lloyd hist1 lecture series 1

8/2/2019 Lloyd Hist1 Lecture Series 1

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UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN


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Discuss the following:

1. Tribute

2. Forced Labor

3. Bandala

4. Divide & Rule

5. Intermediaries


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Objectives:

Define mercantilism in order to understandthe colonization of Spain in islands(Philippines).

Discuss the machinations in colonization. Thiswill refer to the tools of pacification insubduing the areas.

Reflect the effects of the tools of pacificationby evaluating the events.


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Feudalism is a decentralized sociopoliticalstructure in which a weak monarchy attempts tocontrol the lands of the realm through reciprocalagreements with regional leaders. In its mostclassic sense, feudalism refers to the Medieval

European political system composed of a set ofreciprocal legal & military obligations among thewarrior nobility, revolving around the threeconcepts of lords, vassals, & fiefs.


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Feudal System:

The King was in complete control under thefeudal system. He owned all the land in thecountry & decided who he would lease land to.

Barons leased the land from the king whichwas known as manor. They established their ownsystem of justice, minted their own money & set

their own taxes. In returned for the land, thebarons had to served on the royal council, payrent & provide the King with Knights for militaryservice.


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Knights were given land by the Baron in return forthe military service. The Knights kept as much of theland as they wished for their own personal use &distributed the rest to villeins (serf).

Villeins known as serfs, were given land by the

Knights. They had to provide the Knight with freelabor, food, & service. Villeins had no rights. Theyhad no rights to leave the Manor & had to askpermission before they could marry.

The M iddle Ages in Europe were marked bycontinuance of an anti-commerce attitude &preoccupation with the local markets.


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Feudal System

King

Barons

Knights

Villeins

(Serf)


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The crusades of the 11th, 12th, & 13th centuries

brought important changes in western society.The crusades brought feudal Europe intocontact with the East; contact led to therediscovery of the classics that had been

preserved by Islamic writers, influencing thearts, literature, science, & philosophy contactopened new markets. Trade with the Arabic

cultures also influenced European economicthinking & introduced the earliest form ofcapitalism, mercantilism.


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Crusades


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Mercantilism

Mercantilism is the distribution of goods inorder to realize a profit simply buy low fromone place & sell high at another place.


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Mercantilism was he manifestation of capitalismin the state of birth. The mercantilist believedthat the power of the country depended on thespecie that it could accumulate. Thus, theshipment of metal out of the country was

discouraged & the acquisition of gold & silverwas encouraged. The colonies served as sourcesof gold & silver, & if they were not producers ofprecious metals, a system of trade with other

countries was instituted utilizing the products ofthose colonies to achieve a favorable tradebalance for continued accumulation.


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Characteristics o of

Mercantilism: Bullionism The economic well-being of the

nation is measured by possession of preciousmetals, especially gold or silver.

Favorable balance of Trade It must exportmore than it imports. Imports are an outflowof wealth. Exports are an inflow of wealth.

Economic self-sufficiency To reduce theoutflow of wealth, the state shouldencourage domestic industrial development& discourage imports.


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Agriculture is the basis of national wealth.Because mostof the consumption is food, domestic agriculture isencouraged. This limits dependence of foreigners &increases the local tax base.

Tariffs To reduce dependence of foreign materials,tariffs should be high on imported manufactured

goods, but low on imported raw materials. National Power Great nations are Sea Powers with

colonies. Colonies provide captive markets formanufactured goods & sources of raw materials. Formany, European nations, colonies are the direct source

of gold & silver, national wealth. Economic development is a government function: to

enforce economic trade & trade policies, protect &accrue national wealth.


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Trade Routes

Up to the fifteenth century, traders from Europe & the Eastused the three routes.

The first or northern route started from northern china,passed through central Asia by way of the cities of Bokhara

& Samarkand, around the Caspian Sea & the Black Sea, &through Constantinople to the Mediterranean.

The 2nd or central route started from Malacca on the MalayPeninsula, westward to the Indian Ocean & the Indiansubcontinent, through the Persian Gulf to Baghdad,Constantinople, & other Mediterranean ports.

The third or Southern route started at Malacca, westwardto the Indian Ocean & India, through the Red Sea, & finallyto Cairo to Egypt.


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In 1453, however, the Ottoman Turks captured

Constantinople. Since the city lay athwart thethree trade routes, the Turks were in a positionto control them. They closed the northern &central routes but allowed Venice to use the onlyremaining route upon payment of certain feeswhich must have been stiff. It was that Venicecontrolled the southern route &, therefore,

monopolized the coveted oriental goods,particularly spices.


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To break the Venetian monopoly of the Oriental

trade, Portugal followed by Spain, decided tosearch for a new trade route, both countriesbeing removed from the center of the old traderoutes.


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The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by

Bartolomeo Dias in 1486, followed by itsrounding by Vasco da Gama who reachedCalicut, India, in 1498, (aid the foundation of thePortuguese empire in the Orient. Spain, jealous

of the Portuguese achievement, sentChristopher Columbus across the Atlantic whichresulted in the discovery of America.


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The crown had made it a practice to enter into

contracts with leaders of military expedition . . .These contracts provided the precedent for thecapitulacion, the typical document of agreementbetween the Spanish monarch & theconquistadores of the New World. In thesecontracts, certain rights were reserved to theCrown in the conquered territories while the

conquistador was assured of rewards in the formof positions, spoils of the conquest.


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March 16, 1521 landing of Magellan in the

islands. March 17, 1521 should be added one day when

Magellan crossed the International Date Line.


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In May 4, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued 4

papal bulls (decrees). One of the Papal bullsdivided the world between t Spain & Portugal,Bull Inter Caetera drawing an imaginary linethrough the globe, starting a hundred leagues

west of Azores & Cape Verde Islands, & giving toSpain without benefit of authority all lands tothe west & to Portugal all lands to the east of the

lines.


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In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed

which partitioned the non-Christian world intotwo spheres of influence. It faithfully followedthe papal bull of 1493 granting the New world toSpain, while Africa & India were reserved onlyfor Portugal. However, the treaty shifted thedemarcation line 370 leagues farther west, thusassigning Brazil to Portugal. This was a veritable

Portuguese gain.


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Treaty of of Zaragoza In 1529, King Charles V

ceded his alleged rights to Maluku to John III ofPortugal for 350,000 ducats, not knowing that theyrightfully belonged to the Portuguese area ofresponsibility as provided for in the Treaty of

Tordesillas , truly an evidence of the lack of propergeographical knowledge on both parties. A line ofdemarcation was drawn from pole to pole, this timeat 297 leagues east of Maluku, which was agreed

upon as the western limit of Spains colonialownership . In view of the treaty, the Spanish goal inthe West was limited only to the Philippines.


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First Man Around the World

Enrique the Filipino slave of Magellan, aCebuano, was brought by Magellan in theMalacca slave market, acted as interpreter, when

Magellan died, he remained in Cebu. Ferdinand Magellan he was in Malacca in 1505

1513.

Sebastian de Elcan0 Spanish ship captain who

brought the Victoria & the survivors back toSpain. The Spanish king gave him the honorwhich should have gone to Magellan. He got anannual pension & a coat-of-arms.


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Encomienda- Encomiendar means to commit

or charge to ones care. It was a feudalinstitution used in Spain during the reconquistato reward deserving generals & conquerors. The

crown delegated the power to collect tribute &to use the personal services of the inhabitants oftheir encomienda.


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Encomienda- Encomiendar means to commit

or charge to ones care. It was a feudalinstitution used in Spain during the reconquistato reward deserving generals & conquerors. The

crown delegated the power to collect tribute &to use the personal services of the inhabitants oftheir encomienda.


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Reduccion pajo de campana or within the

hearing of the church bells. It demonstrated thatthe Indians ( in Latin America) were more rapidly& efficiently organized for colonial purposesonce they had been resettled in compact village.

This experiences became the model of thePhilippines with the difference that whereas inSpains America colonies, resettlement was

carried out jointly by church & state, reduccionin the Philippines was mainly the work of thefriars.


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Reduccion tamed encomienda/resettlement

Result: compact villages was highly impracticalbecause they needed to live close to the landthey tilled.

Barrio settlement for the converts. Rancherias settlement for the infidels.


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Instruments of Pacification:

Tribute 80 years war between the Dutch &the Spaniards began in 1568. The Dutchseized Portuguese colonies in the East. To

finance the expedition of Spain against herenemies, a tribute had to exacted, labor hadto be recruited, and they commandeered ricesupplies.

Result: No surplus, largely dependent onsubsistence agriculture, it intensified social &economic distress.


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Forced labor (polo y servicio) 16-60 years old,

men were required to serve for 40 days in thelabor pool or polo, from 1580 to 1884.

Result: Shortage of manpower meantabandoned fields, as a consequence, peopledied in hunger.


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Bandala (vandalized) instructed by Gov. SebastianHurtado de Corcuera in the 1st half of 17th century. Itconsisted of annual quotas to each province for thecompulsory sale of products to the government. Butthe government didnt have enough funds. Thepeople only got promissory note. The prices were

lower than the prevailing price. If a person fail togive the quota with his own produce, he had to butat a higher price & sell it to lower price togovernment but not paid.

Result: Forced many people become indebted. Inthe 1st decade in the century, government owedmillions of pesos.


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Divide & Rule - (Divide et Empira) Spaniardsnever had a large military contingent . . . to be

backed up by locally recruited forces. Peoplewere lack of national consciousness. Eachlocality regarded itself as separate apart from

the others. Result: Spaniards used the native troops from

one region to put down revolts in other regions.


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Intermediaries colonial goals could hardly beachieved by small Spanish community alone ifwithout the participation of the traditional nativeleaders (datu or rajah). The Spaniards gave themprivileges. The roles assigned to them wereextracting the tribute, the polo & the bandala.

Result: When they took advantage of their positionto enrich themselves, these leaders of the nativecommunities were transformed into pillars ofcolonial administration they were the

intermediaries (go-between) between the ruler & heruled.


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Obejectives

Explain the responses of the natives to theSpanish policies. (Policies that refer to toolsof pacification)

Identify the causes of revolts.

Discuss the failure of revolts.


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Causes of Local Revolts:

1. Personal Grievances personaldissatisfaction with Spanish rule.Disenchanted with ill-kept promise which was

being exempted from taxation. Lakan Dula &his nephew Rajah Sulayman, attacked thecitadel in Manila. In Visayas, a babaylan calledTamblot, In Limasawa, Bankaw, In Bohol,

Dagohoy who angered by the refusal of theJesuit priest to give a Christian burial to hisbrother killed in the duel.


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2. Opposition to Spanish Imposition The revolts were againstlabor conscription, unjust & cruel system of taxation , & theunpaid bandala.

Events: In 1596, led by Magalat due to the illegal collection of tribute

in Cagayan.

Sumuroy against the conscription of polistas from Visayas forthe shipyard in Cavite.

In 1660, Francisco Maniego, in Pampanga against forcingthem to cut timber for the construction of the galleons.

Andres Malong in Pangasinan, proclaimed as king, followingthe examples of Pampango.

1762 (Seven Years War) taking advantage, people in Pangasinan

demanded the abolition of the tribute, . . . was continued byJuan dela cruz.

In Ilokos, Diego Silang against the anomalous collection oftribute, continued by his wife, Gabriela.


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3. Religious Uprising for the dogma of theCatholic church, its precepts & meaning neverfully understood. In 1840, the Dominicans

refused to accept Apolinario dela Cruz . DelaCruz founded Confradia de San Jose, gainedthousands of followers in Tayabas (Quezon

Province).


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4. Agrarian Complaints mounting debt that cannotbe paid by small cultivators while vast tract of land

accumulated in the hands of money lenders keptenjoying the boom in foreign trade in 19th century.The peasant remained sharecropper, the inquilinoswere able to evade the harsh land taxes, continuedthe burden of the peasants. In this event, there were

arbitrary increases in land rents, unjust eviction offarmers, fraudulent land measurement, absence ofproper land title system.

Revolts led by Juan Matienza - caused by

unconditional appropriation of land. In 18th century, Dominicans & Augustinians increase

the rents of their estates.


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Causes of the failure of

Revolts:

Fragmented resistance

Geographical unit

Tribalistic

Lack of unity & leadership

Giving concessions to the native chieftains.

The natives failed to sensitize commonidentities & purpose.

The presence of the clergy kept the nativesdocile, it conditioned their minds into acceptingthe existing arrangements of power & authorityin society.

lloyd hist1 lecture series 1

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