withoutconsidering the reason given for thatconclusion

(D) pointing out that the premises of Yangsargument more strongly support a contraryconclusion

(E) calling into question the truth of the evidencepresented in Yangs argument

13. Researcher: People with certain personalitydisorders have more theta brain waves thanthose without such disorders. But my datashow that the amount of ones theta brainwaves increases while watching TV. Sowatching too much TV increases ones risk ofdeveloping personality disorders.

A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is thatit

(A) uses the phrase personality disordersambiguously

(B) fails to define the phrase theta brain waves(C) takes correlation to imply a causal connection(D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative

sample of data(E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a

personality disorder

14. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey has longbeen debated. Some traditional evidence suggeststhat Homer created both works, or at least largeportions of them, but there is equally forcefulevidence that he had nothing to do with either. Sincethere is no overwhelming evidence for either claim,we ought to accept the verdict of tradition thatHomer is the principal author of both works.

Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe principle underlying the argumentation above?

(A) If there is no overwhelming evidence for oragainst a hypothesis, then one should suspendjudgment as to its truth.

(B) If a hypothesis goes against tradition, oneshould not accept the hypothesis withoutoverwhelming evidence.

(C) If there is no overwhelming evidence for oragainst a hypothesis, one should believe it.

(D) One should accept the authority of traditiononly if one has nontraditional evidence forthe traditional hypothesis.

(E) One should defer to the authority of traditionif two or more hypotheses conflict with it.

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33 -18-15. Midlevel managers at large corporations are unlikely

to suggest reductions in staff in their owndepartments even when these departments areobviously overstaffed.

Each of the following, if true, supports the claimabove EXCEPT:

(A) The compensation paid to midlevel managersis greater when they supervise more workers.

(B) Midlevel managers have less work to do whentheir departments are overstaffed.

(C) Staff morale and productivity often sufferwhen workers are laid off.

(D) Departmental workloads at most largecorporations increase and decreasesignificantly and unpredictably.

(E) Many large corporations allow managers tooffer early retirement as a means of reducingstaff.

16. Editorialist: Some people propose that, to raiserevenues and encourage conservation, ourcountrys taxes on oil, gasoline, and coalshould be increased. Such a tax increase,however, would do more harm than good. Byraising energy costs, the tax increase woulddecrease our competitiveness with othercountries. Many families would be unfairlyburdened with higher transportation costs.Finally, by reducing the demand for energy, thetax increase would reduce the number ofenergy production jobs.

Each of the following, if true, would weaken theeditorialists argument EXCEPT:

(A) The editorialists countrys budget deficit willdecrease if the energy tax increase isimplemented, thus benefiting the economy.

(B) Higher gasoline prices tend to lead to a cleanerenvironment, because people do lessnonessential driving.

(C) The proposed tax increase would be larger forsome energy sources than for others.

(D) Higher gasoline prices will encourage peopleto carpool, which will reduce individualtransportation costs.

(E) The government would use the increase in taxrevenue to create many more jobs than wouldbe lost in the energy production sector.

17. Reporter: A team of scientists has recently deviseda new test that for the first time accuratelydiagnoses autism in children as young as 18months old. When used to evaluate 16,000children at their 18-month checkup, the testcorrectly diagnosed all 10 children laterconfirmed to be autistic, though it alsowrongly identified 2 children as autistic.Autistic children can therefore now benefitmuch earlier in life than before from thetreatments already available.

Which one of the following is an assumption onwhich the reporters argument depends?

(A) No test intended for diagnosing autism at suchan early age existed before the new test wasdevised.

(B) A diagnostic test that sometimes falsely gives apositive diagnosis can still provide areasonable basis for treatment decisions.

(C) The new test can be used to evaluate allchildren, regardless of the level ofdevelopment of their verbal skills.

(D) Those children incorrectly identified as autisticwill not be adversely affected by treatmentsaimed at helping autistic children.

(E) There was no reliable evidence that autismcould affect children so young until theadvent of the new test.

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PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 18

3-19-318. Tallulah: The columnist attributes the decline of

interest in novels to consumerism, technology,and the laziness of people who prefer watchingtelevision to reading a novel. However, inreaching this conclusion, the columnist hasoverlooked important evidence. It is surelyrelevant that contemporary fiction isfrequently of poor qualityindeed, much of itis meaningless and depressingwhereas manygood newspapers, magazines, professionaljournals, and books of other types arecurrently available.

Which one of the following most accurately expressesthe main conclusion of Tallulahs argument?

(A) Contemporary fiction is unpopular because itis meaningless, depressing, and of pooroverall quality.

(B) The columnists claim that novels are beingdisplaced by consumerism, technology, andtelevision is false.

(C) The view expressed by the columnist wasformed without considering all of thepertinent evidence.

(D) People read as much as they used to, but mostof the works they now read are not novels.

(E) A large number of high-quality newspapers,magazines, professional journals, andnonfiction books are currently published.

19. Renting cars from dealerships is less expensive thanrenting cars from national rental firms. But to takeadvantage of dealership rates, tourists mustdetermine which local dealerships offer rentals, andthen pay for long taxi rides between the airport andthose dealerships. So renting from dealerships ratherthan national rental firms is generally moreworthwhile for local residents than for tourists.

Each of the following, if true, strengthens theargument EXCEPT:

(A) To encourage future business, many cardealerships drop off and pick up rental carsfor local residents at no charge.

(B) Tourists renting cars from national rentalfirms almost never need to pay for taxi ridesto or from the airport.

(C) Travel agents generally are unable to informtourists of which local car dealerships offerrentals.

(D) Many local residents know of local cardealerships that offer low-priced rentals.

(E) For local residents, taxi rides to car dealershipsfrom their homes or workplaces are usuallyno less expensive than taxi rides to nationalrental firms.

20. On some hot days the smog in Hillview reachesunsafe levels, and on some hot days the wind blowsinto Hillview from the east. Therefore, on some dayswhen the wind blows into Hillview from the east, thesmog in Hillview reaches unsafe levels.

The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that theargument

(A) mistakes a condition that sometimesaccompanies unsafe levels of smog for acondition that necessarily accompanies unsafelevels of smog

(B) fails to recognize that one set might have somemembers in common with each of two otherseven though those two other sets have nomembers in common with each other

(C) uses the key term unsafe in one sense in apremise and in another sense in theconclusion

(D) contains a premise that is implausible unlessthe conclusion is presumed to be true

(E) infers a particular causal relation from acorrelation that could be explained in avariety of other ways

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33 -20-21. Labor representative: Social historians have shown

conclusively that if workers strike when theworking conditions at their jobs are poor,those conditions usually significantly improveafter five years. Although workers in thisindustry are familiar with this fact, theynonetheless refuse to strike even though theirworking conditions are poor.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent discrepancy described by thelabor representative?

(A) Until recently it was widely believed thatstrikes do not generally improve workingconditions.

(B) Most factories in this industry changeownership every two years.

(C) Working conditions in many other industriesare worse than conditions in this industry.

(D) Workers typically plan to work in this industryonly three years.

(E) Wages in this industry have increased eachyear.

22. Paleontologists recently discovered teeth from severalwoolly mammoths on an isolated Arctic island whereno mammoth fossils had previously been found. Theteeth were 25 percent smaller on average than adultmammoth teeth that have been found elsewhere, butthey are clearly adult mammoth teeth. Therefore,provided that the teeth are representative of theirrespective populations, woolly mammoths that livedon the island were smaller on average than those thatlived elsewhere.

Which one of the following, if assumed, would allowthe conclusion to be properly drawn?

(A) Neither tooth size nor overall body size iscompletely uniform among adult members ofmost species, including woolly mammoths.

(B) The tooth wear that naturally occurs in manyanimals over the course of their adult yearsdid not result in a significant change in toothsize among adult woolly mammoths as theyaged.

(C) Unusually small mammoth teeth found atlocations other than the island have alwaysbeen those of juvenile mammoths rather thanadult mammoths.

(D) Tooth size among adult woolly mammoths wasalways directly proportional to the overallsize of those mammoths.

(E) Woolly mammoths of the kind that lived onthe island had the same number and varietyof teeth as mammoths that lived elsewherehad.

23. Diplomat: Every major war in the last 200 years hasbeen preceded by a short, sharp increase in theacquisition of weapons by the nations thatsubsequently became participants in thoseconflicts. Clearly, therefore, arms controlagreements will preserve peace.

Of the following, which one most accuratelydescribes a reasoning flaw in the diplomatsargument?

(A) The argument infers, merely from the claimthat events of one type have for a long timeconsistently preceded events of a second type,that an event of the second type will notoccur unless an event of the first type occurs.

(B) The argument reasons that, simply becauseweapons are used in war, a rapid, dramaticincrease in the acquisition of weapons willalways lead to war.

(C) The argument draws a conclusion that simplyrestates a claim presented in support of thatconclusion.

(D) The argument fails to consider that a short,sharp increase in the acquisition of weaponsby a nation may be a response to theincreased armament of neighboring nations.

(E) The argument fails to consider that some ofthe minor wars that have occurred in the last200 years may have been preceded by rapidincreases in the acquisition of weapons by thenations that subsequently becameparticipants in those wars.

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3-21-324. Newscaster: In order for the public to participate in

a meaningful way in the current public policydebate, one requirement is that the issues bestated in terms the public can understand. Themayors speech has just stated these issues insuch terms, so now the public at least might beable to participate in a meaningful way in thecurrent public policy debate.

Which one of the following most closely parallels thenewscasters argument in its reasoning?

(A) One must know Russian if one is to readDostoyevskis original text of Crime andPunishment. Rachel has never learnedRussian; therefore she cannot read theoriginal text of Crime and Punishment.

(B) In order to reach ones goals, one must be ableto consider these goals carefully. Laura hasreached her goals, so she must have been ableto consider those goals carefully.

(C) One cannot confuse the majority of onesstudents if one wants to be a good teacher.Hugo wants to be a good teacher; therefore,he might be able to avoid confusing themajority of his students.

(D) In order to discover the meaning of certainseldom-used words, one must use a gooddictionary. Paul has used a good dictionary,so Paul must have discovered the meaning ofthose words.

(E) One must at least have warm clothing if one isto survive in a very cold climate. Jerome hasobtained warm clothing; therefore, he mightbe able to survive in a very cold climate.

25. Most serious students are happy students, and mostserious students go to graduate school. Furthermore,all students who go to graduate school areoverworked.

Which one of the following can be properly inferredfrom the statements above?

(A) Most overworked students are happy students.(B) Some happy students are overworked.(C) All overworked students are serious students.(D) Some unhappy students go to graduate school.(E) All serious students are overworked.

26. Editorialist: Some people argue that highway speedlimits should be increased to reflect the actualaverage speeds of highway drivers, which arecurrently 10 to 20 percent higher than postedspeed limits. Any such increase would greatlydecrease highway safety, however; as pastexperience teaches, higher average highwayspeeds would result, since even though mostdrivers who currently violate posted speedlimits would obey higher ones, almost alldrivers who obey current speed limits wouldlikely increase their speed.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriouslyweakens the editorialists argument?

(A) Some drivers who obey current speed limitswould not change their speed after theintroduction of the new speed limits.

(B) Uniformity of speeds among vehicles is moreimportant for highway safety than is a lowaverage highway speed.

(C) Most drivers who drive 10 to 20 percent fasterthan current speed limits have never beeninvolved in a highway accident.

(D) Some drivers who violate current speed limitswould also violate higher speed limits.

(E) Most drivers who violate current speed limitsdetermine their speeds by what they believeto be safe in the situation.

33 3

S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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44 -22-

In a recent court case, a copy-shop owner wasaccused of violating copyright law when, in thepreparation of course packsmaterials photocopiedfrom books and journals and packaged as readings forparticular university courseshe copied materialswithout obtaining permission from or paying sufficientfees to the publishers. As the owner of five small copyshops serving several educational institutions in thearea, he argued, as have others in the photocopybusiness, that the current process for obtainingpermissions is time-consuming, cumbersome, andexpensive. He also maintained that course packs, whichare ubiquitous in higher education, allow professors toassign important readings in books and journals toocostly for students to be expected to purchaseindividually. While the use of copyrighted material forteaching purposes is typically protected by certainprovisions of copyright law, this case was unique inthat the copying of course packs was done by a copyshop and at a profit.

Copyright law outlines several factors involved indetermining whether the use of copyrighted material isprotected, including: whether it is for commercial ornonprofit purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work;the length and importance of the excerpt used inrelation to the entire work; and the effect of its use onthe works potential market value. In bringing suit, thepublishers held that other copy-shop owners wouldcease paying permission fees, causing the potentialvalue of the copyrighted works of scholarship todiminish. Nonetheless, the court decided that thisreasoning did not demonstrate that course packs wouldhave a sufficiently adverse effect on the current orpotential market of the copyrighted works or on thevalue of the copyrighted works themselves. The courtinstead ruled that since the copies were for educationalpurposes, the fact that the copy-shop owner hadprofited from making the course packs did not preventhim from receiving protection under the law.According to the court, the owner had not exploitedcopyrighted material because his fee was not based onthe content of the works he copied; he charged by thepage, regardless of whether the content wascopyrighted.

In the courts view, the business of producing andselling course packs is more properly seen as theexploitation of professional copying technologies and aresult of the inability of academic parties to reproduceprinted materials efficiently, not the exploitation ofthese copyrighted materials themselves. The court held

that copyright laws do not prohibit professors andstudents, who may make copies for themselves, fromusing the photoreproduction services of a third party inorder to obtain those same copies at lesser cost.

1. Which one of the following most accurately states themain point of the passage?

(A) A court recently ruled that a copy shop thatmakes course packs does not illegally exploitcopyrighted materials but rather it legallyexploits the efficiency of professionalphotocopying technology.

(B) A court recently ruled that course packs areprotected by copyright law because their priceis based solely on the number of pages in eachpack.

(C) A court recently ruled that the determiningfactors governing the copyrights of materialused in course packs are how the material isto be used, the nature of the material itself,and the length of the copied excerpts.

(D) A recent court ruling limits the rights ofpublishers to seek suit against copy shops thatmake course packs from copyrightedmaterial.

(E) Exceptions to copyright law are made whencopyrighted material is used for educationalpurposes and no party makes a substantialprofit from the material.

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44 44SECTION IV

Time35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated orimplied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However,you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blackenthe corresponding space on your answer sheet.

(5)

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4-23-42. In lines 2327, the author lists several of the factors

used to determine whether copyrighted material isprotected by law primarily to

(A) demonstrate why the copy-shop owner wasexempt from copyright law in this case

(B) explain the charges the publishers broughtagainst the copy-shop owner

(C) illustrate a major flaw in the publishersreasoning

(D) defend the right to use copyrighted materialsfor educational purposes

(E) provide the legal context for the argumentspresented in the case

3. The copy-shop owner as described in the passagewould be most likely to agree with which one of thefollowing statements?

(A) The potential market value of a copyrightedwork should be calculated to include theimpact on sales due to the use of the work incourse packs.

(B) Publishers are always opposed to thepreparation and sale of course packs.

(C) More copy shops would likely seek permissionsfrom publishers if the process for obtainingpermissions were not so cumbersome andexpensive.

(D) Certain provisions of copyright law need to berewritten to apply to all possible situations.

(E) Copy shops make more of a profit from thepreparation and sale of course packs thanfrom other materials.

4. The information in the passage provides the mostsupport for which one of the following statementsabout copyright law?

(A) Copyright law can be one of the most complexareas of any legal system.

(B) Courts have been inconsistent in theirinterpretations of certain provisions ofcopyright law.

(C) The number of the kinds of materials grantedprotection under copyright law is steadilydecreasing.

(D) New practices can compel the courts to refinehow copyright law is applied.

(E) Copyright law is primarily concerned withmaking published materials available foreducational use.

5. Which one of the following describes a role mostsimilar to that of professors in the passage who usecopy shops to produce course packs?

(A) An artisan generates a legible copy of an oldheadstone engraving by using charcoal onnewsprint and frames and sells high-qualityphotocopies of it at a crafts market.

(B) A choir director tapes a selection of anotherwell-known choirs best pieces and sends it toa recording studio to be reproduced in asellable package for use by members of herchoir.

(C) A grocer makes several kinds of sandwichesthat sell for less than similar sandwiches froma nearby upscale caf.

(D) A professional graphic artist printsreproductions of several well-knownpaintings at an exhibit to sell at the museumsgift shop.

(E) A souvenir store in the center of a city sellsminiature bronze renditions of a famousbronze sculpture that the city is noted fordisplaying.

6. Which one of the following, if true, would have moststrengthened the publishers position in this case?

(A) Course packs for courses that usually havelarge enrollments had produced a largerprofit for the copy-shop owner.

(B) The copy-shop owner had actively solicitedprofessors orders for course packs.

(C) The revenue generated by the copy shops saleof course packs had risen significantly withinthe past few years.

(D) Many area bookstores had reported a markeddecrease in the sales of books used forproducing course packs.

(E) The publishers had enlisted the support of theauthors to verify their claims that the copy-shop owner had not obtained permission.

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44 44

PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 23

44 -24-Countee Cullen (Countee Leroy Porter,

19031946) was one of the foremost poets of theHarlem Renaissance, the movement of AfricanAmerican writers, musicians, and artists centered in theHarlem section of New York City during the 1920s.Beginning with his university years, Cullen strove toestablish himself as an author of romantic poetry onabstract, universal topics such as love and death.Believing poetry should consist of lofty thoughtsbeautifully expressed, Cullen preferred controlledpoetic forms. He used European forms such as sonnetsand devices such as quatrains, couplets, andconventional rhyme, and he frequently employedclassical allusions and Christian religious imagery,which were most likely the product both of hisuniversity education and of his upbringing as theadopted son of a Methodist Episcopal reverend.

Some literary critics have praised Cullens skill atwriting European-style verse, finding, for example, inThe Ballad of the Brown Girl an artful use of dictionand a rhythm and sonority that allow him to capture theatmosphere typical of the English ballad form of pastcenturies. Others have found Cullens use of Europeanverse forms and techniques unsuited to treatingpolitical or racial themes, such as the themes in UncleJim, in which a young man is told by his uncle of thedifferent experiences of African Americans and whitesin United States society, or Incident, which relatesthe experience of an eight-year-old child who hears aracial slur. One such critic has complained thatCullens persona as expressed in his work sometimesseems to vacillate between aesthete and spokespersonfor racial issues. But Cullen himself rejected thisdichotomy, maintaining that his interest in romanticpoetry was quite compatible with his concern overracial issues. He drew a distinction between poetry ofsolely political intent and his own work, which hebelieved reflected his identity as an African American.As the heartfelt expression of his personalityaccomplished by means of careful attention to hischosen craft, his work could not help but do so.

Explicit references to racial matters do in factdecline in Cullens later work, but not because he feltany less passionately about these matters. Rather,Cullen increasingly focused on the religious dimensionof his poetry. In The Black Christ, in which the poetimagines the death and resurrection of a rural AfricanAmerican, and Heritage, which expresses the tensionbetween the poets identification with Christiantraditions and his desire to stay close to his Africanheritage, Cullens thoughts on race were subsumedwithin what he conceived of as broader and moreurgent questions about the suffering and redemption ofthe soul. Nonetheless, Cullen never abandoned hiscommitment to the importance of racial issues,reflecting on one occasion that he felt actuated by astrong sense of race consciousness that grows uponme, I find, as I grow older.

7. Which one of the following most accurately states themain point of the passage?

(A) While much of Cullens poetry deals withracial issues, in his later work he became lessconcerned with racial matters andincreasingly interested in writing poetry witha religious dimension.

(B) While Cullen used European verse forms andhis later poems increasingly addressedreligious themes, his poetry never abandoneda concern for racial issues.

(C) Though Cullen used European verse forms, heacknowledged that these forms were not verywell suited to treating political or racialthemes.

(D) Despite the success of Cullens poetry atdealing with racial issues, Cullens primarygoal was to re-create the atmosphere thatcharacterized the English ballad.

(E) The religious dimension throughout Cullenspoetry complemented his focus on racialissues by providing the context within whichthese issues could be understood.

8. Given the information in the passage, which one ofthe following most closely exemplifies Cullensconception of poetry?

(A) a sonnet written with careful attention to theconventions of the form to re-create theatmosphere of sixteenth-century Englishpoetry

(B) a sonnet written with deliberate disregard forthe conventions of the form to illustrate theperils of political change

(C) a sonnet written to explore the aestheticimpact of radical innovations in diction,rhythm, and sonority

(D) a sonnet written with great stylistic freedom toexpress the emotional upheaval associatedwith romantic love

(E) a sonnet written with careful attention to theconventions of the form expressing feelingsabout the inevitability of death

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44 44

(5)

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4-25-49. Which one of the following is NOT identified by the

author of the passage as characteristic of Cullenspoetry?

(A) It often deals with abstract, universal subjectmatter.

(B) It often employs rhyme, classical allusions, andreligious imagery.

(C) It avoids traditional poetic forms in favor offormal experimentation.

(D) It sometimes deals explicitly with racial issues.(E) It eventually subsumed racial issues into a

discussion of religious issues.

10. The passage suggests which one of the followingabout Cullens use of controlled poetic forms?

(A) Cullen used controlled poetic forms becausehe believed they provided the best means tobeautiful poetic expression.

(B) Cullens interest in religious themes naturallyled him to use controlled poetic forms.

(C) Only the most controlled poetic forms allowedCullen to address racial issues in his poems.

(D) Cullen had rejected the less controlled poeticforms he was exposed to prior to hisuniversity years.

(E) Less controlled poetic forms are better suitedto poetry that addresses racial or politicalissues.

11. The references to specific poems in the secondparagraph are most likely intended to

(A) contrast some of Cullens more successfulpoems with some of his less successful ones

(B) serve as illustrations of Cullens poetryrelevant to the critics claims

(C) demonstrate that Cullens poetic personavacillates from poem to poem

(D) summarize the scope of Cullens treatment ofracial issues in his poetry

(E) illustrate the themes Cullen used in expressinghis concern about racial matters

12. Based on the passage, the literary critics mentionedin line 18 would be most likely to hold which one ofthe following views of Cullens poetry?

(A) It demonstrates that European verse forms canbe successfully adapted to different contexts.

(B) It is most notable for the ways in which itscontent reflects Cullens upbringing andeducation.

(C) It is more successful when it does not attemptto capture the atmosphere of previous poeticstyles.

(D) Its reliance on European verse forms is bestsuited to dealing with racial concerns.

(E) Its focus is divided between aesthetic andracial concerns.

13. Which one of the following most accurately describesthe organization of the passage?

(A) Biographical information about Cullen isoutlined, his artistic development is tracedthrough several of his poems, and a criticalevaluation of his later work is offered.

(B) Biographical information about Cullen isoutlined, criticism of his use of Europeanverse forms is presented, and the success ofthis use is evaluated.

(C) Biographical information about Cullen isoutlined, his approach to writing poetry isdescribed, and the relationship between hispoetry and his life is discussed.

(D) Cullens approach to poetry is described,certain poems are characterized as his mostnotable, and a claim about the religious focusof his work is made.

(E) Cullens approach to poetry is described,differing opinions about the success of hispoetry are presented, and thematicdevelopments in his later work are discussed.

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PT 41 12/10/03 4:09 PM Page 25

44 -26-The following passage was written in the mid-1990s.

The demand for electricity in certain countries hasbeen projected recently to grow by 50 percent by theyear 2010. Unfortunately, the increased use of fossilfuels to generate this electricity may ultimately damagehuman and environmental health. For example,emissions of air pollutants in these countries areexpected to double over the next 25 years, even ifenergy is used efficiently, so that local urban air qualitywill likely deteriorate. Renewable sources ofelectricity, such as solar radiation, wind, andwaterpower, are possible solutions to the problemscaused by increasing demand for electricity. Unlikefossil fuels, renewable energy sources are available invirtually all geographic regions, and they allowelectricity production without dangerous environmentalpollutants. Additionally, these sources can usually belocated closer to consumers than can plants that usefossil fuels, thus reducing transmission and distributioncosts. Technologies for the successful long-termexploitation of these resources, however, are notalways implemented successfully.

In rural Brazil, for example, millions of citizens donot have electricity, and the lack of necessaryinfrastructure has limited efforts to provide it. In 1992,an energy agency from the United States developed ajoint project with two Brazilian states to install 800household solar electrical systems and train localpersonnel to service them. Under the projects terms,local utilities install, maintain, and own the systems,and collect fees from users. Backers hoped the projectwould attract enough private investment for substantialexpansion throughout Brazil. But the project directorsrejected the relatively high bids of local Braziliancompanies to produce the solar collectors and thusmissed an opportunity to stimulate local production.Consequently, a short-term savings in start-up costsprecluded the long-term benefits deriving from thedevelopment of local production capacity andtechnological skill, which eventually would have led toindependence from costly foreign expertise. As aresult, participating utilities can generate only enoughincome to cover operating and maintenance costs,which makes further investment and expansionunlikely. Thus, the movement toward a sustainable,rural electricity system in Brazil remains stalled.

But some efforts have avoided these pitfalls. In themid-1980s, a Danish energy agency helped agencies inIndia build three modern wind turbine plants andgradually develop local technical capacity. Localparticipants were trained in planning, operation,maintenance, and construction of turbines. Indian firmssubsequently began manufacturing turbines and, asmore locally manufactured equipment becameavailable, Indian utilities were able to increase their useof wind energy profitably. The success of these smallprojects spurred enthusiasm; Indian utilities were soonordering more equipment and private investment inwind energy surged. Because the Danish agency,unlike its U.S. counterpart, recognized the importance

of local involvement