1

LONG-TERM DAMAGE

OF CLIMATE AND POLLUTION

ON THE STONE AND GLASS IN PARIS

International Conference Our Common Future under Climate Change 

UNESCO-Paris, July 7th-11th, 2015

Session 2231Cultural Heritage facing up to Climate Change,

Sea-Level Rise and Pollution

2

LONG-TERM DAMAGE

OF CLIMATE AND POLLUTION

ON THE STONE AND GLASS IN PARIS

CNRM

R.-A. Lefèvre1, P. Brimblecombe2, M. Déqué3, C.M. Grossi4, A. Ionescu1*

1 LISA, Université Paris-Est Créteil, France1* Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes

(CERTES), Université Paris Est-Créteil, Speaker2 City University of Hong Kong, China

3 Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Toulouse, France4 University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

3

MATERIALS AND DAMAGE: 1-GLASS

Soiling

Haze and Deposited Matter (TP/S)

Window (durable Si-Na-Ca) Glass(sheltered)

Stained Glass(sheltered)

Leaching

Depth (thickness) of the leached layer

d(K), d(Ca)

4

MATERIALS AND DAMAGE: 2 - STONE

Soiling-blackening

Reflectance (R%)

Stone Building Façades (sheltered)

Limestone Façades(unsheltered)

Recession (Rµm/y)

5

DRF:DOSE-RESPONSE

FUNCTIONS

METHODOLOGY

• Soiling-window glass-Haze (%)• Soiling-window glass-TP/S (µg/cm²)

• Leaching-stained glass-d(K), d(Ca) (µm)

• Recession-limestone-R (µm/year)• Soiling-stone façades-Reflectance R (%)

RESPONSE (DAMAGE):

• Archives – ancient recording• Current mesurements• Models: Aladin-Climat and GAINS• Scenarios: RCP 2.6 and 8.5

DOSES (POLLUTION AND CLIMATE):

6

ORIGIN OF CLIMATE DATA IN PARIS: RECORDING AND MODELLING

1500 21001800 1850 2000

cf. LONDONadapted

cf. LONDONadapted

Aladin–ClimatMétéo-France

IPCC RCP2.6-8.5

Dettwiller, 1978(Paris-Montsouris)

Klein Tank et al., 2002(Le Bourget)

RH

T°

• Dettwiller J. L'évolution séculaire de la température à Paris, La Météorologie, 13 (1978), 95–130• Ionescu A., Lefèvre R.A., Brimblecombe P., Grossi C.M., Long-term damage to glass in Paris in a changing environment, Sci. Tot. Env. 431 (2012) 151–156. • Klein Tank et al. Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European climate assessment, Int J Climatol, 22 (2002)

1441–1453

Imports of coal, wood and charcoal

to Paris from 1875 to 1943 source : Ann. Stat. Ville de Paris

cf. Londonadjusted

GAINSThe Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions

and Synergies

LHVP + Airparif (1954-2009)

1500 21001700 1900III I

ORIGIN OF POLLUTION DATA IN PARIS:RECORDING AND MODELLING

Ionescu A., Lefèvre R.-A., Brimblecombe P., Grossi C.M. Long-term damage to glass in Paris in a changing environment, Sci Tot Env 431 (2012), 151-156

SO2, NO2, PM10 IN THE AIR OF PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

8

SO2

PM10

NO2

Ionescu A., Lefèvre R.A., Brimblecombe P., Grossi C.M., Long-term damage to glass in Paris in a changing environment, Sci. Tot. Env. 431 (2012) 151–156.

HAZE OF SHELTERD WINDOW GLASS IN PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

3 3

1 86

2 103820 3338 0 2649 1 1

daysµg.m µg.m

.Haze % . SO . PM t

Ionescu A., Lefèvre R.A., Brimblecombe P., Grossi C.M., Long-term damage to glass in Paris in a changing environment, Sci. Tot. Env. 431 (2012) 151–156.

10

TOTAL DEPOSITED PARTICLES ON WINDOW GLASSIN PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

3 32 2 105 0749 0 5798 1288 452

daysµg.cm µg.m µg.m

tTP / S . SO . PM exp .

11

LEACHING OF SHELTERED STAINED-GLASS IN PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

3 32 20 64 0 03 0 04 0 05 2 03 1 years yearsCµm µg.m µg.m%d K . . RH . SO t . T . NO t

K and Ca RCP8.5

K and Ca RCP2.6

Melcher M, Schreiner M. Quantification of the influence of atmospheric pollution on the weathering of low-durability potash–lime–silica glasses. Poll. Atm. 509 2007;49:13–22

3 32 20 79 0 03 0 03 0 04 1 91 1 years yearsCµm µg.m µg.m%d K . . RH . SO t . T . NO t

RECESSION OF UNSHELTERED FACADES IN LIMESTONE IN PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

3 11

0 451 22 7 0 018 19

.g µg.m m.y µmol.µm.y CR . SO exp . T Rain H

Lipfert RCP 8.5Lipfert RCP 2.6

ICP RCP 8.5ICP RCP 2.6

• ICP Materials equation

1 11 3 311 2 318 8 0 016 0 18

cm.s cm.sm.y dS dNµg.m µg.mµmol.µm.y

R . Rain . H . V SO V HNO

• Lipfert equation:

Lipfert, F.W., 1989: Atmospheric Damage to Calcareous Stones. Comparison and reconciliation of recent experimental findings, Atm. Env., 23, 415-429.

Tidblad, J., Kucera, V., Henriksen, A.A., Kreislova, K., Yates, T., 2001: UN ECE ICP Materials: dose-response functions on dry and wet acid deposition effects

over 8 years of exposure, Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 130, 1457-1462.

BLACKENING OF SHELTERED FACADES IN PARIS FROM 1500 TO 2100

30 10 µg.mt% % S yR R exp k PM t

• Soiling (blackening)-reflectance R:

Watt J., Jarret D., Hamilton R., Dose–response functions for the soiling of heritage materials due to air pollution exposure Sci. Tot. Env. 400, 1–3, 2008, 415–424

14

SO2, PM10, NO2 in the air of Paris

Haze of window glass

Total Particulate on window glass

Leaching of stained-glass Recession of façades in limestone

Blackening of façades

SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RESULTS

15

CONCLUSIONS• Damages caused to limestone, window-glass and stained-glass have the same

evolution because mainly due to air pollution.

• Damages are maxima during 19th and 20th Centuries.

• Damages will decrease in the 21st Century.

• These evolutions are comparable to those in London.

• In the future, the recession of unsheltered limestone will be different because of the increase in temperature and CO2 concentration, leading to the decrease in rain pH.

• Stained-glass windows are sensible to climate (RH, T) and remain at risk in the future.

• Damages caused by air pollution began in Paris in the 17th Century before the introduction of coal. It is due to wood burning for heating and cooking and to an important increase of the population .