Losseresvivos

Livingthings

Losseresvivos

•  TheEarth:theplanetoflife•  Levelsoforganisa4onofma6er•  Bioelementsandbiomolecules•  Thecell•  Typesofcells•  Func4onofnutri4on•  Func4onofrela4on•  Func4onofreproduc4on•  Nutri4oninplants•  Rela4onandreproduc4oninplants•  Nutri4oninanimals•  Rela4onandreproduc4oninanimals

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THEEARTH:THEPLANETOFLIFE

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•  Presenceofliquidwaterforcellularprocesses.

•  TerresLalatmosphereprotec4ngandregula4ngthetemperature.

•  DistancebetweentheEarthandtheSunpermitstheexistenceofliquidwater.

•  Presenceofbasicchemicalelementsnecessaryforthemoleculesoflivingthings.

•  CommoncharacterisLcsoflivingthings:

-Presentpredominantchemicalelementsthataredifferenttothoseof

inertma6er.

-Possessexclusivemolecules.

-AreformedbycellsandcarryoutvitalfuncLons.

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LEVELSOFORGANISATIONOFMATTER

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1.   AtomThesmallestunitthatformsma6er.

3.CellStructuralandfunc4onalunitoflife.

2.MoleculeGroupingofatoms.

5.OrganGroupingof4ssueswithaspecificanddeterminedfunc4on.

4.TissueGroupingofsimilarcellswithacombinedandspecificfunc4on.

6.SystemGroupoforgansthatactinacoordinatedway.

7.OrganismTheindividuallivingthingatthismul4cellularlevel.

8.SpeciesGroupoforganswithsimilarcharacteris4csandtheabilitytoreproduceandhavefer4leoffspring.

9.PopulaLonGroupofindividualsofthesamespeciesthatliveinthesameplace.

10.CommunityorbiocenosisGroupofpopula4onsthatliveinthesameplaceandhavearela4onwitheachother.

11.EcosystemAreaformedbyacommunityandthephysicalenvironmentininhabits.

12.BiosphereGroupoflivingthingsthatinhabittheEarth.

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BIOELEMENTSANDBIOMOLECULES

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•  Theprimarybioelementscomprisemorethan99%oflivingma6er:C,O,H,N,PandS.

Bioelementsaretheunitsofcomposi4onoflivingma6er.

•  ThesecondarybioelementsareCa,Na,MgandK.

•  Oligoelementsareotherelementsthatarefoundinpropor4onsoflessthan0.1%.

Biomoleculesareformedbycombiningbioelements.

CharacterisLcs Biomolecules FuncLons Examples

Glucids Providetheorganismwithimmediateenergy. Glucose,lactose,sucrose

q  Areexclusivetolivingthings

Lipids Storeenergyforpossiblelong-termneeds. Fats,waxes,cholesterol

q  TheirmainelementisCarbon(C)

Proteins Formstructuressuchasskin,hairandmuscles. Haemoglobin,collagen,kera4n

Nucleicacids Containthegene4cinforma4onoftheindividual,responsibleforthefunc4oningofalltheircells.

DNA,RNA

q  Arealsopresentininertma6er

Water Interveneinnumerousfunc4onssuchasthetransportofsubstancesandheatregula4on.

q  Carbon(C)isnottheirmainelement

Mineralsalts Takepartintheforma4onoftheorganism’srigidstructures,suchasthebonesandinterveneinimportantcellularprocesses.

Calciumcarbonate,calciumphosphate.

Organ

ic

Inorganic

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THECELL

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Thecellisthestructuralandfunc4onalunitoflife.

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Plasmamembrane

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CELLTYPES

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Nucleus

Cellwall

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

PlasmamembraneFlagellum

Gene4cmaterial

Cytoplasm

Cellwall

Plasmamembrane

Prokaryotecell Eukaryotecell

Plant Animal

ENDOSYMBIOTICTHEORY

Guestcell(prokaryote)

DNA

Nonphotosynthe4c

bacteria

Mitochondria

Photosynthe4cbacteria

Animaleukaryotecell

Vegetaleukaryotecell

Chloroplast

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NUTRITION

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Theaimofthefunc4onofnutriLonistorenewandconservetheorganism'sstructuresandobtainenergytoperformthevitalfunc4ons.

Cellular metabolism

Anabolismq  Makescomplexmolecules

outofsimplemolecules.q  Requiresenergy.

Catabolismq  Breaksdowncomplex

moleculestoobtainsimplemolecules.

q  Freesupenergy.

TypesofnutriLon

• Autotroph.Takesinorganicma6erand

transformsitintoorganic

ma6er.

• Heterotroph.Takes

organicma6erfromthe

environment.

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FUNCTIONOFRELATION

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Thefunc4onofrelaLonallowslivingthingstointeractwiththeenvironment,detec4ngchangesthattakeplaceandrespondingtothem.

SLmuli

Receptors

Response

Capturedby

Giveriseto

• Mechanoreceptors.

• Photoreceptors.• Chemoreceptors.

• Thermoreceptors.

• Movement.

• Producingsubstances.

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FUNCTIONOFREPRODUCTION

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Thefunc4onofreproducLonistoperpetuatethespecies.

AsexualreproducLon • Originatesfromonesingleindividual.

• Mul4pleiden4caldescendantsoriginatefromtheprogenitor.

• Threetypescanbeiden4fiedinunicellularbeings:

SexualreproducLon.

AlternaLngreproducLon.

• Requirestwoindividualsofdifferentsexes.• ResultsinfewerdescendantsthatarenotidenLcaltotheprogenitors.

SporulaLon

BiparLLon

Budding

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NUTRITIONINPLANTS

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PlantsfeedviaautotrophicnutriLon.

O₂CO₂

CO₂O₂

O₂

CO₂

Water Mineralsalts

Waterandmineralsaltsformthecrudesapthatcirculatesfromtherootstotheleaves.

Theorganicma6erproducedduringphotosynthesisisdistributedthroughouttheplantaselaboratedsap.

PhotosynthesisWater+mineralsalts+CO₂+sunlightàorganicma6er+O₂

CellularrespiraLon:Organicma6er+O₂àWater+CO₂+energy

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RELATIONANDREPRODUCTIONINPLANTS

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Plantsrespondtos4mulithroughmovementsandfromtheproducLonofhormones.

Tropisms.Permanentmovements

towardsthes4mulus(posi4ve

tropism)orintheopposite

direc4on(nega4vetropism).

NasLcmovements.Temporary

fastmovementsindependently

ofthedirec4onofthes4mulus.

Substancesseparatedbythe

plantcells.Theyprovoke

responsesindifferentpartsof

theplant.

PlantreproducLoncanbeasexual,sexualoralterna4ng.

Livingthings

Movements

Hormones

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NUTRITIONINANIMALS

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AnimalsfeedbyheterotrophicnutriLon.

Dependingontheirfood,animalsareclassifiedinto:

• Herbivores.• Carnivores.• Omnivores.

• Saprophytes.

Differentsystemscarryoutthenutri4onfunc4on:

• Diges4ve.• Respiratory.• Circulatory.

• Excretory.

ExcretorysystemWaste

Excre4on

Filtra4on CirculatorySystem

RespiratorySystem

CO₂ O₂

Gaseousexchange

Food

Diges4vesystem

WasteNutrients

WasteandCO₂ Nutrients

andO₂

Cell

Cellularmetabolism

Defeca4on

Absorp4on

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RELATIONANDREPRODUCTIONINANIMALS

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Thenervoussystemandtheendocrinesystemworktogethertoprovideacoordinatedresponsetothes4muli.

SLmuli

Sensoryorgans

Capturedby

Sensi4venerves

Nervecentres Motor

nerves

Effectororgans

Response

Executethe

DifferenttypesofreproducLonexistinanimals.

AsexualreproducLon. Thisappearsinsomeinvertebratesintwoways:buddinganddivisionandfragmentaLon.

SexualreproducLon. Thisisthemostcommonforminanimals.Dependingontheirembryonicdevelopment,animalsare:oviparous,viviparousorovoviviparous.

AlternaLngreproducLon. Appliestosomeinvertebratessuchastypesofjellyfish.

Livingthings