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lofroth, eric. 1998. the dead wood cycle

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Role To summarize the role of dead trees and the dead wood cycle we have included the following paper with permission from UBC Press. Lofroth, Eric. 1998. The dead wood cycle.  In: Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes. Edited by J. Voller and S. Harrison. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C.  pp. 185-214. 243 p. The Dead Wood Cycle  Eric Lofroth, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Victoria, British Columbia  Definitions  Dead wood cycle: This term is rarely used in the literature. It refers to the process of tree death, tree fall, and decay in the forested ecosystem. The cycle begins with live healthy trees and ends with their incorporation into the soil organic horizon and/or aquatic environment. Coarse woody debris: This term has been defined variously by researchers and managers. Some (e.g., Harmon et al. 1986) have used it to describe all states of dead wood in the cycle, from snags to logs and fallen branches. Others (Lofroth 1993; Steventon 1994; Province of British Columbia 1995) define it as downed woody material, distinguishing it from the 'snag' or standing dead component. The size above which debris is considered 'coarse' varies among studies and has been identified as greater than 2.5 cm in diameter (Harmon et al. 1986), greater than 5 cm in diameter (Mattson et al. 1987), greater than 7.5 cm in diameter (Quesnel 1994; Keenan and Inselberg, in prep.), greater than 10 cm in diameter (Spies et al. 1988), greater than 15 cm in diameter (Sollins 1982), and greater than 20 cm in diameter (Harmon et al. 1987). Here coarse woody debris (CWD) is defined as downed woody material greater than 10 cm in diameter, and is arbitrarily distinguished from standing dead woody material (wildlife trees or snags) by the angle of repose (less than 45° from the ground). Snags: dead standing trees, typically with a specified lower size limit. Cline et al. (1980) sampled snags greater than 9 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and greater than 4.4 m tall. Raphael and Morrison (1987) set lower boundaries on snags of 13 cm dbh and 1.5 m tall. Lofroth (1993) set a lower limit of 7.5 cm dbh and 2 m tall. The B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Workers' Compensation Board define a snag as a standing dead tree greater than 3 m in height (Backhouse and Lousier 1991). Here snags are considered to be standing dead trees greater than 10 cm dbh and greater than 2 m tall, with an angle of repose greater than 45° from the ground.

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