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Logo grupo WP 2. HYDROL WP2. HYDROL - Surface and groundwater hydrology. Associated processes at different scales. Presentation about: work done and work to do in the next future Slide 2 Logo grupo Three major tasks: i) To analyze the impact of the interaction processes in water interfaces (water and sediments accumulated in dams, river beds, hyporreic zone, infiltration ponds,) on water quality in the study basins ii) To characterize the effects of artificial recharge operations on water quality iii) To determine the likelihood of chemical compounds to reach the water bodies in concentrations exceeding a given threshold. TASKS Slide 3 Logo grupo The boundary conditions D2.1. Characterization of processes taking place at the different interfaces within water bodies, with emphasis on reactive transport development (UPC) (month 18). Training activity: Managed artificial recharge for sustainable water management under varying climate conditions: quantitative and qualitative aspects. Organized by UPC in collaboration with UPM and IDAEA-CSIC. So, first processes; then applications to the sites Slide 4 Logo grupo Fate of micropollutants: batch experiments (UPC + IDAEA) Slide 5 Logo grupo NO 3 NO 2 Alk DOC DCF SMX DCF a) b) c) 0.1 LDet Figure 1: results for Experiment 1 (individual pollutant at initial concentration of 1microg/L ). a) chemical evolution with time in the biotic NO3- reducing experiment; b) evolution with time of the average normalized concentration (with respect to the initial value C 0 ) of diclofenac (DCF) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in the biotic test. LDet stays for Limit of Determination; c) idem in the abiotic test. Slide 6 Logo grupo NO 3 Alk DCF SMX DCF DOC APP NO 2 a) b) c) Figure 2: results for Experiment 2 (individual pollutant at initial concentration of 1mg/L ). a) chemical evolution with time in the biotic NO3- reducing experiment; b) evolution with time of the average normalized concentration (with respect to the initial value C 0 ) of Acetaminophen (APP), DCF and SMX in the biotic test. c) idem in the abiotic test. Slide 7 Logo grupo a) c) b) d) Figure 3: Evolution of DCF, Nitro-DCF (NO2-DCF), and nitrite in the biotic series of Experiment 1 (plot a)) and Experiment 2 (plot b). Evolution of SMX, 4-Nitro-SMX (4-NO2-SMX), and nitrite in the biotic series of Experiment 1 (plot c)) and Experiment 2 (plot d). Slide 8 Logo grupo Fate of micropollutants: real site (UPC + IDAEA) Based on column experiments Artificial recharge facility Organic matter layer: 60 cm of compost + natural soil (40 % 60%) Plus some iron hydroxide The test has just started Slide 9 Logo grupo Slide 10 Exchange processes: coupling cation exchange with sorption Slide 11 Logo grupo Biofilm transient impact upon recharge/ clogging (UPC + ICRA) Soil wetting and feeding Biofilm Dessication /scrubbing Biofilm development Soil rewetting Slide 12 Logo grupo Sensor and experimental set up Tank to couple hydrology and biology Coarse and sandy soil collected from the pound in 3 locations Slide 13 Logo grupo Abiotic measurments Soil moisture, EC and temperature Water suction Water flow Slide 14 Logo grupo Biotic measurments Microlysimeter, collection of liquid samples Dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH/ORP nitrate, chloride and temperature Eventually planar octopodes to measure oxygen Imaging surface Slide 15 Logo grupo INFILTRATION /FEEDING P Slide 16 Logo grupo BIOFILM FORMATION P Slide 17 Logo grupo BIOFILM CLOGGING P Slide 18 Logo grupo DESSICATION/SCRUB Slide 19 Logo grupo REWETTING Slide 20 Logo grupo Processes: facies delineation/reconstruction Very similar to CSI With little (to no) information, reconstruct as best as possible the undersampled formation Slide 21 Logo grupo Modelling efforts on reactive transport (UPC+ UPM) Tool development, to be started soon Slide 22 Logo grupo Original figure. Selection of 10 random samples Realization 1Realizacin 2Realizacin 3 Realizacin 50 Realizacin 100 Slide 23 Logo grupo Classsical Kernel Regression Orden 2 CKR2 (Iteracin 0) Figura original Realizacin 1Realizacin 2Realizacin 3 Realizacin 50 Realizacin 100 Slide 24 Logo grupo Steering Kernel Regression Orden 2 SKR2 (Iteracin 1) Figura original Realizacin 1Realizacin 2Realizacin 3 Realizacin 50 Realizacin 100 Slide 25 Logo grupo Steering Kernel Regression Orden 2 SKR2 (Iteracin 2) Figura original Realizacin 1Realizacin 2Realizacin 3 Realizacin 50 Realizacin 100 Slide 26 Logo grupo Concentric formations Slide 27 Logo grupo ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ACTIVITIES En zanjas En superficie Infiltrmetro de Doble Anillo Slide 28 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Ensayos puntuales para la medicin del capacidad de infiltracin de la superficie de la balsa II. Interpretacin Slide 29 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Ensayos puntuales para la medicin del capacidad de infiltracin de la superficie de la balsa III. Resultados PuntoInfiltracin (m/da) Enero 09 S1 0.2 S2 2.6 S3 2.9 S4 3.3 S5 12.9 S6 12.6 Slide 30 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Mapa de variabilidad espacial de los parmetros fsicos y hidrulicos en la superficie de la balsa de infiltracin (SIP) Slide 31 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Resultados de un ensayo de inundacin Slide 32 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Estado de la balsa antes del ensayo de infiltracin Slide 33 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Estado de la balsa durante el ensayo Colmatacin por error humano (human failure) Error de clculo, diseo, aleatoriedad de estabilidad de las estructuras, eventos extremos, vandalismo, Slide 34 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Estado de la balsa despus del ensayo de infiltracin Colmatacin por efectos naturales Crecimiento de algae, trapping de coloides, sedimentacin de material fino en suspencion, precipitacon de minerales, Slide 35 Logo grupo LOCAL INFILTRATION VARIATIONS PuntoInfiltracin (m/da) Junio 09 Diferencia con el valor anterior (antes del ensayo) S1 0.18- 6 % S2 2.1- 20 % S3 2.5- 14 % S4 1.1- 66 % S5 1.2- 91 % S6 6.3- 50 % S7 0.17 S8 3.04 S9 0.75 Slide 36 Logo grupo EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS Model: I = I _0 exp (- e t) + (I_R-I_0) Slide 37 Logo grupo Sitio de estudio en Sant Vicen dels Horts: Oscilaciones de la temperatura y su relacin con el gradiente hidrulico Slide 38 Logo grupo Risk Assessment: Overview and Challenges Slide 39 Logo grupo Illustration of the Process 1) Identifying contaminant source releases & environmentally sensitive targets. 2) Data acquisition used to infer modeling parameters! Site characaterization. 3) Final task: Estimate human health risk toward decision making! Should a site be remediated or not? Is the exposed population at risk? Slide 40 Logo grupo OR AND System Failure Critical Concentrations Sources-Receptors Pathways-Processes CC 11 CC 12 CC ij CC nm CS i PR j SF OR AND PW ijp FAT ijp AND AND Slide 41 Logo grupo CS i PR j AND OR SA ijk AND OBS k BP ijk WELL 1 WELL k WELL nw BP ijk FAT ijk AND FAT ijk OR Sources- Receptors Pathways-Processes Observation wells Slide 42 Logo grupo Computation of probabilities for a monitoring system of two wells: Slide 43 Logo grupo Evolution of Risk with time T: The most sensitive failure mode is the occurrence of simultaneous small sampling frequency Slide 44 Logo grupo APPLICATIONS? so far NAPLs? NAPLs: Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids Fluids capable to stay in the subsurface in a different (non-aqueous) phase thanks to its low solubility LNAPLs (gasoline and other Hydrocarbons) density below water density DNAPLs (Chlorinated solvents) density higher than water Slide 45 Logo grupo Failure of Remediation Time END-POINT C RISK AFTER REMEDIATION Slide 46 Logo grupo Vapor flux Dissolved plume PROBLEM STATEMENT EVALUATE THE RISK IS DIFFICULT DUE TO: MANY PATHS, PROCESSES, RECEPTORS, SOURCES, SAMPLING, OBSERVATION PATH 1 PATH 2 PATH 3 PATH 4 Slide 47 Logo grupo Failure due to Sampling Frequency SOURCE ZONE DNA PL RECEPTOR OBS C time OBSRECEPTO R Slide 48 Logo grupo Failure due to Bypassing SOURCE ZONE DNA PL RECEPTOR OBS C time OBS RECEPTO R Slide 49 Logo grupo Fate and transport We need a transport model or a set of transport models to generate a large number of replicates of the system based on some uncertain parameters Slide 50 Logo grupo Model Parameters RECEPTOR CONTAMINATE D SITE OBSERVATIONS Slide 51 Logo grupo Mass Depletion with Time Mass depletion exponent Slide 52 Logo grupo Review of literature BetaRemediation MethodContaminant Canadian Forces Base Borden Site, Ontario 0.32natural gradient water flush TCM, TCE, PCE in situ chemical oxidation 0.24natural gradient water flush 0.63surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation Hill Air Force Base 0.80cosolvent 1.74surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation 0.35cyclodextrin flushing Dover National Test Site 0.72Ethanol flush 1.03n-Propanol flush 2.36surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation NASA Lunch Complex 34 1.29in situ chemical oxidation 0.64emulsified zero-valent iron Air Force Plant 4 1.00Six Phase heating 0.92 Sages Dry Cleaners0.62cosolventPCE Tucson International Airport5.80pump-and-treatTCE, 1,1-DCE Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant0.31Six Phase heatingTCE, PCBs, VOCs Camp Lageune0.61surfactant enhanced aquifer remediationPCE Former Recycling Facility0.15in situ chemical oxidationPCE,TCE,cis-DCE Savannah River Site1.64in situ chemical oxidation Pinellas Site1.19rotary steam strippingTCE, methylene chloride, DCE, VC Prior Knowledge Slide 53 Logo grupo Integration of data in real time Measurements are incorporated into PRA using Bayes PRIOR KNOWLEDGE POSTERIOR KNOWLEDGE Slide 54 Logo grupo Algorithm Choose prior knowledge Update pdf with Bayes Generate many replicates of the system based on Compute probability of failure Slide 55 Logo grupo Example of application Slide 56 Logo grupo SAMPLING RECEPTOR OBS Observations Slide 57 Logo grupo Slide 58 Prior realizationsPosterior realizations Slide 59 Logo grupo Evolution of Risk with time Slide 60 Logo grupo MORE Applications TO BE DECIDED