logylogyat std-9 th sub-science &technology topic-life around you std-9 th sub-science &...

Logylogyat

Std-9th Sub-Science &Technology

Topic-Life around you

Std-9th

Sub-Science & Technology

Topic - Life around you

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Central region,Satara.

Logylogyt



Introduction7.1 Biodiversity7.2 Classification & hierarchy7.3 Binomial nomenclature7.4 Whittakars- Five Kingdoms7.5 Classification of plants7.6 Traditional Classification of animals


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Introduction-

There is a great variety in living things.


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CLASSIFICATION

Due to great variety or diversity, similar organizing & grouping is essential with living

things also. The process of identifying differences among the living

Things & placing them into groups that have significantly similar characteristics

is called biological classification or taxonomy.


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In order to make relevant groups to study various froms , we need to decide more fundamental differences. This

would create main broad groups oforganisms. Within this groups smaller

Subgroups will be decided by less important characteristics. This is called

as hierarchy of characteristics.

Hierarchy


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Living Organisms

Prokaryoter

Multicelluiar

With cell wall

MoneraKINGDOM 1

Unicellular

Eukaryotes

Without cell wall

ProtistaKINGDOM 2

AnimaliaKINGDOM 5

FungiKINGDOM 3

PlantaeKINGDOM 4

Step -1

Step -2

Step -3

Step -4


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What is the basis of distinction in each of the four steps?

This is the five kingdom classification given by scientist

Whittaker (1959). This scheme was based on-

Structure of cells- {prkaryotic or eukaryotic} Structure of organisms – {unicellular & multicellular} Mode of nutrition – photosynthesis in green plants, absorption in fungi & ingestion in animals.


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Classification of kingdomThe kingdom are classified into sub groups at various levels –

Kingdom

# Phylum/sub kingdom/*Division

Class

Order

Family(# Phylum for animals)(* Division for plants) Genus Species

Decreasing similarity

Group character

Increasing similarity


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Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature is suggested by scientist “Carl Linnaeus”

The name includes two terms-1)Genus 2) Species


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Few examples of binomial nomenclature

Animals Genus Species Specific Names

1)Lion Panthera leo Panthera leo

2)Tiger Panthera tigris Panthera tigris

3)Leopard Panthera pardus Panthera pardus


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Few examples of binomial nomenclature

Plants Genus Species Specific Names

1)Mango Mangifera indica Mangifera Indica

2)Pink rose Rosa gallica Rosa gallica

3)Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Ocimum sanctum


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Whittakars Five kingdom Classification

1) Kingdom monera2) Kingdom Protista3) Kingdom Fungi4) Kingdojm Plantae5) Kingdom Animalia


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Kingdom - Monera

Characteristics-All the organismms are UnicellularThey may be autotrophic or heterotrophicThese are prokaryotic cells,without distinct nucleus or cell organelles

Photographs of microbes


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Kingdom - ProtistaCharacteristics- These are single celled oranisms with well defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane . they include autotrophs eg. Algae and heterotrophs eg. Protozoans .some of them have hair like cilia or whip like flagella for locomotion.


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Examples of kingdom - Protista

Amoeba EuglenaBacteria


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Kingdom Fungi

Characteristics-These are nongreen,eukaryotic,heterotrophic organismsTheir cell wall is made up of chitinMost of them have thread like hyphae rather than cells


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Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 1) Yeast


Penicillium



Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 2) Moulds- a) Aspergilus

b)Penicillium

Aspergillus Mucor Mucor Penicillium




Examples of Kingdom Fungi- 3) Mushrooms


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Kingdom - Plantae

Characteristics-Multicellular,having a cell wall made up of celluloseAutotrophic & stationary.


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Kingdom - Animalia

Characteristics-MulticellularThe outer covering of cell is cell membraneHeterotrophic & motile


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Classification of plantsKingdom plantae

Nonvascular Vascular

Bryophyta PteridophytaThallophyta

Gymnosperms(naked seeds)

DicotsMonocots

Angiosperms(covered seeds)

Cryptogamae(non flowering)

Phanerogamae(flowering)


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Subkingdom -Cryptogamae

Division -Thallophyta

Characteristics-Simple soft ,thread like body without roots,stem & leavesAquatic habitat,autotrophic nutrition


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Examples-

Ulothrix Ulva Chara Spirogyra


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Division - Bryophyta

Characteristics-These are primitive,multicellular,autotrophic,shade loving,amphibious plantsThey reproduce by spore formationThin,soft,plate like green body.There is no vascular systemRoot like structures called rhizoids are present


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Examples-

Funaria Merchantia Riccia


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Division - pteridophyta

Characteristics-Multicellular, autotrophicPlant body is differentiated into roots,stem & leaves.They posses a simple vascular tissueThey reproduce asexually by spores & sexually by formation of gametes


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Examples-

Andiatum Lycopodium Marsilea Selaginella


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Subkingdom - Phanerogamae

Division - Gymnosperms

Characteristics-Evergreen,perennial,having unbranched stem & conifer leavesThey bear separate male & female flowers called as “cones”They do not form fruits & their seeds are open


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Examples-

Cycas Deodar Pinus


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Division - Angiosperms

Characteristics-They bear flowers as reproductive organs.Seeds develop inside the fruitsSeeds may have a mono cotyledon or di cotyledon


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Examples- Monocots-Maize Dicots- Mustard


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Traditional classification of animals

Kingdom - Animalia-They are classified on the basis of following points-1)Strucural organisation2)Body Symmetry-a) Assymetrical b) SymmetricalThe symmetrical animals may have any one of the following symmetry.

a) Bilateral symmetry as in frog, rat etc. b) Radial symmetry an in hydra, starfish etc.

c) Spherical symmetry as in some sea-Urchins

3)Presence or absence of notochord4) Presence or absence of coelom or body cavity5) Organs of locomotion


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Classification of subkingdom Metazoa

Sr.No. Phylum Typical Examples

1 Prifera All sponges such as Spongilla,Sycon

2 Coelenterata Hydra,Sae-anaemone,Physalia

3 Platyhelminthes Tape worm,Planaria,Liver flike

4 Nemathelminthes Ascaris(Round worms),Wuchereria

5 Annelida Earth worm,Leech,Nereis

6 Arthropoda Insects like bees & flies,Prawn,Scorpion

7 Mollusca Pila,Bivalve,Octopus

8 Echinodermata Asteria(starfish),Sea urchin

9 Hemichordata Balanoglosus

10 Chordata Cyclostomata,Pisces,Amphibians,Reptiles,Aves & Mammals


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Phylum - Porifera

Characteristics-As the name suggests they are the organisms with holes in the bodyIt includes all “sponges”Characteristics:-

They are non-motile, attached to a solid Support, asymmetric creatures, mainly found in marine habitats. The whole body of these animals is perforated with pores called “Ostia”. The large opening at the upper free end is called “Osculum” Body is covered by spicules.

Examples: Sycon Sponge, Euspongia.


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Examples- Sponge


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Phylum - Coelenterata

Characteristics-All coelenterates are aquatic , mostly marine.The simple body of these animals consists of two layers of cells (diploblastic) outer and inner. With radial symmetry.They have a body cavity or coelom.Body has a single opening at hypostome surrounded by sensory “tentacles”. These animals generally reproduce asexually by “budding”.1. Colonial forms – Corals, Sea Anemones. 2. Solitary forms – Hydra, Jelly fish.


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Examples- Hydra, Sea-animone


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Phylum - Platyhelminthes

Characteristics-They have flat ribbon like body which is bilaterally symmetrical & has three layers of cells (triploblastic). "Hooks"for attachment to host & "Sucker"toabsorb nutrition. They are either free living or parasiticExamples:-1)Tape worm 2)Planaria 3)Liver fluke


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Examples-

Tape worm Planaria Liverfluke


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Phylum - Nemathelminthes

Characteristics-The body of nematodes is tritloblastic & bilaterally symmetrical just as the earlier phylum but the body is also cylindrical rather than flattened. They are mostly parasitic with sexes generally separate. A primitive body cavity is present which isknown as pseudocoelom (pseudo- false). A straight digestive tract begins with mouth & ends with an anus. Most of these worms cause disease in human beings.


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Examples-Male & female ascaris


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Sr. No

Parasite Human organ as Host

Disease

1. Ascaris(Round worm)

Stomach/ Intestine Ascariasis (Worming trouble)

2. Pin- worm Stomach/ Intestine Vomitting

3. Filarial worm Skin Filariasis (elephantiasis)

4. Hook worms Stomach Stomach ache & itching anu



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Phylum - Annelida

Characteristics-Triploblastic,cylindrical,segmented,burrowing worms having a bilateral symmetryThey have true coelomThey reproduce sexuallyFew of them are parasiticLocomotion occures by setaeFound in marine water,fresh water or on land


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Examples-

Leech Neries Earthworm


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Phylum - Arthropoda

Characteristics-They are most cosmopolitan,triploblastic,bilaterally symmetrical having jointed appendages for locomotionBody is externally segmented & protected with chitinous exoskeletonBody is devided into head ,thorax & abdomenSexes are separate & reproduce by sexual means


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Examples-

Centipeds Butterfly Scorpion Cockroach


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Phylum - Mollusca

Characteristics-Mostly aquatic with unsegmented soft body covered with a shellBody is divided into-a) Anterior head with sence organsb) B)dorsal visceral mass with organ syatemc) C)ventral foot for locomotion


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Examples-

Oyster pearl Pila Octopus


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Phylum - Echinodermata

Characteristics- Mostly marine, unisexual , tirploblastic animals

having a tough spiny exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate.

Their body is unsegmented & hard, with a radial symmetry . They have a developed coelom,and derive their food

from water vascular system. Have tube feet for locomotion. They have Regenration capacity.


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Examples-

Star fish Sea cucumber Sea urchin


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Phylum - Hemichordata

Characteristics-Marine or burrowing worms with soft,unsegmented body having bilateral symmetryPosses gill slit for respiration


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Examples-Balanoglossus


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Phylum - Chordata

Phylum chordata is further divided into six classes1)Cyclostomata2)Pisces3)Amphibia4)Repttilia5)Aves6)Mammalia


Characteristics:-These are marine animals having fishlike body with bilateral symmetry.

They have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins



Class- Cyclostomata

Cyclostomata[agnatha]:-

Characteristics:-These are marine animals having fishlike body with bilateral symmetry.They have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins.Examples:-Petromyzon[lamprey],myxine[hagfish].


Characteristics:-These are marine animals having fishlike body with bilateral symmetry.

They have “suctorial mouth”and unpaired fins



Examples:-Petromyzon[lamprey],Myxine[hagfish].


Examples:-Petromyzon[lamprey],myxine[hagfish].



Class - PiscesCharateristics:-These animals are exclusively aquatic and well adapted to aquatic mode of life.They have a streamlined rough body skin covered with scales.They process covered or uncovered gill slits for respiration and paired fins to swim in water.caudal [tail] fin helps to chang the direction while swimming. Heart is two chambered.They are cold blooded. [body temperature varies as the tempreture of environment.] They lay large number of eggs.Some have endoskeletons made up entirely of cartilage,such as sharks and some with an endoskeleton made up of both bone and cartilage,as in tuna or rohu.


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Examples-Electric ray,Sting ray,Dog fish.


Characteristics:-Animals that can live in water as well ason land.They posses short fore limbs and long hind limbs with five webbed digits (Icthyophis is limbless).Heart is three chambered and mixed blood circulates in the body.



Characteristics:-Animals that can live in water as well ason land.

They posses short fore limbs and long hind limbs with five webbed digits (Icthyophis is limbless).

Heart is three chambered and mixed blood circulates in the body.

They are unisexual,oviparous and fertilization is external.They respire

through gills in larval stage and adopt pulmonary or cutaneous respiration

during dormant period.(Amphibian remains dormant in summer (aestivation) and in

winter(hibernation).

Examples:-frog,salamander,toad.

Class - Amphibia




Examples-

Frog Salamander Toad


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Characteristics-These are cold - blooded, mostly terrestrial animals.They crawl or creep, as they have either weak short limbs or even no limbs.The body skin is dry, rough, and scaly and the body is divisible into: 1)Head 2)Neck 3)abdomen 4) tail They respire only with lungs.They are unisexual, oviparous having internal fertilization.Most of these animals have a three chambered heart .

Class-Reptilia


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Examples-

King cobra Wall Lizard Flying Lizard Turtle Chameleon


These are worm blooded, unisexual oviparous animal that hatch the eggs .They are well adapted to aerial life .The forelimbs are modified into wings and the body is covered with feathers has exo-skeleton . The body is streamlined , spindle shaped , light due to hollow bones . They breathe trough lungs .Their heart is four chambered . The external part of mouth developted into a "Beak " .



Class - AvesCharacteristics-


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Examples-Parrot Owl Kite


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Characteristics:-These are Most evolved , warm blooded ,mostly terrestrial animals with body adapted to various surroundings. They have Mammary glands to produce milk to nourish their young ones.Skin is covered with hair ; skin has sweat and oil glands .Animals are unisexual & viviparous.They breathe through lungs.Heart is four chambered. They have movable jaws with teeth & eyes with movable eyelids & ear with movable pinna.The muscular diaphragm is present between the thoracic & abdominal cavities. They produce sound with active vocal-cords.

Class Mammalia


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Examples-Human being

Whale Bat Dog Cow


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Topic-Bonding With Ecosystems

A Presentation By- Miss.Waghambare Priya Vishwas -M.Sc. B.Ed.(Chem)

Name of the School- Maharaja Sayajirao Vidyalaya,Satara.


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