lower limb 2
DESCRIPTION
Basic anatomy of Lower Limb. Brief descriptions and functions of Lower ExtremitiesTRANSCRIPT
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Lower LimbSkeleton (homologous with upper limb)Muscles--anterior, posterior compartmentsNerves--sciatic, femoralSurface anatomy
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Upper-Lower Limb ComparisonSee Table M&M, Table 8.1
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Tibia/fibulaTibia--big toe sideFibula--little toe side(no pronation/supination)
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AnkleTarsus--forms ankle jointCalcaneus--forms heel
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FootFunction:Support weightAct as lever when walkingTarsalsTalus = ankleBetween tibia + fibulaArticulates w/bothCalcaneus = heelAttachment for Calcaneal tendonCarries talusMetatarsalsHomologous to metacarpalsPhalangesSmaller, less nimble
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Joints of Lower LimbHip (femur + acetabulum)Ball + socketMultiaxialSynovialKnee (femur + patella)Plane Gliding of patellaSynovialKnee (femur + tibia)HingeBiaxialSynovial
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Joints of Lower LimbProximal Tibia + FibulaPlaneGlidingSynovialDistal Tibia + FibulaSlight giveFibrousAnkle (Tibia/Fibula + Talus)HingeUniaxialSynovial
pg 218
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Lower Limb MovementsBending on posterior side is flexion (except hip)Bending on anterior sided is extension (except hip)HipFlexion/extensionAbduction/adductionLateral/medial rotationKneeFlexion/extensionAnkleDorsiflexion/plantarflexionInversion/eversionToesFlexion/extension
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Anterior/Posterior compartments
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Thigh movements by compartment
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Posterior ThighGluts (gluteal nn.)Maximusextensor of thighMedius--pelvic tiltLateral rotators (spinal nn.)Piriformis syndromeHamstrings (sciatic n.)Biceps femorisSemimembranousSemitendinous
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Anterior thigh (femoral n.)Sartorius (Tailors muscle)Quads (four)Rectus femoris (crosses hip)3 vastus mm. (vast--big)
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Medial compartment (obturator n.)Adductor musclesGracilisAdductorMagnusLongusbrevis
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Leg movements by compartment (in leg all nn are branches of sciatic)
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Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.)Fibularis (peroneus) longusExtensor digitorum longusExtensor hallicus longusTibialis anteriorus
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Lateral Leg (superficial fibular n.)Fibularis brevis/longus
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Posterior Leg (tibial n.)Gastrocs and soleusFlexor digitorum longusFlexor hallucus longus
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Intrinsics of foot
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Lumbar plexus (femoral nerve)Sacral plexus (sciatic nerve)With leg out to side like quadruped, lumbar-anterior, sacral-posterior makes sense
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Dermatomes show twisting of leg in development
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Blood supply to lower limbInternal IliacCranial + Caudal Gluteals= glutealsInternal Pudendal = perineum, external genitaliaObturator = adductor muscles
External IliacFemoral = lower limbDeep femoral = adductors, hamstrings, quadricepsPopliteal (continuation of femoral) Geniculars = kneeAnterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further branches to feetPosterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar arch, branches to toes
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Surface Anatomy: Posterior PelvisIliac crestGluteus maximus = cheeksNatal/gluteal cleft = crackGluteal folds = bottom of cheekpg 789
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Surface Anatomy: Anterior Thigh + LegPalpatePatellaCondyles of femurFemoral TriangleSartorius (lateral)Adductor longus (medial)Inguinal ligament (superior)Femoral a + v, lymph nodespg 785pg 792
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Surface Anatomy: Posterior LegPopliteal fossaDiamond-shape fossa behind kneeBoundariesBiceps femoris (sup-lat)Semitendinosis + semimembranosis (sup-med)Gastrocnemius heads (inf)ContentsPopliteal a + v
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendonpg 793