lofar low frequency array => most distant, high redshift universe !? consortium of international...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LOFARLOFARLOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !?
Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT) USA Naval Research Lab … `best site’ = WA … … …
Novel `technology telescope’ - array design => no moving parts (cheap)
- huge, fast data network - huge collecting area - multi-beamingmulti-beaming
![Page 2: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dutch View
~ 400 km
![Page 3: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
a Lofar `station’
![Page 4: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ground basedradio techniques
10 MHz
350VLAALMAATCAGMRT
LOFARLOFAR
![Page 5: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ground basedradio techniques
10 MHz
350LOFARLOFAR
![Page 6: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
…this workshop… mm astronomy…
ALMA LOFARSimularities:
sky noise atmosphere Gal. Synchrotron rapid phase variation atmosphere ionosphere
Differences: solid angle of tiny (/D of dish) nearly all sky receiving element survey …. mosaic all-sky calibration
![Page 7: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- mapping the neutral clouds in IGM as first sources of ionising
radiation appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?)
![Page 8: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Z = 20 ……………. 15 ………. 10 8 7 6
coldHI
HII
Top LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- mapping of neutral residue of IGM as first sources of ionising
radiation appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?)
< 1 … (Gunn-Peterson Effect)UV
70 MHz 90 MHz 130 160 190 MHz
![Page 9: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Z = 20 15 10 8 7 6
coldHI
warmHI
2 EoRs ??? … or… prolonged, patchy EoR ???
Pop III stars: @ 500 Solar mass
HII
HII
WMAP result => Z ~ 15 to 20
![Page 10: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10 arcmin
LOFAR and SKA …
QuasarQuasardistributeddistributedstar formationstar formation
![Page 11: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- mapping of neutral clouds in IGM as first sources of ionising radiation
appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?)
• Highest redshift radio sources- Steep spectrum selection ( < -2) => 1 source per sample of ~30,000
- => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption
![Page 12: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Spectral Index
Redshift
![Page 13: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Spectral Index
Redshift
![Page 14: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mapping intervening protogalaxies in 21cm absorption
SKAMP-III compatible !
![Page 15: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- mapping of neutral clouds in IGM as first sources of ionising radiation
appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?)
• Highest redshift radio sources- Steep spectrum selection ( < -2) => 1 source per sample of ~30,000
- => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption
• 3-D mapping of the Galactic non-thermal emission- uses free-free absorption by known extended thermal sources
- will determine the origin of the Galactic cosmic ray flux
![Page 16: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Radio sky in 408 MHz continuum (Haslam et al)
(Dominated by synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons)
![Page 17: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
holes in the Galactic radio sky…
Optically thick thermal plasma … HII regions
![Page 18: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
mapping the synchrotron emission in front of … and behind the opaque thermal sources ….
![Page 19: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- Mapping of neutral clouds in IGM as first sources of ionising radiation
appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?) • Highest redshift radio sources
- Steep spectrum selection ( < -2) => 1 source per sample of ~30,000- => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption
• 3-D mapping of the Galactic non-thermal emission- uses free-free absorption by known extended thermal sources- will determine the origin of the Galactic cosmic ray flux
• Transient and bursting sources- no moving parts => nearly instantaneous response to trigger events
- central core is an all-sky (hemisphere) monitor
- sensitive to non-thermal, coherent emission events, should they exist(?)
![Page 20: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The SUN
Coronal Mass Ejections, CMEs
![Page 21: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Highest redshift radio sources- Steep spectrum selection ( < -2) => 1 source per sample of 10,000
- => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation- Tomography of neutral residue of IGM as first sources of ionising
radiation appear at redshifts between 7 and 20(?)
• 3-D mapping of the Galactic non-thermal emission- uses free-free absorption by known extended thermal sources
- will determine the origin of the Galactic cosmic ray flux
• Transient and bursting sources- no moving parts => nearly instantaneous response to trigger events
- central core is an all-sky (hemisphere) monitor
- sensitive to non-thermal, coherent emission events, should they exist(?)
LOFAR astronomical science driversFrank’s 3 favorites
very tough to achieve sensitivity: high risk / high gain #1
#2
#3
![Page 23: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
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Dipole + ground planeDipole + ground plane
conducting ground plane
![Page 25: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dipole + ground planeDipole + ground plane
equivalent to dipole plus mirror image
I eoi2ft
-I eoi2ft
![Page 26: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
h
DipoleDipole elementelement responseresponse
equivalent to dipole plus mirror image
I eoi2ft
-I eoi2ft
h
![Page 27: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
h
DipoleDipole
equivalent to dipole plus mirror image
I eoi2ft
-I eoi2ft
h
P() ~ sin [2h cos()/]2
= zenith angle
(maximize response at =0 if h=/4 )
![Page 28: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
DipoleDipole
I eoi2ft
h
P() ~ sin [2h cos()/] {1 - sin sin }2
azimuth
22
![Page 29: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
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The Sky above dipole
The `sin projection’ of hemisphere onto a plane:
![Page 31: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
‘sin projection’
line of constant zenith angle
![Page 32: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
‘sin projection’
![Page 33: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
‘sin projection’
gives little weight to sky close to horizon !
![Page 34: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
X
Y
![Page 35: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
X
Y
![Page 36: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DipoleDipole
Tuned for 150 MHz
over groundplane
X
Y
![Page 37: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
120 150180 210 MHz 240 MHz
DipoleDipole
Tuned for 150 MHz
![Page 38: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
What are these things?
![Page 39: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Crossed DipolesCrossed Dipoles for dual polarization
conducting plane
![Page 40: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Droopy DipolesDroopy Dipoles for broad-band, dual polarization
LOFAR-Low BandLOFAR-Low Band dipole element
![Page 41: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
h
ss
4x4 array4x4 array of dipoles on ground plane- the ‘LOFAR-High band’ element
(many analogies to gratings for optical wavelengths)
![Page 42: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4x44x4Tuned for 150 MHz
sin projection
![Page 43: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ZA = 0 deg 15 30 45 60 75
![Page 44: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4x4 4x4 PatternsPatterns
120 150
180 210 240
• ZA = 30 deg• tuned for 150
MHz
![Page 45: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Lofar stations ???
![Page 46: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Size
in
a `station’ = 101 `4x4 tiles’
![Page 47: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Size
in
a `station’ as 101 omni-directional elements
![Page 48: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Station Beam: nono 4x4 envelope
![Page 49: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Station Beam: using 4x4 envelope
![Page 50: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Station Beam: 4x4 envelope and taper
![Page 51: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Station Beam
![Page 52: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
OffsetOffsetStationStationBeamBeam
inside the 4x4 beam
Centered station beam
![Page 53: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Latitude: +53.5 degDecl 4x4: 45Offset: 5 @ p.a. 45
![Page 54: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Slices through 4x4 BeamAnd Station beams
taper
![Page 55: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Size
in
a `station’ = 101 `4x4 tiles’
![Page 56: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Zenithno offset
![Page 57: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
oZenith +5 offset
![Page 58: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Radio sky in 408 MHz continuum (Haslam et al)
![Page 59: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
north
south
westeast
-30 deg
![Page 60: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
East
North
Latitude -30
![Page 61: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
East
North
Latitude +53.5
![Page 62: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
north
south
westeast
+53.5 deg
![Page 63: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
north
south
westeast
-30 deg
![Page 64: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation
• Highest redshift radio sources [ => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption ]
• 3-D mapping of the Galactic non-thermal emission
• Transient and bursting sources
![Page 65: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Top 4 LOFAR astronomical science drivers
• 21cm emission/absorption from Epoch of Reionisation
• Highest redshift radio sources [ => catalog of background radio sources for intervening HI absorption ]
• 3-D mapping of the Galactic non-thermal emission
• Transient and bursting sources
![Page 66: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ZA = 30 deg for 4x45 deg Offset for station beam
Effect of moving station beamw.r.t. 4x4 beam
![Page 67: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
GAIN dBGAIN dB
![Page 68: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
2.5 deg offset
GA
IN
dB
![Page 69: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
GA
IN
dB
7.5 deg offset
![Page 70: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
GA
IN
dB
![Page 71: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
GA
IN
dB
4x4 ZA = 30 deg
![Page 72: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: LOFAR LOw Frequency Array => most distant, high redshift Universe !? Consortium of international partners… Dutch ASTRON USA Haystack Observatory (MIT)](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f3c5503460f94c5b999/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)