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• TheEarth:theplanetoflife• Levelsoforganisa4onofma6er• Bioelementsandbiomolecules• Thecell• Typesofcells• Func4onofnutri4on• Func4onofrela4on• Func4onofreproduc4on• Nutri4oninplants• Rela4onandreproduc4oninplants• Nutri4oninanimals• Rela4onandreproduc4oninanimals
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• Presenceofliquidwaterforcellularprocesses.
• TerresLalatmosphereprotec4ngandregula4ngthetemperature.
• DistancebetweentheEarthandtheSunpermitstheexistenceofliquidwater.
• Presenceofbasicchemicalelementsnecessaryforthemoleculesoflivingthings.
• CommoncharacterisLcsoflivingthings:
-Presentpredominantchemicalelementsthataredifferenttothoseof
inertma6er.
-Possessexclusivemolecules.
-AreformedbycellsandcarryoutvitalfuncLons.
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1. AtomThesmallestunitthatformsma6er.
3.CellStructuralandfunc4onalunitoflife.
2.MoleculeGroupingofatoms.
5.OrganGroupingof4ssueswithaspecificanddeterminedfunc4on.
4.TissueGroupingofsimilarcellswithacombinedandspecificfunc4on.
6.SystemGroupoforgansthatactinacoordinatedway.
7.OrganismTheindividuallivingthingatthismul4cellularlevel.
8.SpeciesGroupoforganswithsimilarcharacteris4csandtheabilitytoreproduceandhavefer4leoffspring.
9.PopulaLonGroupofindividualsofthesamespeciesthatliveinthesameplace.
10.CommunityorbiocenosisGroupofpopula4onsthatliveinthesameplaceandhavearela4onwitheachother.
11.EcosystemAreaformedbyacommunityandthephysicalenvironmentininhabits.
12.BiosphereGroupoflivingthingsthatinhabittheEarth.
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• Theprimarybioelementscomprisemorethan99%oflivingma6er:C,O,H,N,PandS.
Bioelementsaretheunitsofcomposi4onoflivingma6er.
• ThesecondarybioelementsareCa,Na,MgandK.
• Oligoelementsareotherelementsthatarefoundinpropor4onsoflessthan0.1%.
Biomoleculesareformedbycombiningbioelements.
CharacterisLcs Biomolecules FuncLons Examples
Glucids Providetheorganismwithimmediateenergy. Glucose,lactose,sucrose
q Areexclusivetolivingthings
Lipids Storeenergyforpossiblelong-termneeds. Fats,waxes,cholesterol
q TheirmainelementisCarbon(C)
Proteins Formstructuressuchasskin,hairandmuscles. Haemoglobin,collagen,kera4n
Nucleicacids Containthegene4cinforma4onoftheindividual,responsibleforthefunc4oningofalltheircells.
DNA,RNA
q Arealsopresentininertma6er
Water Interveneinnumerousfunc4onssuchasthetransportofsubstancesandheatregula4on.
q Carbon(C)isnottheirmainelement
Mineralsalts Takepartintheforma4onoftheorganism’srigidstructures,suchasthebonesandinterveneinimportantcellularprocesses.
Calciumcarbonate,calciumphosphate.
Organ
ic
Inorganic
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Thecellisthestructuralandfunc4onalunitoflife.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasmamembrane
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Nucleus
Cellwall
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
PlasmamembraneFlagellum
Gene4cmaterial
Cytoplasm
Cellwall
Plasmamembrane
Prokaryotecell Eukaryotecell
Plant Animal
ENDOSYMBIOTICTHEORY
Guestcell(prokaryote)
DNA
Nonphotosynthe4c
bacteria
Mitochondria
Photosynthe4cbacteria
Animaleukaryotecell
Vegetaleukaryotecell
Chloroplast
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Theaimofthefunc4onofnutriLonistorenewandconservetheorganism'sstructuresandobtainenergytoperformthevitalfunc4ons.
Cellular metabolism
Anabolismq Makescomplexmolecules
outofsimplemolecules.q Requiresenergy.
Catabolismq Breaksdowncomplex
moleculestoobtainsimplemolecules.
q Freesupenergy.
TypesofnutriLon
• Autotroph.Takesinorganicma6erand
transformsitintoorganic
ma6er.
• Heterotroph.Takes
organicma6erfromthe
environment.
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Thefunc4onofrelaLonallowslivingthingstointeractwiththeenvironment,detec4ngchangesthattakeplaceandrespondingtothem.
SLmuli
Receptors
Response
Capturedby
Giveriseto
• Mechanoreceptors.
• Photoreceptors.• Chemoreceptors.
• Thermoreceptors.
• Movement.
• Producingsubstances.
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Thefunc4onofreproducLonistoperpetuatethespecies.
AsexualreproducLon • Originatesfromonesingleindividual.
• Mul4pleiden4caldescendantsoriginatefromtheprogenitor.
• Threetypescanbeiden4fiedinunicellularbeings:
SexualreproducLon.
AlternaLngreproducLon.
• Requirestwoindividualsofdifferentsexes.• ResultsinfewerdescendantsthatarenotidenLcaltotheprogenitors.
SporulaLon
BiparLLon
Budding
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PlantsfeedviaautotrophicnutriLon.
O₂CO₂
CO₂O₂
O₂
CO₂
Water Mineralsalts
Waterandmineralsaltsformthecrudesapthatcirculatesfromtherootstotheleaves.
Theorganicma6erproducedduringphotosynthesisisdistributedthroughouttheplantaselaboratedsap.
PhotosynthesisWater+mineralsalts+CO₂+sunlightàorganicma6er+O₂
CellularrespiraLon:Organicma6er+O₂àWater+CO₂+energy
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Plantsrespondtos4mulithroughmovementsandfromtheproducLonofhormones.
Tropisms.Permanentmovements
towardsthes4mulus(posi4ve
tropism)orintheopposite
direc4on(nega4vetropism).
NasLcmovements.Temporary
fastmovementsindependently
ofthedirec4onofthes4mulus.
Substancesseparatedbythe
plantcells.Theyprovoke
responsesindifferentpartsof
theplant.
PlantreproducLoncanbeasexual,sexualoralterna4ng.
Livingthings
Movements
Hormones
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AnimalsfeedbyheterotrophicnutriLon.
Dependingontheirfood,animalsareclassifiedinto:
• Herbivores.• Carnivores.• Omnivores.
• Saprophytes.
Differentsystemscarryoutthenutri4onfunc4on:
• Diges4ve.• Respiratory.• Circulatory.
• Excretory.
ExcretorysystemWaste
Excre4on
Filtra4on CirculatorySystem
RespiratorySystem
CO₂ O₂
Gaseousexchange
Food
Diges4vesystem
WasteNutrients
WasteandCO₂ Nutrients
andO₂
Cell
Cellularmetabolism
Defeca4on
Absorp4on
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Thenervoussystemandtheendocrinesystemworktogethertoprovideacoordinatedresponsetothes4muli.
SLmuli
Sensoryorgans
Capturedby
Sensi4venerves
Nervecentres Motor
nerves
Effectororgans
Response
Executethe
DifferenttypesofreproducLonexistinanimals.
AsexualreproducLon. Thisappearsinsomeinvertebratesintwoways:buddinganddivisionandfragmentaLon.
SexualreproducLon. Thisisthemostcommonforminanimals.Dependingontheirembryonicdevelopment,animalsare:oviparous,viviparousorovoviviparous.
AlternaLngreproducLon. Appliestosomeinvertebratessuchastypesofjellyfish.
Livingthings