Appendix Long Island Shelter Intake

Last Name First Name Middle Initial

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

Hello. I would like to ask you some questions about your situation, your health, and your current needs. The information you provide will be used by staff to help you; it may also be used in statistical reports on the people who come here. You will not be linked to any information that leaves the shelter. None of the identifying information you provide will be released to any person other than those respon­sible for the provision of shelter services. You have a right to refuse to provide this information as well as a right to refuse to answer any particular questions. Can I proceed with the questions?

In case of an emergency, may we share this information with other health care providers? Yes: __________________________________ __

Signature No: __________________________________ __ Signature

Families only

Children's Names Date of Birth School

223

224 Appendix

And can you tell me who referred you to the Long Island Shelter?

1. What is your Social Security Number? ________ _

Contact Information

2. Last known address

3. Person to contact in emergency

Name

Address

Phone

4. Relationship

5. Last Contact I _____________ 1 ___________ __ Month Day Year

Comments:

Background

6. Date form completed ____________ I ___________ I _________ __ Month Day Year

7. ______________________ ~-------------------------Last name First name Middle initial

8. Are you a U.S. citizen? 1. Yes 2. No

9. How old are you? __

10. Birth date __ / __ / __

11. Birth place (state, nation) ______________ _ (city) ____________ _

Long Island Shelter Intake

12. Sex 1. Male 2. Female

15. Do you read and write English? 1. Speaks only 2. ReadslWrites 3. Neither

Comments:

13. What is your racial or ethnic background? 1. White 2. Black 3. Hispanic 4. Asian, Pacific 5. Am. Indian,

Alaskan 6. Other (specify) __

16. How many years of formal schooling have youhad? __

Social Support

225

14. What is your religion? 1. Protestant 2. Catholic 3. Jewish 4. None, no preference

5. Other (specify) __ 6. Don't know

17. Any other education? 1. GED 2. Vocational 3. Special school 4. Other ____ _ 5. None

18. Marital status 19. Do you have any children? 1. Yes 2. No 1. Married ____ _ 1. At shelter 2. Boston 3. Elsewhere 2. Single ____ _ (Circle all that apply)

3. Divorced ___ _ 4. Widowed ___ _ 20. Relatives in Boston area? 1. Yes 2. No 5. Separated ___ _ 6. Living together __ 21. Friends in Boston area? 1. Yes 2. No

22. Is there anyone special person you feel you can depend on in times of special need?

1. Yes __

2. No __

Comments:

226

23. Are you a veteran? 1. Yes 2. No (go to Q30)

26. Branch 1. Army 2. Navy 3. Air Force 4. Marines 5. Coast Guard 6. National Guard 7. Other

Comments:

Appendix

Veteran Status

24. Years served? _____ to ____ _

25. Where discharged _____ _

27. Discharge 1. Honorable 2. General 3. Dishonorable,

bad conduct

Benefits

28. Service disability 1. Yes __ ? 2. No

29. Any veterans benefits? 1. Yes $ __ per month 2. Have applied 3. No

30. Thinking back over the past year, how often has it been difficult for you to afford things such as food, clothing, or medical care? 1. Never or hardly ever 2. Once in a while 3. Sometimes 4. Pretty often 5. Always or almost always

31. Have you received any financial benefits in the past month?

1. Yes Type Source Office/Worker* Amount

Write "No" if no contact

2. No

32. Would you like to talk to someone about benefits? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

Long Island Shelter Intake

Comments:

Work

33. Are you employed now? 1. Full-time $ per 2. Part-time week 3. No (go to Q36)

35. Last date worked ___ 1 __ -

Month Day Year

34. Have you worked in the past? 1. Yes 2. No (go to Q38)

36. Longest job (in last 5 years) __ days __ months __ years

37. What kind of work do you usually do? 1. Professional, technical (advanced education required) 2. Clerical, secretarial 3. Craftsman (skilled) 4. Semiskilled (machine operation) 5. Unskilled, permanent (e.g., guard) 6. Unskilled, temporary (day labor) 7. Migrant labor

227

8.0ther ________________________ _

38. Do you have any special job-related skills? 1. Yes _______ _

(specify)

2. No

39. Are you looking for work? 1. Yes 2. No

40. Would you like to see someone about job possibilities? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

Comments:

228 Appendix

Residential History

41. Where have you usually slept in the last 6 months?

42. Was that in Boston or elsewhere?

1. Own apartment/house 1. Boston 2. Family 2. Other Massachusetts 3. Friend 3. Other New England 4. Rooming house, hotel 4. New York 5. Hospital 5. Other US. 6. Jail 6. Non-US. 7. Subway, streets 8. Shelter 9. Other (specify) ________ _

43. In what community was your last fixed residence? ________ _

44. When did you first use any shelter? (month) ___ (year)

45. How long have you been without a regular place to stay?

__ years __ months __ weeks __ days

46. How did you become homeless? (Circle all that apply.) 1. Substance abuse 6. Family problems 2. Financial 7. Emotional or nervous problems 3. Fire 8. Job problems 4. Eviction 9. Other (specify) _____ _ 5. Transience (relocation)

47. Have you been physically assaulted or robbed since you have not had a place to stay? 1. Assaulted 2. Robbed 3. Both assaulted and robbed 4. No

48. Would you like to see someone about housing possibilities? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

Comments:

Long Island Shelter Intake 229

Health Assessment

49. Do you have any health problems? 1. Yes 2. No (go to Q53) 3. Not sure (go to Q53)

50. What are those health problems? _______________ _

51. Are you taking any prescribed medications? 1. Yes Medication Date last taken Need prescription filled?

1. Yes 2. No

1. Yes 2. No

1. Yes 2. No

2. No

52. Has a nurse or doctor said that you should be taking medication? 1. Yes 2. No

53. Have you been hospitalized for for a physical problem this year? 1. Yes-emergency only 2. Yes-emergency and overnight 3. Yes-inpatient-one day or more

number of days __ 4. No (go to Q56)

56. Have you been seen in a health clinic this year? 1. Yes 2. No

58. Do you have health insurance, Medicaid, or Medicare? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

54. When discharged (most recent)

___ I 1 __ _ Month Day Year

55. Name of last hospital ___ _

57. What is the last problem you were hospitalized or seen in a clinic for?

59. Do you have a doctor? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

230 Appendix

60. Would you like to speak to a nurse about any physical health problems? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

61. Would you like to speak to a dentist about dental problems? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

62. Have you ever been hospitalized for an emotional or nervous problem? 1. Yes 2. No (go to Q65)

63. When discharged? (most recent)

___ I 1 __ _ Month Day Year

64. Where was that? ________ (last location)

65. Have you ever received treatment at a mental health center or other facility as an outpatient? 1. Yes 2. No (go to Q68)

66. Where was that? 1. Bay Cove 2. West Ros Pk 3. Dorchester 4. Lindemann

5. Solomon-Carter-Fuller 6. Mass Mental Health 7. Hospital 8. Other (specify)

67. When discharged? (most recent)

- __ I 1 __ _ Month Day Year

Therapist's name: _____________________ _

68. Would you like to speak to someone about a mental or nervous condition? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

69. Do you feel you can manage all right tonight, or are you worried about hurting yourself or someone else? 1. Can manage 2. Worried about hurting 3. Not sure

Comments:

Long Island Shelter Intake

Substance Abuse

70. About how often do you drink? 1. Daily 2. Few times a week 3. About once a month

71. When did you have your last drink?

Month Day Year

231

4. Less often 72. How much did you drink then? 5. Never (go to 74)

73. How much do you usually drink 74. Were you ever treated for drinking? when you drink? ___ _ 1. Yes

2. No (go to Q76)

___ 1 __ -Day Year

75 When were you last treated? __ _ Month

76. Do you feel you have a problem with drinking? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

77. Would you like to see someone about an alcohol problem now? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

78. About how often, if ever, do you use street drugs? 1. Daily 2. Few times a week 3. About once a week 4. Less often 5. Never (go to Q82)

79. Which drugs are those? ___________________ _

80. When did you last use street drugs? __ _ Month Day Year

81. What were they? _____ _

82. Were you ever treated for drug use? 1. Yes 2. No

83. Would you like to see someone about a drug problem now? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not sure

Comments:

232 Appendix

Legal History

84. Do you have any legal problems at present?

85. Were you ever jailed or imprisoned? 1. Jail

1. Probation 2. Prison 2. Parole 3. No 3. Pending arraignment 4. Other (specify) _____ _ 5. None

86. Would you like to see someone about a legal problem? 1. Yes 2. No

Comments:

Services

87. What social service agencies have you dealt with recently? (Circle all that apply.) 1. Mass. Rehabilitation Commission 10. Boston Housing Authority 2. Department of Public Welfare 11. Bridge 3. Department of Social Services 12. St. Francis House 4. Social Security Administration 13. 'fravelers' Aid 5. Other homeless shelters 14. Salvation Army 6. Vocational rehabilitation agency 15. BCH Social Services 7. Veteran's Administration 16. Department of Immigration 8. Commission for the Blind 17. Other (specify) _____ _ 9. Agency for Elderly Assistance 18. None

88. Are you still in contact with any of these agencies? 1. Yes (List and give caseworker names.) 2. No

Comments:

Long Island Shelter Intake

89. How have you felt about not having a regular place to stay? 1. Distressed 2. So-so 3. OK

Agency

Observations

Extremely withdrawn Depressed Excessively drowsy Slurred speech

Office

Referrals

Contact

Final Assessment (Answer all questions)

Rambling, incoherent talking Hand tremors Muscle twitching/jerking Irritabilitity Unable to sit still Under influence of alcohol

Impressions 1 = Completely

A. Physical appearance Groomed 1 2 3 Clean 1 2 3

B. Mental functioning Alert 1 2 3 Oriented 1 2 3 Able to remember 1 2 3

233

Date of Referral

Yes No

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

5 = Not at all

4 5 4 5

4 5 4 5 4 5

234 Appendix

1 = Completely 5 = Not at all

C. Emotional state Relaxed 1 2 3 4 5 Happy 1 2 3 4 5 Cooperative 1 2 3 4 5

D. Validity of respondent's answers 1 2 3 4 5

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Wittman, E D., and Madden, P. (1988): Alcolwl Recovery Programs for Homeless People: A Survey of Current Programs in the U. S. (Report prepared for the NIAAA.) Berkeley: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation.

Wittman, E 0. (1987): Alcohol, architecture, and homelessness. Alcolwl, Health and Research World 11: 74-79.

Wobido, S. 1., Frank, T., Merritt, M., arlin, S., Prisco, 1., Rosnow, M., and Sonde, 0. (1990): Outreach. In Under the Safety Net: The Health and Social Welfare of the Homeless in the United States, ed. P. W. Brickner,1. K. Scharer, B. A. Concanan, M. Savarese, and B. C. Scanlan, pp. 328-339. New York: Norton.

Wolch, J., Dear, M., and Akita, A. (1988): Explaining homelessness. Journal of the American Planning Association 54:443-453.

Wright, J. 0. (1989): Address Unknown: The Homeless in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Wright, J. D., and Weber, E. (1987): Homelessness and Health. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wright, J. D., and Weber, E. (1988): Homelessness and Health: A Special Report. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wright, J. D., Knight, J. w., Weber-Burdin, E., and Lam, J. (1987): Ailments and Alcohol: Health status

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Wynne, J. (1984): Women in San Diego: A New Perspective on Poverty and Despair in America's Finest City. San Diego: County of San Diego Department of Health Services Alcohol Program.

Index

AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous Abuse. See Child abuse; Spouse abuse Adjustment reactions (to stress), 82-83 Adler, D. A., 23, 85 Adult Education for the Homeless

Program, 219 Advocacy, 1, 53. See also Case

management; Referral counselor AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent

Children). See Income supports Agar, M., 151 AIDS/HIV

explanation of, 155-158, 177-179 early warning symptoms, 158 high risk groups for, 154, 156-157 helping homeless persons with, 159, 162 homeless as a risk group, 158-159 infection control procedures, 178-179 among mentally ill persons, 87, 91 opportunistic illnesses, 156 prevalence of, 9, 157-158 shelter policies on, 159-162

Aiken, 1. H., 63 Akita, A., 7-8 Alcohol abuse. See Alcoholism Alcohol- and Drug-Free Housing (ADF).

See Housing, supportive Alcohol-Free Living Centers (AFLC). See

Housing, supportive Alcohol-related diseases

acute alcoholic hallucinosis, 110

Alcohol-related diseases (cant.) alcohol heart muscle disease (AHMD), 108 anemia, 109 cardiovascular, 108 cirrhosis, 108 delirium tremens, 110-112 holiday heart, 108 liver diseases, 107-108 pancreatitis, 107 nervous system disorders, 109-110 seizures, alcoholic, 110 see also Alcoholism, emergency

responses for withdrawal Alcoholic hepatitis. See Alcohol-related

diseases, liver diseases Alcoholics Anonymous, 23, 41, 48, 103-

105, 122-124, 133, 135, 196, 216 Alcoholics. See Alcoholism Alcoholism screening

CAGE,116 dO-it-yourself index, 116-117 Michigan Alcohol Screening Text

(MAST, Brief MAST, SMAST), 115 see also Substance abuse, assessment of

Alcoholism, and mental illness. See Dual diagnosis

Alcoholism, recovery and rehabilitation coalition approaches, 131-132 components of, 132 comprehensive services, 130 full service agencies, 130-131

247

248

Alcoholism, recovery and rehabilitation (cont.)

outreach services, 125-130 residential care, 133-135 support services, 5-6, 8, 31, 42, 47-48,

51-52, 57, 62, 120, 136-137 see also Alcoholics Anonymous; Case

managers, with alcohol and drug abusers; Detoxification; Housing, supportive; Substance abuse

Alcoholism behavioral effects of, 9, 15, 18, 39, 65 causal models of, 102-103 as a cause of homelessness, 99-101 drinking patterns of homeless, 99, 102 emergency responses for withdrawal,

minor, 113-114 major, 114 malnutrition, 134 prevalence, 5, 15, 19, 97-98, 221 progressive symptoms of, 105-106 social characteristics, 5, 15-17, 35, 39,

98-99 types of, 105 withdrawal syndromes, 109 withdrawal symptoms of, 109-110, 111-

113 see also Alcohol-related diseases; Case

managers, with alcohol and drug abusers

American Psychiatric Association, 72, 80 Anderson, N., 3-4, 215 Anderson, 5., 142 Andranovich, G.D., 43, 52 Anthony, J., 19 Antisocial personality, 80-81 Anxiety disorders, 84 Appleby, L., 49, 74, 84-85 Arce, A. A., 15, 74-75, 80, 85, 143 Argeriou, M., xi, 115, 202-203 Arlington Hotel (San Francisco), 135, 195 Asamoah, Y., 203 Assault. See Victimization Assessment of shelter guests, 23, 31, 33,

47, 53-55, 58-60 Atencio, A. R., 97

Bachrach,L.L.,15-17,36,49,63,73,84,93 Bahr, H. M., 5-13, 28, 30, 75, 98-101, 104-

105, 116, 118-119, 127, 200, 215

Bailey, R. w., xii Baker, S. G., 215 Ball, E. J., 47, 130 Baloney Joe's, 42 Barbieri, R., 197

Index

Barring (from shelter), 30-31, 91-92 Barrow, S. M., 37, 42, 48-50, 85, 97 Bassuk, E. L., viii, xi, 7-8, 10-15, 19, 74-

76, 80, 84, 142, 218 Bauman, J. E, 198-199 Baumohl, J., 46, 85, 96 Baxter, E., 18, 23, 29, 30 Bean, G. J., 74-75, 97 Benefits, economic. See Income supports Bennett, T., 160-161, 186 Bipolar affective disorder. See Depression Blakeney, B. A., xi, 163 Blumberg, L., 5, 15, 45, 47-48, 61-62, 75,

105 Boarding houses. See Housing Bogue, D. J., 5-6, 75, 98-100, 104 Boland, K. A., 17, 19 Booth, J., 143 Borderline personality, 80-81

see also Mental illness Boston, shelters and day programs in, 13,

22-23, 29-32, 35-36, 38, 40, 51, 211 Boston City Hospital, 125 Boston Night Center, 125 Boyer, R, 15, 107 Bradley, V. J., 47 Breakey, W. R., 13, 15, 19, 46, 97-98, 107,

115,125 Breton, M., 40 Brickner, P. w., 10, 16, 164, 185-186, 200 Bridge Over Troubled Waters (Boston,

MA),129 Brown, c., 98 Burger, G. K., 140 Burnam, 10, 39, 215 Burney, G., 135-136 Burnham, M. A., 98, 101-102, 143 Burnout. See Job burnout Burnside Community Council, 42 Burt, M. R., 27, 28, 39, 41, 80 Buss, T. E, 22

Cahalan, D., 115 Calhoun, L, 143 Callender, B., 143

Index

Calsyn, R., 46, 140 Caplow, T., 5, 75, 100, 105 Carliner, M. S., 6-7 Carmen, R. W., 84 Carter, W. W., 17 Case aides. See Paraprofessionals Case management

with alcohol and drug abusers, 128-129 development of, 27-28, 39 history of, 54-55 process of, 50-64, 40 rapport with clients, 45, 47, 49-55, 60-

61 role of, 22, 31, 33, 36-38, 41, 43, 45, 50-

53, 196 types of, 9, 50-53, 55 see also Job burnout and stress

Casework. See Case management CASPAR (MA), 122-123, 130, 132 Catholic Charities, 22 Caton, C. L. M., 201 Center City Project (Philadelphia, PA), 40,

42 Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, 158 Center for Corporate Public Involvement,

211 Chafetz, L., 23, 41, 85 Charities, role of, 21

see also Shelters, funding sources Charity Organization Societies, 54 Chausse, 0., xi, 4 Chemical dependency. See Alcoholism;

Drug abuse Chicago Committee on Alcoholism, 117 Chicago

homeless persons in, 17, 75 housing in, 6 income supports in, 11 shelters in, 22, 39

Child abuse, 10, 83, 221 Children, homeless. See Homeless families Children, in shelters, 25-26, 32, 41-43 Chronic homelessness, 17-18, 20, 42, 50

see also Homelessness Churches, 21, 24, 30, 34, 201, 204, 217 Cincinnati, OH, 24-26, 39 Cirrhosis of the liver. See Alcohol-related

diseases Cisin, I., 115 Cognitive flexibility, 50

Cohen, B., 27, 28, 39, 41, 80 Colson, P., 19 Comfort, M., 196 Commitment policies. See

249

Deinstitutionalization; Mental illness, hospitalization for

Committee for Dignity and Fairness for the Homeless, 34

Community Mental Health Act of 1963,55 Community Mental Health Centers, 84

see also Mental health services, community-based

Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act Amendments, 8. See Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxication Treatment Act

Concanan, B., 164 Concord, C. S., 97 Conflicts. See Interpersonal conflicts Cook, H., 4 Cooper, M. A., 28 Cornhusker Place (NE), 128, 133 Corrigan, E., 142 Counselors, 22, 25, 30, 35-37, 40-43, 45,

47-48 see also Job burnout and stress

Cowles, S., 215 Crime, 17, 72, 82, 86, 205-211

see also Victimization Crossley; H. M., 115 Crystal, S., 11-12, 75, 86, 143 Culver, B. F., 5 Curtiss, J., 195-196, 201, 209

Danziger, S., 7 Day programs, 27, 35, 40-41, 43 Dear, M., 7-8 Deinstitutionalization, 7-8, 55, 84, 203, 218

see also Mental illness, hospitalization for Demoralization. See Depression; Mental

illness Dennis, 0. L., 37, 41, 75 Department of Education, 219 Department of Housing and Urban

Development. See HUD Department of Labor, 219, 220 Depression

assessment of, 71-73, 76-80, 82, 84 correlates of, 12, 50, 86-87

250

Depression (cant.) prevalence of, 15, 75

Desai, P. N., 49, 84 Detoxification, 4, 8-9, 30, 41, 48-49, 61

centers, 120-122 medical, 123 process of, 117, 120-122 social/nonmedical, 123-124 sobering up stations, 124 see also Recovery and rehabilitation

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition), 72, 80, 94

Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Center (Philadelphia, PA), 47-49, 122-123, 132,196

Dillon, w., xi Direct care staff. See Counseling Distress. See Depression Division of Substance Abuse (NY), 140,

142 Do,S., xii Dockett, K. H., 39, 142, 144, 164 Dolbeare, c., 6 Drake, R. E., 23, 85 DRC. See Diagnostic and Rehabilitation

Center Drinking problems. See Alcoholism Drop-Inn shelter, 39 Drug abuse

disruptive behavior, 65, 92 District of Columbia, 144 dual addiction, 142 prevalence of, 9, 16, 140-142, 221 social characteristics of, 52, 143-144 treatment programs, 28 see also Drug dependence; Drug

substances; Substance abuse Drug addiction. See Drug abuse Drug dependence

physiological, 145 psychological, 145 withdrawal symptoms, 154-155 see also Alcoholism, types of, and

withdrawal syndromes Drug substances

cannabis, 151 classification of, 146-147 cocaine and crack, 149-150, 152-153 depressants, 146 hallUCinogens, 150-151

Index

Drug substances (cant.) heroin, 146-149, 151-152 methamphetamine (crank, ice, crystal

meth),153 narcotics, 146-148 stimulants, 149-150 street slang for, 148-149 see also Drug abuse

DSM-III. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition)

Dual diagnosis, 15-16, 39, 41, 73, 76-83, 85, 87-88, 91

see also Mental illness; Social services, effect of

Economic benefits. See Income supports Edwards, H. G., 203 Elvey, A., 164 Emergency Food and Shelter Program, 28 Emergency Shelter Grants Program, 28 Employment of homeless persons. See

Homeless persons, employment of Entitlement services. See Income supports Episodic homelessness, 18, 20, 42

see also Homelessness Erickson, J., 2 Errera, P., 46 Experimental research, explanation of, 48

Fagan, R. w., 8, 120-122 Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1988,

202,210 Family shelters. See Homeless families Family support. See Social supports Farr, R. K., 10-11, 14-19, 39, 72, 74-75,

140, 143 Farrell, E., 74 Fazio,S., xii FEMA, 28, 34, 219 Ferguson, L., 140 Filardo, T., 16 Finn, P. E., 122, 126-127 Fischer, P. J., xii, 13, 15, 19, 97-98, 107, 115,

140-143 Fisher, G., 10 Flat grant, 55 Fleming, M., 52 Flynn, K., 11-12 Fodor, T., 201

Index

Foster, EM., 115 Foxx, A., xii Fricke, D., 197 Fried, M., 197

Galbreath,S., 201 Gallup, P., 46 GAO, 6, 28 Garrett, G. R., viii, xi, 5, 8, 10-11, 13, 15-

16, 27, 75, 97-101, 107, 116, 118-119, 121, 127-130, 217-218, 220-221

Geffner, E. 1., 215 Gelb, A., 162 General Assistance. See Income supports Gerson,S., 8 Giffin, P., 117 Gleason, M. A., 186 Goals. See Shelter philosophy Goetcheus, J., 186 Goffman, E., 221 Goldfinger, S. M., xi, 23, 41, 74, 85, 88, 93 Goldman, H. H., 218 Goode, E., 152, 157 Gorchov, L., 46 Gordon, C. w., 117 Gottschalk, P., 7 Gounis, K., 37, 41-42 Grants. See Shelters, funding sources Great Depression, 5, 54, 199 Greiff, 1., xii Griffith, E. M., 196 Gross, B., 153 Grossman, 5., 19 Gunston, 5., 134

Halper, R. 5., 49 Hamberg, J., 2, 7, 12 Harmann, L., 46 Hartman, C. W., 6-7, 197-198 Hatfield, A. 8., 74 Havassy, B. E., 47, 130 Health and Welfare Council of Central

Maryland, 12 Health care emergencies

frostbite, 167-169 heat edema, 169-171 heat exhaustion, 170 heat stroke, 171 heat syncope (fainting), 170 hepatitis, 174-176

Health care emergencies (cont.) hypothermia, 166 infection diseases, 173-174 pediculosis, 183-184 scabies, 182-183 seizures, grand mal, 171-173 in shelters, 165-166, 215 tuberculosis, 179-181

251

Health Care for the Homeless Project, 27, 50, 120-121, 140, 143, 158, 185-186

Health care access to, 30, 35-36, 42, 72, 221 community-based,27-28 in shelters, 185-187 programs, 27, 39-41 see also AIDS and Hrv, shelter policies

on; Alcoholism; Drug abuse; Substance abuse

Health Resources and Service Administration, 219

Heckler, M. M., 32, 37,42,201 Hellman, E, 48 Henley, B., 18-19, 85 Henshaw, 5.,104 Heskin, A. D., 34, 210 Heubner, R., xi Hidden homelessness, 2 HIE. See Homelessness Information

Exchange Hirsch, K., 22, 46 HIY. See AIDS/HIV Holz, B., 41 Homeless children, 76 Homeless families

causes of, 14, 18-19 compared to housed, 19 income supports for, 12-13 and mental illness, 15, 76 prevalence of, 9-10, 214 shelter provisions for, 21-22, 26, 32, 50

Homeless mothers. See Homeless families Homeless persons

assessment of, 27, 33, 36, 53, 55-60 compared to housed, 13, 19-20, 74, 80 employment of, 3-5, 7, 9-11, 20, 22, 27,

32-34, 41-42, 53, 62, 86 family formation by, 53 hospitalization of, 48, 192 legal problems, 8, 28, 36, 41-42, 60, 203 orientations to services, 39, 47-48

252

Homeless persons (cant.) social characteristics of, 9-17, 24-25, 50,

53, 72, 79 street living, 2-5, 14, 28-29, 33-34, 37-

44,95 stress, 10, 21, 30, 72, 76, 84 training of, 22, 27, 41, 43 see also Alcoholism; Crime; Drug abuse;

Homeless families; Mental illness; Substance Abuse; Transitional work programs; VIctimization

Homeless youth, 10, 41 Homelessness equation, 3 Homelessness Information Exchange

(HIE), 43, 211 Homelessness

definition of, 2, 17 duration of, 4, 17-20, 48, 82, 94 state policies, 38-39 see also Chronic homelessness; Episodic

homelessness; Hidden homelessness; Temporary homelessness

Honneke, c., 140 Hooper Detox Center (Portland, OR), 122,

127 Hope, M., 6, 8, 24, 33, 37, 39, 218 Hopkins, M., 49 Hopper, K., 2, 7, 12, 18, 23, 29, 30 Horn, J" 115 HospitaliZation. See Mental illness,

hospitalization for House managers. See Counselors Housing

access, 4, 36-37, 40-43, 194, 197, 203, 204-212

access problems, 34, 50, 91, 198-204, 210,218

availability of, 2-3, 6-7, 9, 14, 20, 39, 192, 197, 199-203, 214-215

boarding homes, 4, 79,194,196,201 conventional, 193, 197, 208 eviction from, 4, 7, 9, 79, 81, 195 funding of, 6,24, 27, 205-206, 209-211 public, 198, 204 SRO, 5-6, 8, 42-43, 193-203, 205-206,

211 supportive, 28, 39, 47-49, 57, 88, 134-

137, 192-210 tenure in, 10, 46

Housing Assistance Council, 221

Index

HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development), 21, 24, 28, 40, 200

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See AIDSIHIV

Hutchinson Place, 196

lllness (physical) assessment of, 60 effect of, 20 prevalence of, 14, 16, 21, 38, 47, 49, 164-

165 severity of, 48 shelter procedures for, 25-26 see also Alcoholism; Drug abuse; Mental

illness; Substance abuse Income supports

assistance with, 36, 40-42, 52 availability of, 6-12, 14, 17-20, 27, 39, 43 correlates of, 2, 49-50, 60, 62, 73, 89,

207-208, 218 and mental illness, 79, 81, 94-95 types of, 10-11

Inebriate Reception Center (San Diego, CA),127

Institute of Medicine, 34, 42, 159, 164 Institutionalization of shelters. See

Shelterization Intake interviews, 31, 36, 85

see also Shelters, admission policies Interagency Council for the Homeless, 211,

219 Interest in services. See Social services,

orientation to Interfaith Assembly on Homelessness and

Housing, 211 Interorganizational relations. See Social

service networks Interpersonal conflicts

how to respond to, 64-68 managing between guests, 45, 65-66, 91 managing between guests and staff, 66-

68 sources of between guests, 64 sources of between guests and staff, 66,

68 Intoxication. See Alcoholism;

Detoxification; Drug abuse; Substance abuse

Jacobs, E., xii

Index

Jacobs, E. L., 58-59, 63-66, 68 Jacobs, J., 197 Jail

and mental illness, 91 use of, 41, 48, 204

Jellinek, E. M., 105-106 Jeter, v., 10 Job burnout and stress, 45, 53, 68-70 Job training. See Homeless persons,

employment of Johnson, c., xii, 27, 39 Justiceville, 34

Kasinitz, P., 6 Katz, M. B., 42, 218 Kaufman, N., viii Kellerman, S. L., 49, 74, 95 Kessler, R. c., 50 Kiernan, E., 215 Kinney, J., 112 Kline, E., xi, 71 Knight, J. D., 11 Koegel, P., 10, 41, 98, 101-102, 140, 143, 215 Korenbaum, 5.,43,135-136 Krakow, M., 115 Kramer, M., 13, 19 Kramer, T., 5 Kronenfeld, D., 10

Ladner,S., 75, 143 LaGory, M., 15, 50, 75, 215 Lam, J., 11, 121 Lamb, H. R., 15, 49, 73, 75, 86, 218, 221 Laubach, R., 4 Lauriat, A, 74, 76 Leaton, G., 112 Leda, c., 46 Lee, I., xii Lettieri, 0. J., 115 Levine, I. 5., xi, 15, 39, 46, 52, 74-75, 218 Levy, L. T., 18-19, 85 Lezak, A D., 218 Lipton, E R., 15, 23, 46, 48 Literacy, 22, 31, 62 Locke, H. J., 3, 5 Locus of control, 50 Logbook, 25, 33, 37 Long Island Shelter for the Homeless

(Boston, MA), viii, xi, 4, 13, 31, 36, 64, 66, 69, 117, 189

253

Long Island Shelter Intake form, 59-60, 223-234

Long, L. A, 58-59, 63-66, 68 Los Angeles (CA), 11, 74-75 Lovell, A, 48, 85, 97 Luborsky, L., 115 Lubran, B., xi Lynn, B., 198 MacDonald, B., 203 MacFarlane,S., 98 Madden, P., 122-123, 127-128, 130-133,

135,137 Mahan, N., xii Mair, A, 6 Major affective disorders. See Depression Mandell, B., 128-129 Manhattan Bowery Corporation, 122, 125-

126, 132, 137 Manhattan Bowery Project. See Manhattan

Bowery Corporation Manic depression. See Depression Mapes, L. v., 5-6, 11 Mariner Inn (Detroit, MI), 135, 137 Martin, M., 37, 40, 215 Massachusetts Department of Mental

Health,32 Mauss, A, 8, 120-122 Maxwell, M. A, 103 McAdam, J. M., 165 McCarthy, K., xii McCarty, D., xi, 115, 186, 203 McCook, J., 3 McGerigle, P., xii McGlynn, E. A., 39 McKinney Act. See Stewart B. McKinney

Homeless Assistance Act McKusick, L., 158 McLellan, AT., 115 McLeod, J. D., 50 McNay House, 210 Mechanic, D., 63 Medicaid. See Health care; Income

supports Medical care. See Health care Medicare. See Health care; Income

supports Medication, shelter staff assistance with,

29, 35-36, 40, 42 see also Health care; Shelters, medical

regulations; Shelters, medical clinics in

254

Mello, N. K., 123-124 Mendelson, J. H., 123-124 Mental illness

assessment of, 60, 82, 89 community care of, 18, 85 consequences of, 16-19, 65, 72-74 definition of, 72-73, 76, 221 and gender, 75, 83 hospitalization for, 4-6, 14-15, 18, 39,

46, 73-75, 82, 84-87, 90-91, 93-94, 194, 197, 221

medication for, 7, 18, 73, 76, 78, 85, 87, 216 outreach and engagement, 23, 46, 50-

51, 56-57, 95-96 panic disorders, 83 paranoia, 65, 72 phobias, 83 prevalence of, 4-5,14-15,19,46-47,72-76 programs for, 8, 21-23, 27, 29, 31-35,

37-43,52,72-75,83-96 and social support, 18, 88, 91, 96 stress disorders, 82-83 treatment resistance, 42, 90 among young adults, 49,73,85 see also Depression; Dual diagnosis;

Personality disorders; Schizophrenia; Social support

Mental retardation, 85 Mental Status Examination, 78 Midtown Outreach Program (New York

City), 37, 39-40, 125-126 Milburn, N., 140, 143 Mirowsky, J. R, 50, 221 Missions, religiOUS, 5, 24, 30 Mittman, B. S., 39 Montgomery County (MD), 127 Moor, J. 0.,98 Morgan, R, 215 Morrissey, J. P., 37, 41-42 Morse, G., 46, 48, 140 Muether, R 0., 46 Mulkern, v., 47, 140 Mullis, 15 Multnomah County (OR), 97, 131, 140, 142.

See also Hooper Detox Center Mulvey, K., 115 Muni (shelter in New York City), 28-29

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, 220

Index

National Coalition for the Homeless, 219 National Housing Act of 1949, 197 National Institute of Mental Health

(NIMH), xi, 197, 220 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),

152, 157, 162 National Institutes of Health, viii National Resource Center on

Homelessness and Mental Illness, xii, 220

Nayowith, G. B., 49 Nelson, B., 140 Nelson, J. E., 115 Neuner, R, 8, 120-121 New York City

housing in, 6, 48-50, 199, 201 outreach programs in, 39-40, 42-43 shelters in, 28-29, 37-38

NIAAA, viii, xi, 28, 132, 185, 196-197, 219 NIDA. See National Institute on Drug

Abuse NIMBY ("Not in My Backyard"). See

Housing, community resistance to NIMH. See National Institute of Mental

Health Nurses, as shelter staff, 30-32, 34-35, 40,

51 Nutt, S., 46, 48

O'Brien, C. P., 115 O'Donnell, D., xii Organic brain disorders, 76, 80, 85 Outreach programs, 27-28, 33-34, 39-40,

42-44, 46, 51, 53, 55-57, 90 see also Mental illness, outreach and

engagement Owens, K. L., 53, 56-57 Oxford House, 136, 201-202, 205, 209. See

also Housing, supportive

Pahl, J., 38 Palmer, J., 98 Panic disorders. See Mental illness Paranoia. See Mental illness Paraprofessionals, 27, 35, 37-38; See also

Counselors Paredes, R., 98 Patrol cars. See Police Peele, R., 8 Peer support. See Social support

Index

Personal mastery. See Powerlessness Personality disorders, 65, 71-72, 76, 80,

218 Peterson, W. J., 99, 117 Pew Memorial'frust, 27, 164, 185 Philadelphia Health Management

Corporation, 12 Philadelphia (PA), 75

outreach programs in, 40 shelters in, 33-34, 37 see also Center City Project; Committee

for Dignity and Fairness for the Homeless; Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Center; Women of Hope shelter

Phillips, M. H., 10 Phipps Houses, 198 Phobias. See Mental illness Physical illness. See Illness Pine Steet Inn (Boston, MA), 10, 22, 29,

127-130, 160-161, 210 Pittman, D. J., 117 Plapinger, J. D., 48 Police

responses to alcoholics, 120-122, 126-127 role in shelters, 26, 29, 33, 40 see also Alcoholism, outreach services

Poverty consequences of, 2-3, 16, 23, 49, 214 and housing, 199 influences on, 218 prevalence of, 7, 9

Powerlessness. See Locus of control President's Commission on Law

Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967), 117

Preston, S. H., 9 Prison. See Homeless persons, legal

problems; Jail Professionalism. See Shelter staff, role of

professionals Psychiatric inpatients. See

Deinstitutionalization; Mental illness, hospitalization for

Psychoactive medication. See Mental illness, medication for

Psychological dispositions. See Powerlessness; Locus of control; Cognitive flexibility

Psychosis. See Mental illness

255

Psychosocial rehabilitation, 32-33, 35, 40-41

Psychotropic drugs. See Mental illness, medication for

Public assistance. See Income supports Public drunkenness. See Alcoholism;

Police, responses to alcoholism Public Inebriate Services Network. See

Multnomah County (OR); Hooper Detox Center

Public inebriates. See Alcoholism; Police, responses to homeless alcoholics

Quincy Interfaith Sheltering Coalition, 36

Raba, J. M., 165 Rainwater, L., 198 Rape, 72, 82-83 Rapp, c., 55, 60-61 Raubeson, A., 201 Redburn, E 5., 22 Referral counselor, 35-36

see also Case management, for alcohol and drug abusers; Social services, referral for

Religious groups, 5 see also Shelters, religious programs in;

Shelters, funding sources; Missions, religious

Religious missions. See Missions, religious Residential Care Center for Adults

(RCCA) (New York City), 41 Residential placement. See Housing,

acceptance of Residential stability, 16-17, 47-48, 53, 60,

71,216-217 see also Housing, tenure in;

Homelessness, duration of Reyes, L. M., 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 186, 201 Rice, S. A., 3 Richards, 8., xii Richmond, M., 54 Ridgway, P., 40, 43 Ridlen, 5., 202-203 Right-to-shelter laws, 43 Rimel, R. W., 186 Ritchey, E J., 15 Rizzo,S., xii Robbins, T., 2

256

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 27, 164, 185

Robertson, M. J., 98, 140 Robinson, P., xii, 140 Rog, 0. J., 43, 52-53 Rogers, J., 38 Ropers, R. H., IS, 98, 107 Rosecan, J., 153 Rosenberg, L., 19 Rosenblulil, S., 44, 52 Rosenheck, R., 46, 48 Rosnow, M., 97, 143 Ross, C. E., 50, 221 Rossi, P. H., 5-7, 10-13, 17, 19, 49, 75, 84 Roth, 0., 74-75, 97 Rubin, L., 74, 76 Rubington, E., 99, 117 Runaways. See Homeless youth Runck, B., 153

S. T.AI.R. (Boston, MA), 134 Sabatini, A, 23, 46, 48 Sadd, S., 46, 49, 123 Safwat, E, xii Saltonstall, M. B., 10, 14-15 Salvation Army, 18, 24, 30, 132. See also St.

Louis Harbor Light San Diego County (CA), 127 San Francisco (CA), 198, 201 Santa Monica Coalition (CA), 129 Sarson, 0., 186 Savarese, M., 164 Sayers, M. A, 115 Scanlan, B. c., 10, 164, 184 Scharer, L. K., 164 Schizophrenia

assessment of, 76-77, 80 effects of, 65, 71-72 housing for, 221 prevalence of, 18, 33, 74 treatment of, 89, 95

Schizotypical personality, 80-82 Schram, B., 128-129 Schultz, 0., 8, 120-121 Schutt, R. K., viii, xi, 9-11, 13, 15-17, 27,

32, 38, 47, 75, 107, 128-130, 217-218, 220-221

Schwartz, S. R.t 74 Screening. See Alcoholism screening;

Shelters, admission policies

Index

Sebastian, J. G., 7, 16, 72 Section 8 Certificates. See Housing, rent

subsidies Security. See Shelters, safety Segal, S. P., 38, 40, 46, 85, 96 Selzer, M. L., 115 Separation, of income maintenance and

social services, 55 Service broker, 61

see also Case management, types of; Referral counselor

Service coalitions. See Social service network

Service provialer. See Case management, alternative types of

Service system. See Social service network Services. See Social service network; Social

services Shandler, I., IS, 98, 122-123, 196, 215 Shapiro, S., 13, IS, 19 Shattuck Shelter (Boston, MA), 23, 33, 36 Shaw, T., 97 Shelter housing specialist. See Housing;

Shelter staff Shelter staff, 25, 36-38, 193, 207

job requirements, 25, 36, 37 and mental illness among guests, 74 relations with guests, 47, 60-62, 81 role of professionals, 21,23, 27-29,34-40 see also Job burnout and stress; Case

management; Counselors Shelterization, 23, 34 Shelters

admission policies, 25, 29-30, 32-33, 35,42-43

client-run, 34-35 community involvement in, 30, 38-39 funding sources, 21, 22, 24, 27-29, 30,

35, 38-39, 43 log books, 64, 66 management of, 21-37, 40, 86, 91, 93 medical care in, 23-26, 33, 35, 43 municipal, 28-30 philosophy, 21-30, 32, 35, 221 policies of, 24-26, 29-32, 34 programs in, 21-39, 42-44, 216 types of, 28-35 volunteers in, 24--25, 30, 32, 35-38, 42-43 women's programs, 23, 26, 29, 33, 37-

38,41-43

Index

Shelters (cont.) see also Day programs; Health care, in

shelters; Intake interviews; Missions, religious; Outreach programs; Shelter staff; Social service network; Social services

Shelton v. Tucker (1960), 7 Shields, N. M., 140 Shifren. See Levine, I. S. Shipley, T. E., 5, 15, 98, 122-123, 196, 215 Shmavonian, N., 186 Skid row, 5, 30, 34, 45, 47, 62, 75, 99-101,

104,117-120,138, 221 Skin infestations, 38 Skinner, H. A., 115 Slagg, N., 49 Snow, D. A., 215 Sobering stations. See Detoxification Social Security Act of 1969, 9, 12, 55 Social Security Disability Reform Act, 12 Social service network, 20-21, 27, 36, 38-

43, 45, 51, 52, 61, 63-64, 70, 217-218 Social services

accessibility of, 42, 70 administration of, 9 effect of, 46-50, 68 orientation to, 46-51, 54-55, 68 policy changes, 216-222 problems in, 3, 71, 214-215 referral for, 22-24, 30-32, 35-37, 40-41,

45, 50, 61, 63-64, 72, 76 see also Case management; Shelters,

programs in; Social service network Social supports

effect of, 20, 49-50 in housing, 196 in shelters and day programs, 33, 35, 40 and mental illness, 72-74, 76, 80, 85 methods to increase, 9, 52, 215-216 problems in, 60, 68, 214-215, 221 prevalence of, 3, 10, 12-15, 19 see also Housing, supportive;

Alcoholism, support services Social ties. See Social supports Social work, professionalization of, 54-55 Solarz, A. L., 16-17, 86 Solenberger, A., 4 Somers, S. A., 186 So sin, M. R., 19, 39, 49 Spence, R., 140

Spitz, H., 153 Spouse abuse, 16-17 Spradley, J. P., 117 SROs. See Housing, SRO SSI. See Income supports St. Francis House (Boston, MA), 35, 51,

131 St. Louis Harbor Light, 122, 132-133

see also Salvation Army St. Louis (MO), 39, 43

257

Stabilization Services for Homeless Substance Abusers (Boston, MA), viii­ix, xi, 185-186, 189

Stark, L., 5, 98, 142 Starr, S., 74 Statewide Task Force on the Homeless, 2,

7, 11-12 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance

Act, 27-28, 219-221 Stoil, M., 125, 132 Stoner, M. R., 16, 41, 43 Straus, R., 98, 101 Struening, E. L., 42, 48 Subsidies. See Income supports Substance abuse

assessment of, 60, 72 effects of, 2-4, 14, 65 recidivism, 9 regulations about, 26, 31-32 services for, 21-22, 27-28, 46, 50, 52, 61 see also Alcoholism; Detoxification; Drug

abuse; Dual diagnosis; Housing, supportive

Suicide, 79-82, 88, 93 see also Depression; Mental illness

Sullivan, M., 51, 126-127 Support structures. See Social supports Surber, R. w., 72 Susser, E., 88-89 Sutherland, E. H., 3, 5

Tadlock, M., 15 Talbott, J. A., 73, 86 Temporary homelessness, 18-20 Tent City, 34 Terry, R., 18, 85 Tessler, R. c., 75 Theft. See Crime Therapy. See Psychosocial rehabilitation;

Shelters, programs in

258

Toff, G. E., 39 Torrey, E. E, 218, 221 Towber, R., 75, 143 Transitional work programs, 21, 23, 30-31,

35-36 see also Homeless persons, employment

of Traveler's Hotel (New York City), 37 Trude, S., 39 Tucker, P., 97, 193 Turner, J. c., 39

u.s. Conference of Mayors, 126, 128 Udori, L., xii Uniform Alcoholism and Intoxication

Treatment Act. See Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act Amendments

see also Alcoholism; Detoxification Unemployment, 2-3, 7, 14, 73 United States Conference of Mayors, 27 University of Massachusetts at Boston,

viii-ix, xii Urban redevelopment, 6, 197-198 Urban renewal. See Urban redevelopment

Vaillant, G. E., 106 Venturelli, P., 152 Vergare, M. J., 15, 74, 85 Vernez, G., 39 Veterans Administration, 220 Veterans, homeless, 100-101 Victimization, 1, 16-17, 72, 92 Volker, M., 46 Volunteers, use of, 1, 35, 54

see also Shelter staff

Wanberg, K., 115 Washtenaw County (MI), 126-127 Waxman, C. D., 186

Index

Weber-Burdin, E., 11, 27, 49-50, 121, 140, 143, 156, 158, 164-165

Weber. See Weber-Burdin, E. Weinreb, L. E, 84 Weintraub, R., xi Welfare hotels. See Housing, in welfare

hotels Westside Drop-In Center (New York City), 37 Wetzel, M., 198 White, A., 88, 96, 196 Wilhelm, c., 2 Willis, G., 10 Winters, W, 153 Wiseman, J., 5, 15, 30, 41, 99, 104, 117, 125 Wittman, E, xi, 122, 123, 127-128, 130-133,

135, 137 Wobido, S. L., 186- 87 Wolch, J., 7-8 Wolfe, P. 8., 186 Women in Need (New York City), 127-128,

135 Woody, G. E., 115 Work Experience Program (WEP). See

Transitional work programs Wright, J. D., 6, 9-12, 17, 27, 49-50, 121,

128,140,143,156,158,164-165 Wynne, J., 140, 142

York County Alcoholism Shelter (ME), 137 Young adult chronics. See Mental illness,

among young adults Young, J., 6, 8, 24, 39, 46, 49, 123, 218

Zimmer, R., 203