Low cost sanitation and servicing

Lecture 8

Aspects of servicing

• Water supply• Sanitation• Solid waste• Power • Telecommunications• Health and welfare services

Focus today• Water supply and sanitation closely related– Our focus today

• Solid waste much research being done and since the informal sector is engaged closely linked with the poor

• Power and telecom are mostly delivered by the private sector, however, there too public-private-civil society partnership would be of interest and further study

• Ditto for the social services

Estimated water use USA 2005

• Public supply 11%• Irrigation 31%• Aqua culture 2%• Mining 1%• Domestic 1%• Livestock 1%• Industrial 4%• Thermo electric 49%

Water consumption Canada• WATER:

Water Consumption• High levels of water use cause both environmental and economic problems. On the

environmental side, high consumption places stress on rivers, lakes and groundwater aquifers and may require dams and flooding with serious ecological impacts. As well, the discharge of polluted water once it has been used damages aquatic ecosystems.

• On the economic side, high levels of water use require ever-increasing and expensive investments in water system infrastructure needed to gather, deliver and dispose of water (dams, reservoirs, water treatment facilities, distribution networks and sewage treatment).

• Canadians obtain the majority of their water from surface sources such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs. However pressure on groundwater (water drawn from aquifers by wells) is increasing rapidly in Canada.

• United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Poland, Finland and Denmark).

Canada water consumption trends• Canada’s OECD Ranking

Canada ranks a dismal 28th among the 29 nations of the OECD in terms of per capita water consumption. Only Americans use more water than Canadians.

• Canada uses 1,600 cubic metres of water per person per year. This is more than twice as much water as the average person from France, three times as much as the average German, almost four times as much as the average Swede and more than eight times as much as the average Dane. Canada’s per capita water consumption is 65% above the OECD average.

• In terms of total water consumption, Canada is 26th out of 29 OECD nations, with the United States, Japan and Mexico using more water, in total, than Canada.

• Canada has been criticized repeatedly by the OECD for our excessive use of water.12

• TrendSince 1980, overall water use in Canada has increased by 25.7%. This is five times higher than the overall OECD increase of 4.5%. In contrast, nine OECD nations were able to decrease their overall water use since 1980 (Sweden, the Netherlands, the United States, the

• http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/indicators/6wate.htm

American Water Works Association Estimates

• Water Use Statistics for 2005• Daily indoor per capita water use in the typical single

family home is 69.3 gallons. Here is how it breaks down:

• Use Gallons per Capita Percentage of Total Daily Use• Showers 11.6 16.8%• Clothes washers 15.0 21.7%• Dishwashers 1.0 1.4%• Toilets 18.52 6.7%• Baths 1.2 1.7%• Leaks 9.51 3.7%• Faucets 10.91 5.7%• Other Domestic Uses 1.6 2.2%

Households can reduce daily per capita water use by about 35% to about 45.2 gallons per day

• Use Gallons per Capita Percentage of Total Daily Use• Showers 8.8 19.5%• ClothesWashers 10.0 22.1%• Toilets 8.2 18.0%• Dishwashers 0.7 1.5%• Baths 1.2 2.7%• Leaks 4.0 8.8%• Faucets 10.8 23.9%• Other Domestic Uses 1.6 3.4%

• Source: Handbook of Water Use and Conservation, Amy Vickers

http://services.ville.montreal.qc.ca/station/an/pdf/network.pdf

Montreal’s Wastewater Treatment Plan

Water PricingIn developed countries

http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/valuing_water.shtml

City Cost of water for domestic use (a)(house connection: 10 m3/month) in US$/m3

Price charged by informal vendors (b) in US$/m3

Ratio (b/a)

Vientiane (Lao PDR) 0.11 14.68 135.92

Male* (Maldives) 5.70 14.44 2.53Mandalay (Myanmar) 0.81 11.33 14.00

Faisalabad (Pakistan) 0.11 7.38 68.33Bandung (Indonesia) 0.12 6.05 50.00

Delhi* (India) 0.01 4.89 489.00Manila (Philippines) 0.11 4.74 42.32

Cebu (Philippines) 0.33 4.17 12.75Davao* (Philippines) 0.19 3.79 19.95

Chonburi* (Thailand) 0.25 2.43 9.57Phnom Penh (Cambodia) 0.09 1.64 18.02

Bangkok* (Thailand) 0.16 1.62 10.00Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) 0.04 1.51 35.12

Hanoi (Viet Nam) 0.11 1.44 13.33Mumbai* (India) 0.03 1.12 40.00

Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam) 0.12 1.08 9.23

Chiangmai* (Thailand) 0.15 1.01 6.64

Karachi (Pakistan) 0.14 0.81 5.74Lae* (Papua New Guinea) 0.29 0.54 1.85

Chittagong* (India) 0.09 0.50 5.68Dhaka (Bangladesh) 0.08 0.42 5.12

Jakarta (Indonesia) 0.16 0.31 1.97Colombo* (Sri Lanka) 0.02 0.10 4.35

* Some water vending, but not common.

Water Pricing In developing countries

Montreal Treatment Plant Some Facts

• http://services.ville.montreal.qc.ca/station/an/faqstaa.htm

Penny saved is penny earned

• If all U.S. households installed water-saving features, water use would decrease by 30 percent, saving an estimated 5.4 billion gallons per day. This would result in dollar-volume savings of $11.3 million per day or more than $4 billion per year.

• American Water Works Association

Sanitation Challenge

• Worldwide 2.6 billion people live without access to effective latrines. This contributes heavily to the widespread incidence of water-related diseases, which kill a child every 15 seconds according to Water aid international

• What types of latrines and at what cost?• Need low-cost but high performance solutions