Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals

The necessity for support & locomotion in Humans & Animals

• Locomotion - ability of a whole organism to move from one place to another in its environment.

• Movement – a change in the position of any part of an organism’s body but it does not necessarily involve locomotion.

• Humans & animals must move to get their needs as follow:a) looking for foodb) getting protection from enemy & natural disasterc) looking for opposite sex for mating purposes

• Problems faced:a) gravitational pull / weightb) resistance force / friction forcec) instability in different media (air, land, water)

The necessity for support & locomotion in Humans & Animals

• Skeleton functions are to:a) provide shape for body of organismb) supporting the soft body tissuesc) making movements easier by having joints, muscle, tendon, ligamentd) protect internal organs from injury,

e.g.: Vertebral column – protect spinal corde) stores certain minerals (calcium & phosphorous)f) produces blood cells

• Multicellular animals, 3 types of skeletons:a) hydrostatic skeletonb) exoskeletonsc) endoskeletons

Types of Skeleton

Hydrostatic

Skeleton

External Exoskelet

on

Internal Endoskele

ton

Consist of internal fluids within the confined space of the bodyExample: earthworm, sea anemones

Cuticle of an insect covers the space of its body. It is covered with wax to prevent loss. To increase in size, arthropods have to shed their skeletons through ecdysis

Made of bones & cartilage to which muscles are attached. Vertebrates depend on bones for locomotion.

Human Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton

SkullVertebral columnRibs Sternum

Pectoral girdleHumerus Ulna Radius Pelvic girdleFemur TibiaFibula

The Axial SkeletonThe Appendicular

Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton• The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head

and trunk of the human body.

• It is composed of three parts:

The skull (22)• Cranial Bones (8): [Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal

(1), Occipital (1), Sphenoid(2)]• Facial Bones (14): [Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2),

Mandible (1), Nasal (2), Palatine (2), Inferior nasal concha (2), Lacrimal (2), Vomer (1) ]

The Axial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton

The chest (25)• Sternum (1)• Ribs (24)

The vertebral column (33)• Cervical vertebrae (7)• Thoracic vertebrae (12)• Lumbar vertebrae (5)• Sacral vertebrae @ sacrum (5)• Caudal vertebrae @ coccyx (4)

Thoracic Cage

Sternum

Vertebral Column

Vertebrae

Typical Vertebra has a CENTRUM, an opening called VERTEBRAL FORAMEN, and projection called PROCESS

Cervical Vertebrae

Cervical VertebraeATLAS

• A pair of vertebrarterial canal is to allow the vertebral artery to pass through the brain.

• Have NO centrum.• To support cranium and produce “nodded

(yes)” movement.AXIS

• A pair of verterbrarterial canal.• Have ODONTOID process to get in the

odontoid location in the neural canal of the atlas vertebra.

• Produce “NO” movement.

Cervical Vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae

• A pair of vertebrarterial canal.• Short transverse process. • Presence of centrum.

Thoracic Vertebrae

• Have LONG spinous process which is directed downwards.• Transverse process and centrum serve as point of

attachment for rib.

Lumbar Vertebrae

• The largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column.• Their processes are short and thick.• Large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back.

Sacrum and Coccyx

• The sacrum is a triangular bone structure formed through the fusion of 5 bones.

• The coccyx is also a triangle bone structure formed through the fusion of 4 bones.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton• The appendicular skeleton consisting of 126 bones. • Appendicular referring to an appendage or anything attached

to a major part of the body, such as the upper and lower extremities.

• It is composed of :

1) The pectoral girdle 2) The pelvic girdle • Clavicle @ collar bone - Ilium • Scapula @ shoulder blade -Pubic

-Ischium

The Pectoral Girdle

The Pelvic Girdle

The Pelvic Girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton3) The upper limb • Humerus (1)• Radius (1)• Ulna (1)• Carpals (8)• Metacarpals (5)• Phalanges (14)

4) The lower limb • Femur (1)• Tibia (1)• Fibula (1)• Patella (1)• Tarsus (7)• Metatarsus (5)• Phalanges (14)

The Appendicular Skeleton