Vertebral Segments

A-P View

Secondary Curves Lateral

OsteologyTypical VertebraeBodySuperior and inferior surfaces of body (plateaus)Thickened around the rim, location of epiphyseal platesCartilaginous end-platesVertebral ArchPedicles, LaminaeTransverse ProcessesSpinous ProcessFacets superior articular and inferior articular Spinal ForamenIntervertebral Foramen

Typical Vertebrae

Typical Vertebrae

Typical Thoracic

Typical Lumbar

Sacrum and Coccyx

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 507Human vertebral column (lateral view).

Vertebral Relationships

ArthrologyIntervertebral DiscsFibrocartilaginous jointsIncrease in size from C to L (3mm to 9 mm)Ratio remains the sameMake up 20-30% of length of column

Intervertebal Discs

Discs

Discs

Vertebral Relationships

Facet Joints (C and T)

A and P Longitudinal Ligament

Supraspinous

Interspinous

Lumbo-Sacral Jt.

L5/S1

Innominate Bone AKA Hip

Sacrum

Pelvis

Female Pelvis

Pubic Symphysis

C1/C2

Atlanto-Occipital

Atlanto-Occipital

the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)9-*Definition of Joint

Fibrous jointsGenerally immovableCartilaginous jointsImmovable or slightly moveableSynovial jointsFreely moveable9-*Structural Classification of Joints

9-*Types of Sutures

Bones are joined by hyaline cartilagerib attachment to sternumepiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and diaphysis

9-*Cartilaginous Joint -- Synchondrosis

Synovial JointJoint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavityMost are freely movable9-*

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bonesJoint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsuleHave a joint cavity filled with synovial fluidLigaments reinforce the jointFeatures of Synovial Joints

Articular capsule encloses joint cavitycontinuous with periosteumlined by synovial membraneSynovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilagesArticular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfacesArticular discs and meniscijaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee jointsabsorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forcesTendon attaches muscle to boneLigament attaches bone to bone9-*General Anatomy

9-*Knee Joint Sagittal Section

Two kinds of leverslever that helps increase output of forcehuman moving a heavy object with help of crowbarlever move object further and fastermovement of row boat with paddleTypes of levers produce either increase in speed or force9-*Mechanical Advantage of a Lever

Mechanical AdvantageMechanical advantage is calculated from the length of the effort arm divided by the length of the resistance armContraction of the biceps muscle causes the hand to move fast and further (MA

Third-Class LeverEffort between the resistance and the fulcrummost joints of the bodyThe effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm

9-*

Axes of RotationShoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial jointOther joints monoaxial or biaxial9-*

9-*Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeFigure 5.29ac

9-*Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeFigure 5.29df

Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each otherLimited monoaxial jointConsidered amphiarthroses9-*Gliding Joints (Also called Plane Joints)

Hinge JointsOne bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other boneulna and humerus at elbow jointfemur and tibia at knee jointfinger and toe jointsMonoaxial joint9-*

9-*Hinge Joint

Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depressionhead of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapulahead of femur into acetabulum of hip boneMultiaxial joint9-*Ball-and-Socket Joints

9-*Ball in Socket Joint

One bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of anotherFirst bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the otheratlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius during pronation and supination9-*Pivot Joints

9-*Pivot Joint

Flexion decreases the angle of a jointExtension straightens and returns to the anatomical positionHyperextension = extension beyond 180 degrees9-*Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension

9-*Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension

Rotation of Trunk and HeadRight rotation of trunk; rotation of head9-*

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