locomotion & support

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT 1

PART A: Activities Section

Learning Outcomes:- Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion- Explains how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and

animals

1. What is the difference between locomotion and movement?

Locomotion: ______________________________________________________

Movement: _______________________________________________________

2. Three types of skeletons in animals are _______________, ______________and

________________ _________________.

3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate answers.

2.1 Support & Locomotion in Humans

and animals

Needs for support

Problems of

Humans

Joints

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Axial Appendicular Muscles Tendon Ligament

Muscles action

Movement

Animals

EarthwormGrasshopperFish

Overcomed by

Consists of Position & nature of

Bring about

eg.1

2

3

4 65


Learning Outcomes:- Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of the human body - Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in diagram of the arm

- Explain how movement is brought about in a limb

The Vertebral Column 4. Fill in the name of general vertebral structure parts:

Name and describe special characteristic for each vertebrae

1. Name: ______________________

Special Characteristics:___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

2. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

1_________________ __________________

2________________________________

5__________________

6________________ 4___________________

3_________________

Vertebral General Structure


3. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

4. Name: ______________________


___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

___________________________________

coccyx


5. Label all the structures:

10

11

12

7

8

9

3

5

4

21

14

15

16

13

20

19

17

18

22

21

6

23


Appendicular Skeleton6. Name all of the appendicular parts.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

11

1213

14

The Upper LimbThe Lower Limb

8

9

15

16


The action of antagonistic muscles7. Fill in the blanks with correct answers.

B

C

B

C

C) _________

A) ____________

D)____________

____________

B) Biceps muscle, B – _____________

while

Triceps muscle, C - _____________

E)______________

H)_______________

F) _______________

G)Biceps muscle, B – _____________

while

Triceps muscle, C - _____________


Muscles Involved in Walking8. Please arrange back all the process according to the right sequence:

a) The whole sequence is repeated with the left legb) Next, the quadriceps muscle contracts, pulls the femur forward and extends the

legc) The hamstring muscle contracts to pull the femur back and bends the knee. The

leg is raisedd) When the extension of the leg is completed, the foot then regains contact with

the ground with the heel touching the ground first. The weight of the body is now supported on the right leg

e) The calf muscle contracts and raises the heelf) In doing so, it exerts a forward thrust by pushing the ball of the foot against the

groundg) As the right foot loses contact with the ground, the weight of the body is now

supported by the left leg which is still in contact with the ground

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System9. Tick √ for the right statement and X for the wrong one.

1 Clothing should not inhibit the movement of the body

2 Keep the body adequately dehydrated during vigorous activities

3 Exercising with objects tied around the waist, or with ill-fitting footwear can distort the posture

4 Do not warm up before involve in sport activities because it will make you cramp

5 Drink a fruit juice or a sports beverage if you are working out in hot weather

6 Physical activities strengthen joint structures, increase muscular perfomance and delay the progress of arthritis

7 Stilettoes should not be used for walking because the weight of the body is on the front part of the feet

8 Taking adequate amounts of calcium and phosporus will help us maintain our musculoskeletal system

Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

1 2 3 4

5


10. Fill in the blanks:

Need for

Achieved by Achieved by

Examples ExamplesExamplesExamples

Collenchyma

Schlerenchyma

Cell turgidityXylem

In

Types

11. Complete all articles using the words given:

A. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

downwardsstronglowpressure

aerofoiluppercoracoidbottom

sternum forceliftsgliding

The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and __________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings.

This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the whole body of the bird upwards.When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________ surface of the aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on the ________ surface.A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.


B. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm

shorterhydrostaticlongitudinal

cavitycoelomcircular

muscles chaetae peristaltic

Earthworm have a _________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ________ called the __________. The ___________ is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of __________: the ___________muscles and the ___________ muscles. When the circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes _________ and thicker. An earthworm has _________ which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation of both muscles produce a ____________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of the body.

C. The mechanism of locomotion in a grasshopper

antagonistic jumping pulled

extensor flexorpropelling

contractsupwards extensor

A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for ___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a grasshopper’s leg ___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the grasshopper forward and __________ into the air.

C. The mechanism of locomotion in a fish

reduce myotomes sweep

Streamlinedcontract pushing

resistance waves backwards

A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while swimming. Each side of the fish’s body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side ___________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ________ of contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body __________ from side to side, ____________ the water ____________ and the fish forwards.


PART B: Structured Item Section

1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of feathers and flight muscles of a bird


(a) (i) Name two other groups of animal that can fly.

_________________________________________________________________ (2 m)

(ii) State two differences between the musculoskeletal system of one group named in (a) (i) and the musculoskeletal system of birds.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(b) State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

(3 m)

(c) How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

(2 m)

(d) Describe the characteristics of bird’s bones that allow the bird to gain elevation in the air.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

(3 m)


(e) State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (1 m)

2.


(a) Name the type of joint shown in the figure.

___________________________________________________________________ (1 m)

(b) What is the function of the structure labelled V?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2 m)

(c) The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2 m)

(d) What is W?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(e) What is the importance of W?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(f) (i) Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

(ii) Name a different type of joint from the one in the figure.

__________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)


3. Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions

(a) Define the term posture.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(b) What is meant by a correct posture?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B? __________________ (1m)

(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ (2m)


(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in terms of:

(i) Energy

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(ii) Breathing mechanism

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________ (2m)

4. Figure 4(a) shows a series of movement of a worm on a surface. Figure 4(b) hows the muscle, bone and joint that are involved in the movement of the arm.


4(A) 4(B)

(a) Name the muscle involved in the movement in the

(i) Worm: ____________________________________________________________

(ii) Arm: _____________________________________________________________ (2m)

(b) Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the

(i) Worm

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(ii) Arm

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ (2m)(c) Explain the function of the liquid found in the worm’s body that allow it to move forward

X


___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(d) (i) Compare the skeletal strength of the worm and the vertebrate animal

_________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(ii) Give reasons to your answers in (d)(i)

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(e) If bone X of a person breaks,

(i) State two nutrients that the person should take

________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(ii) Explain why these nutrients are needed

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ (2m)

5. Figure 5 shows three types of plants P, Q and R. Each type of plants have special adaptations to gain more support.


(a) Classify all this plants to two categories according to its habitat

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ (2m)

(b) (i) Explain how plant P gains support which enable it to survive in its habitat.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(ii) Draw the special tissue involve in support in (b)(i) above

(2m)

(c) Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main purpose.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(d) (i) Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem condition.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (1m)

(ii) How plant Q obtain support?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ (2m)


(e) Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Q’s stem.

(3m)

PART C: Essay Item Section

2.1 Understanding Support And Locomotion In Humans And Animals

2.2 Appreciating A Healthy Musculoskeletal System

1

(a) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of bones in the forelimb. In your

diagram draw the position of ligament, muscle and tendon. [ 6 marks]

(a) State the characteristic of a good posture when standing and lifting heavy object

from the floor. [4 marks]

Appendicular skeleton consists of limbs of the body

Good posture is one way of maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system .


(b) Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying. [10 marks]

2.3 Understanding Support In Plants

2 .

(a) Plants do not have skeletons but some plants can grow to more than 10 metres

in height .Explain how support is achieved in woody plants. [4 marks]

(b) Aquatic plants such as water hyacinths are able to float in water. Explain the

adaptation found in aquatic plants. [10 marks]

(c) Creepers cannot support their own weight. Explain briefly, with examples, how

creepers obtain support . [ 6 marks]

ANSWERS:

PART A: Activities Section

No Suggested Answers1 Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to

anotherMovement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organism’s body but it does not necessarily involve locomotion

2 Exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton3 1: Skeletal system

2: Joints3: Muscular system4: Appendicular5: Tendon6: Ligament

4 1. Name: Cervical Vertebrae Have transverse foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass2. Name: Thoracic Vertebrae Have spinous processes that are long and serve as points of attachment for muscles and ligaments3. Name: Lumbar Vertebrae Have large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back4. Name: Sacrum - Formed through fusion of 5 bones

A bird can fly with its wings.


- Coccyx – triangular in shape and formed through the fusion of 4 bones5 1 Sternum 11 Cranial bone 21 Metatarsals

2 Ribs 12 Facial bone 22 Tarsals3 Illium 13 Synovial fluid 23 phalanges4 Pubis 14 Humerus5 Obturator foramen 15 Synovial membrane6 Ischium 16 Tendon7 Sacrum 17 Femur8 Coccyx 18 Patela9 Pubis symphisis 19 Tibia10 suture 20 fibula

6 1 Pelvic girdle 9 Phalanges2 Head of femur 10 Head of humerus3 Femur 11 Humerus4 Patella 12 Radius5 Tibia 13 Ulna6 Fibula 14 Carpals7 Tarsals 15 Metacarpals8 metatarsals 16 phalanges

7 A: radiusB: B- contracts, C- relaxesC: ulnaD: scapulaE: HumerusF: UlnaG: B – relaxes, C - contractsH: radius

8 1: e , 2: f , 3: c , 4: g , 5:b , 6:d , 7:a .9 1,3,5,6,7,8: [√] ; 2,4: [X]10 1: aerenchyma , 2: air sacs , 3: woody tissues , 4: non woody tissues , 5:

collenchyme11

The locomotion of birdThe locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and gliding. When flapping the wings downwards , the strong and large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings.

This force is sent from the wings to the coracoid until the sternum and lifts the whole body of the bird upwards.When gliding, the wing acts as an aerofoil. Air moves faster on the upper surface of the aerofoil. An area of low pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on the bottom surface.A lifting force is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.

The locomotion of earthwormEarthworm have a hydrostatic skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled cavity called the coelom. The coelom is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of muscles: the circular muscles and the longitudinal muscles. When the circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes


thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes shorter and thicker. An earthworm has chaetae which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contracon and relaxation of both muscles produce a peristaltic wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of the body.

The locomotion of earthwormA grasshopper has antagonistic muscles called the flexor and extensor muscles which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for jumping. When the flexor muscle in the upper part of a grasshopper’s leg contracts, the lower leg is pulled towards the body. When the extensor muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, propelling the grasshopper forward and upwards into the air.

The locomotion of fishA fish has a streamlined and slimy body to reduce water resistance while swimming. Each side of the fish’s body has myotomes which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side contract, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating waves of contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body sweep from side to side, pushing the water backwards and the fish forwards.

PART B: Structured Item Section

1 a) (i) Bats, Insects (ii) - Insects have wings without bones while birds have wings with bones - The muscles of insects are attached to the exoskeleton - The muscle of birds are attached to the endoskeletonb) The bones are hollow; the body is small; the body is shaped like an aerofoilc) The feathers are parallel and overlap one another to reduce wind resistanced) - Hollow - stronge) very light body

2 (a) Ball and socket joins(b) To hold the two bones together and facilitate movements(c) X is the cartilage which - cushions the joints// absorbs shock// reduces the friction between the end of the bones(d) (i) synovial fluid (ii) it acts as a lubricant which reduces the friction between the ends of the bones(e) (i) The hip joint between the femur and the pelvic girdle (or the shoulder joint between the humerus and the pectoral girdle) (ii) Hinge joint

3 (a) Posture is defined as a way a body is positioned(b) A correct posture means that the


body shape is in a correction position // the muscles are minimally strectched(c) Student A(d) When standing, the head must be aligned with the backbone and backside//the shoulder should be arched slightly to the back of the head//the body and the sole of the feet should form a straight line(e) (i) causes a lot of energy to be wasted when the muscles are working (ii) prevents proper movement of the chest area and makes breathing difficult(f) Physical exercise helps to maintain muscle strength and produces good movement and support

4 (a) (i) Longitudinal muscles, circular muscles on the body wall (ii) Biceps muscle, triceps muscle(b) (i) Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles act antagonistically to enable its

body to shorten and lenghten (alternately) (ii) The biceps muscle and triceps muscle act antagonistically to pull the radius

bone or ulna bone, and enable the arm to be bent or straightened(c) The fluid in the body acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to propel its body forward(d) (i) The internal skeleton of vertebrates is stronger than the worm’s hydrostatic skeleton (ii) The skeleton of vertebrates consist of strong and hard bones, while the hydrostatic skeleton in the worm consists of liquid that presses against the

body wall(e) (i) Calcium, vitamin D (ii) Calcium is required to repair and strengthen bones Vitamin D is required to help in the absorption of calcium to build strong bones

5 (a) P: aquatic plant Q & R: Terrestrial plant(b) (i) support in plant P is obtain from aerenchyme tissues and floating force inside the root, leaves and petiols (ii)

(c) To absorb maximum sun light energy for photosynthesis(d) i. P stem is soft because it has no lignin but the stems of Q and R is hard because both of them are woody ii. Q: it obtains support from the xylem vessels and tracheid (lignin)(e)


PART C: Essay Item Section

No Suggested Answers1a

b --When standing, the head, body and limbs should be in a vertical lines, with the vertebral

column nearly parallel to the vertical axis.

--When lifting heavy objects, squat with the arms extended out straight to the object but

humerus

tendon

ligament

tricepsbiceps

scapula

radiusulna


with the head and body straight .

--As the objects is being lifted up ,the thorax and abdomen should be straight and upright .

c - Birds fly either by flapping their wings or gliding.

- When the bird is moving its wing downwards, the pectoralis major which is large and

strong contracts.

- The air resistance produce as a result of moving the wings down provide on upthrust on

the wings.

- The thrust is transmitted from the wings to the coracoid until the sternum.

- As a result the whole body is lifted up.

- When gliding the wings act as an aerofoil.

- The flow of air above the wings is faster compare with the flow of air below the wing.

- This results in a low pressure on the upper surface and a higher pressure on lower

surface,

- hence an upward thrust is produced below the wings to lift the bird up into the air.

2 a - Wood tissues are formed from the secondary xylem tissues.

- Xylem cells have thick cell walls and are hardened by lignin.

- Older xylem tissues are pushed inward to become wood tracheids have lignified walls to

give support.

- Schlerenchyma tissues has thick , lignified cellulose walls to give strength to the plant.

b - Absence of wood tissues, so that aquatic plants are lighter.

- Lot of air sacs in leaves, stems and roots to keep plant afloat.

- Few vascular bundles concentrated in the middle of stem and root to prevent it from

breaking.

- It has aerenchyma tissue to keep the plant afloat.

- Leaves of submerged plants are fine and thin to enable the plant to bend and wave with

water currents.

- Xylem vessels are not lignified to enable the plant to bend.

c -Tendrils on the stem to twine around support for example, cucumber plant

-Tendrils at the end of leaf as in Gloriosa sp.

- Modified root to twine around support as in pepper plant.

- Shoot to twine around support as in morning glory

locomotion & support

Documents

special characteristics

right leg e

right foot

right sequence

left leg b

appendicular skeleton

ground g

right statement