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LECTURE OUTLINES:

• Classification ofbuilding

• Low-rise Building

• Medium-rise Buildings

• High-rise Buildings• Tower and Skycraper

• Consideration

• Issues

• Building Structural

System• Elevator

• Fire Safety

http://www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/services/engineering/

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LEARNING OUTCOMES :

1) Students are able to understand the conceptof medium to simple high rise buildings

2) Students are able to understand the

definition and objectives of medium to simplehigh rise buildings

3) Students are able to identify the choice ofappropriate structures

4) Students are able to identify method ofconstruction for medium and simple high risebuildings

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CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING

Low-rise Medium rise

High Rise

Tower/Skyscraper

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http://westnorth.com/2014/03/18/between-rocks-and-a-tall-place-two-height-

limits-hold-back-affordable-mid-rise-construction-in-dc/

Examples.

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LOW-RISE BUILDING

Criteria of Low-rise buildings : Simple buildings design thant can be

desinged by Registered Draughtsman,associated with architects.

Buildings less prominent because of theirsmall size or position. An individual building in this category is

generally defined as one with connectedinterior spaces.

Any buildings housing commercial uses. Buildings added at the request of a company. Some old Buildings of significant historical or

architectural interest.6

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MEDIUM RISE BUILDING

moderately high building: a buildingof moderate height, about five to tenstories

Mid-Rise building is typically 50-150feet tall (approximately 4-12 stories)with a characteristic density of 450-900person, not including common open

space

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HIGH RISEBUILDING

8http://marie-sophie.starlinger.net/?p=120

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Towers are structures that are usually taller than

there are wide. Towers are usually distinguished from

masts by their lack of guy-wires and are commonly

built to take advantage of their height.

TOWER and SKYCRAPER

http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-tower-and-skyscraper

A skyscraper is a term that is used to describe a really tall

building that is made up of many stories. These are commonly

designed for residential or commercial usage. There is no set

definition of how long a tower must be to fall under a

skyscraper.

A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. No

official definition for a skyscraper buildings. Most cities define

the term empirically; even a building of 80 meters (262 feet)

may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes above its built

environment and changes the overall skyline

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“ A ‘ tall building ’is a multi-story structure in which most occupants

depend on elevators [lifts] to reach their destinations. The most

prominent tall buildings are called ‘ high-rise buildings ’in most

countries and ‘ tower blocks ’in Britain and some European countries.

The terms do not have internationally agreed definitions. ”

However, a high-rise building can be defined as follows:

● “ Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on

evacuation ” ( The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-

Rise Buildings ) .

What Is a High-Rise

Building?

http://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9781856175555/02~Chapter_1.pdf

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Common type of high-rise

buildings

1. Office buildings

2. Hotel buildings

3. Residential buildings

4. Mixed-used builings

Others structures

a. Building used solely as open parking structuresb. Buildingswhere all floor above the height-rise

limit are used for open parking

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Considerations

1. file:///C:/Users/edaranadmin/Downloads/Elevator%20planning%20for%20high%20rise%20buildings_DEF.pdf  

2. David C W Kwok (Construction planning for high-rise residential building)

The following are some of the basic considerations required during the

construction planning process.

- Statutory Obligation ( Compliance with Building Regulation / Building Ordinance and

 Approved Plan and etc).

- Contractual Obligation (Contractual obligation is the commitment between the

Contractor and the Employer in delivering the services)

- Social Obligation (workers on site, neighbors or public outside site boundary, impact to

environemnt)

- Site Characteristics (i.e. geographical locations, soil conditions, wind hazards)

- financial considerations (labour and ground costs)

-construction time (phases, investment risk and permitted daily work hours)

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The design of tall buildings demands a multidisciplinary

approach and requires the integration of:

  architectural components,

  structural components,

  vertical transportation,

  fire safety,  Water supply and driange systems

  Electrical systems

  HVAC systems

  energy conservation, and

  communication systems

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High Rise Building

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SKYSCRAPER

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History & Development of High Rise Buildings :

A 60 Storey Wool WorthBuilding(New york ) built in the

year 1913.

The Empire State building(Newyork ),a 102 Storey was foundto be the tallest building in theyear 1931.

The World Trade

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The original World Trade Center

featured landmark twin towers, which

opened on April 4, 1973, and were

destroyed in the September 11

attacks of 2001, along with 7 World

Trade Center

The World Trade

Center is a

complex of

buildings in

Lower

Manhattan, New

 York City, UnitedStates, replacing

an earlier

complex of

seven buildings

with the same

name on the

same site

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• Burj K hal i fa ("Khalifa Tower“),

known as Burj Dubai prior to its

inauguration, is a skyscraper in

Dubai, United Arab Emirates, andis the tallest man-made structure

in the world, at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).

• The Burj Khalifa uses the bundled

tube designProportionally, the

design uses half the amount of

steel used in the construction of

the Empire State Building thanks

to the tubular system.

• It comprises of 163 floors plus 46

maintenance levels in the spire

and 2 parking levels in the

basement.

• Construction began on 21September 2004, with the exterior

of the structure completed on 1

October 2009 & was opened on

January 4, 2010 .

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Taipei 101 (Chinese: ), formerly known as the

Taipei World Financial Center , is a landmark 

skyscraper located in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan.

The building ranked officially as the world's tallest from 2004 until the opening of the Burj Khalifa in

Dubai in 2010. In July 2011, the building was

awarded LEED Platinum certification, the highest

award in the Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design (LEED) rating system and

became the tallest LEED building in the world.3 

Taipei 101 was designed by C.Y. Lee & partners and

constructed primarily by KTRT Joint Venture . Taipei

101 comprises 101 floors above ground and 5 floors

underground. The building was architecturally 

created as a symbol of the evolution of technology

and Asian tradition (see Symbolism). Its

postmodernist approach to style incorporatestraditional design elements and gives them modern

treatments. The tower is designed to withstand

typhoons and earthquakes. A multi-level shopping

mall adjoining the tower houses hundreds of

fashionable stores, restaurants and clubs.

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The Shanghai World Financial Center  (SWFC;

Chinese: ) is a supertall skyscraper  located in the

Pudong district of Shanghai, China. It was designedby Kohn Pedersen Fox and developed by Mori

Building. It is a mixed-use skyscraper, consisting of

offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks,

and ground-floor shopping malls. Park Hyatt Shanghai 

is the hotel component, containing 174 rooms and

suites. Occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, it is the

second-highest hotel in the world, surpassing theGrand Hyatt Shanghai on the 53rd to 87th floors of

the neighboring Jin Mao Tower .6 

On 14 September 2007, the skyscraper was topped

out,7 at 492.0 meters (1,614.2 ft)8 making it the

second-tallest building in the world at the time, and

the tallest structure in the People's Republic of Chinaprior to the construction of the nearby Shanghai

Tower . It also had the highest occupied floor and the

highest height to roof, two categories used to

determine the title of "The World’s Tallest Building". 

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Issues related to multi-storey

building Strata title

Fire safety

Maintenance Building facilities/services

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Building Structural System

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Structural

Definition

A term applied to those members in a structure that carry

an imposed load in addition to their own weight.

Structure

Definition

A combination of units fabricated and interconnected in

accordance with a design and intended to support vertical

and horizontal loads.http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition

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Building Structural System

The role of a multi-storey building structure is to transmitthe applied loads to the foundations.

The principal loads on a multi-storey building are those due togravity and wind. These are applied at every floor level and onthe façade respectively. The structural frame transmits these

from their point of application to the foundations. Ideally itshould combine structural efficiency with minimum impact onthe economy and function of the other elements of thebuilding.http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference /

The floors, walls, roofing, and support materials are part ofthe structural system for a building

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The subsystems or components of the tall building

structural systems are essentially the following:

• Floor systems

• Vertical Load Resisting Systems • Lateral Load Resisting Systems

• Connections

• Energy Dissipation Systems and Damping

The most commonly used structural systems are broadly defined as follows:• Moment Resisting Frames

• Shear Wall-Frame Systems

• Shear Truss-Outrigger Braced Systems

• Framed-Tubes

• Tube-in-Tube Systems with interior columns

• Bundled Tubes • Truss Tubes without interior columns

• Modular Tubes

The structural system should be able to carry different types of loads, such as

gravity, lateral, temperature, blast and impact loadsJayachandran (2009)

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First GenerationThe exterior walls of these buildings consisted of stone or brick,

although sometimes cast iron was added for decorative purposes.

The columns were constructed of cast iron, often unprotected; steel

and wrought iron was used for the beams; and the floors were madeof wood. “ 

In a fire, the floors tend to collapse, and the iron frame loses strength

and implodes. ” Elevator shafts were often unenclosed.

The only means of escape from a floor was through a single stairwayusually protected at each level by a metal-plated wooden door.

There were no standards for the protection of steel used in the

construction of these high-rises.

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frame structures, in which a skeleton of welded- or riveted-steel columns

and beams, often encased in concrete, runs through the entire building.

This type of construction makes for an extremely strong structure, but not

such attractive floor space. The interiors are full of heavy, load-bearing

columns and walls.

In this generation of buildings, developments such as the following

occurred:

● The use of noncombustible construction materials that reduced the

possibility of the collapse of structural members during a fire.● The inclusion of assemblies rated for a particular fire resistance. The

enclosure of vertical shafts with protected openings.

● The use of compartmentation.

Second Generation

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Third Generation Buildings constructed from after World War II until today

make up the most recent generation of high-rise buildings.

Within this generation there are those of steel-framed construction (

core construction and tube construction), reinforced concreteconstruction, and steel-framed reinforced concrete construction .

Third Generation

These structures are built of lightweight steel or reinforced concrete frames,

with exterior all-glass curtain walls.The curtain wall, built for lighting andtemperature-conditioning purposes, does not have the strength to stand by

itself and is supported by a frame of steel or concrete, which constitutes the

structure of the building.

Steel-Framed Core Construction

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Tube structures represented a change in the design of steel-framed

buildings to enable them to be built tall and yet remain strong enough to

resist the lateral forces of winds and the possible effects of an earthquake.

Tube construction used load-bearing exterior or perimeter walls to support

the weight of the building. “

The key to stability is a resistance to lateral wind or earthquake forces,

which grow dramatically in magnitude with the building’s height. If not

counteracted by proper design, these forces would cause a tall building to

slide on its base, twist on its axis, oscillate uncontrollably, bend excessively

or break in two. ” 

Steel-Framed Tube Construction

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Concrete that has been hardened onto imbedded metal (usually steel) is

called reinforced concrete, or ferroconcrete … .

The reinforcing steel, which may take the form of rods, bars, or mesh,

contributes tensile strength. ”

Reinforced concrete is “ concrete containing reinforcement and [is]

designed on the assumption that the two materials act together inresisting forces.

Reinforced Concrete Construction

These structures are a mixture of reinforced concrete construction and steel-

framed construction, hence the name steel-framed reinforced construction. Anexample would be “ a steel framed structure with a concrete shear core and

composite floors built with steel decking. ” The term mixed construction is

sometimes used to describe this type of high-rise construction.

Steel-Framed Reinforced Concrete Construction

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Selection of Building Structural System

Consideration factors in the selection ofbuilding Structural system :

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Design

•  Appearance

• Cost and economic factors

• Safety

• Stability

• Construction method

• Standard and specification

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Laws of Malaysia:

Act 341 FIRE SERVICESACT 1988

UNIFROM BUILDING BY-

LAWS 1984Part VII – fire requirementsPart VIII – fire alarms, firedetection,fire extinguishment andfire fighting access

Modern Open-floor Office Design Movement of smoke within building  –  

Stack Effect

Central Air Conditioning System

Difficulty in Reaching the Fire Seat

Upper floors evacuation only frominside

 Access only through internal staircasebeyond aerial apparatus reach

Staircases is availed by fire-fightersand occupants simultaneously

 Ventilation is complicated and critical Reaction time is higher.

Communication can be difficult

Maintenance of in-built protectionsystem

Fire Safety Challenges

http://www.slideshare.net/mail2dabbu/highrise

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Elevator – Vertical Transportation Systems

  Building access.

  Internal transportation

  the elevator core is oftenthe building’s support structure 

  Involvement of traffic flow

specialist .

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Elevator for high-rise

buildings

ElevatorConsiderations

BuildingFunction

BuildingCriteria

https://ricardokambara.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/

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Fire Safety for Hogh-rise Buildings

Challenge:

Longer egress times and distance

evacuatuion tsratgeies

fire deparment accessiblity

Smoke movement

Fire control

The multiple floors of a high-rise building create the cumulative

effect of requiring great numbers of persons to travel great vertical

distances on stairs in order to evacuate the building.

http://www.nfpa.org/safety-information/for-consumers/occupancies/high-rise-buildings

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Please refer to the attachment… 

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