living in the endless cities

7/29/2019 Living in the Endless Cities

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JANUARY 2011JUNE 2012

REPORT


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Graphic DesignAtelier Works www.atelierworks.co.uk

Cover imageShoppers at the Marble Road street market n North Point,

Hong Kong. Image credit: Wei Leng Tay

LSE Cities

London School of Economics

and Political Science

Houghton Street

London WC2A 2AE

United Kingdom

[email protected]

www.lsecities.net

LSE Cities is an international research and teaching

centre, supported by Deutsche Bank, based at the

London School of Economics and Political Science.

Its mission is to:

improve our understanding of the interactions

between the built fabric of cities and their social,

economic, cultural and environmental dynamics

carry out high quality, interdisciplinary research on

cities that connects the study of urban form with

the core social science disciplines investigated at theLondon School of Economics

disseminate the work of the Centre to the next

generation of urban leaders, designers and educators

through conferences, seminars and outreach activities


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3LSE Cities Sta 3Directors Report 7Highlights 9Timeline 11

RESEARCH 13Unit A: Cities, Space and Society 14Unit B: Cities, Environment and Climate Change 16Unit C: Urban Governance 18

PUBLICATIONS 19Living in the Endless City 20UNEP Green Economy Report 23The Tale o Two Regions 25Cities, Health and Wellbeing 26City, Street and Citizen 29

Going Green 31List o Publications 33

OUTREACH 35Urban Age Cities, Health and Wellbeing Conerence 36Public Lectures 39Seminars and Symposia 41Website, Social Media and Press 44List o Lectures and Presentations by LSE Cities Sta 45

EDUCATION 49Cities Programme 50

ORGANISATION 53LSE Cities Sta 54Governing Board 54Advisory Board 54


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LSECITIESSTAFFAS AT 30 JUNE 2012

RickyBurdett

DirectorRicky Burdett is Proessor o Urban Studies at LSE anddirector o the Urban Age programme. His researchinterests ocus on the interactions between the physicaland social worlds in the contemporary city and howrapid urbanisation aects social and environmentalsustainability. He is a Global Distinguished Proessor atNew York University and a member o Council o the RoyalCollege o Art. Burdett is involved in major regenerationprojects across Europe and was Chie Adviser onArchitecture and Urbanism or the London 2012 Olympicsand architectural adviser to the Mayor o London rom2001 to 2006. In addition to leading interdisciplinary

research and teaching programmes, Burdett has curatednumerous exhibitions including Global Cities at TateModern and was the Director o the 2006 ArchitectureBiennale in Venice. He is coeditor o two books basedon the Urban Age research project The Endless City(2007) and Living in the Endless City (2011) and a regularcontributor to journals, books and media programmes oncontemporary architecture and urbanism.

PhilippRodeExecutive DirectorPhilipp Rode is a Senior Research Fellow at the London

School o Economics and Political Science and OveArup Fellow with the LSE Cities Programme where hecoconvenes the LSE Sociology Course on City Making:The Politics o Urban Form. He coordinates severalresearch initiatives on cities and climate change withparticular interest in transport, energy and the greeneconomy, and comanages the Urban Age conerences.He was coordinating author o the Cities and Buildingschapters or Towards a Green Economy: Pathways toSustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (UNEP2011), a report commissioned rom the United NationsEnvironment Programme and is leading research on thegreen economy in cooperation with Lord Stern and theGrantham Institute or the Economics o Climate Changeat LSE. With ICLEI, he is overseeing an internationalsurvey o cities and their policy responses to Going Greenand has worked on a series o interdisciplinary projects andpublications including Transorming Urban Economies(2012) The Global MetroMonitor (2010), Cities and SocialEquity (2009) and Integrated City Making (2008).FranTonkissAcademic Director, Cities ProgrammeFran Tonkiss is Reader in Sociology at LSE. She joined theDepartment o Sociology at LSE in 2004, and previously

has taught at Goldsmiths College and at the City Universityin London. Her research and teaching is in the elds ourban and economic sociology. Her interests in urbanstudies include cities and social theory, urban developmentand gentrication, urban divisions and public space. Ineconomic sociology, her research ocuses on markets,

capitalism and globalisation, trust and social capital.Publications in these elds include Space, the City andSocial Theory, and Contemporary Economic Sociology:Globalisation, Production, Inequality. She is the coauthoro Market Society: Markets and Modern Social Theory

(2001) and coeditor o Trust and Civil Society (2000).She is an editor o the British Journal o Sociology, and amember o the editorial board o Economy and Society.

KarlBakerResearcherKarl Baker graduated rom the MSc City Design and SocialScience programme at the LSE and holds a BA (Hons) inPolitical Science rom Victoria University, Wellington. Hehas previously worked as a policy adviser or New ZealandsMinistry o Transport where he advised governmentson priorities or transport inrastructure investment. In

London his research has ocussed on the links betweencity design to broader issues o political economy andenvironmental sustainability and now works on projectslinking cities to climate change.

meravuoluProject Coordinatormer avuolu holds a BA in Social and Political Sciencesand an MSc in City Design and Social Science. Havingjoined Urban Age in 2008, he worked on the Urban Age2009 Istanbul Conerence and coordinated the publicationo Living in the Endless City (2011). He is responsible orthe coordination o a new publication and preparation o anevaluation o the impact o LSE Cities work.

AndreaColantonioResearch OcerDr Andrea Colantonio is an urban geographer andeconomist who specialises in the investigation o thecomplex linkages between urban growth, sustainabilityand the geographies o development in both developingand developed countries. From 2006 to 2009, he was leadresearcher and project manager or a major internationalstudy concerning social sustainability and urbanregeneration in EU cities, carried out in cooperation with

the European Investment Bank. His main research interestsare in the areas o economic and social development,institutional governance and urban growth, with specialemphasis on sustainability policy, planning and assessmentmethods.

JulietDavisResearch FellowTrained as an architect, Dr Juliet Davis completed a PhD inSociology at the LSE Cities Programme in 2011. She workedor Eric Parry Architects and taught at the Departmento Architecture at the University o Cambridge and at the

Canterbury School o Architecture. She has taught studioin the MSc City Design and Social Science programme atthe LSE. Her research interests include urban regeneration,public space, policy and design relating to sustainablecommunities, urban temporality, and visual methodologiesor city design and social science research. She has

3 INTRODUCTION


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published with journals including Architectural ResearchQuarterly and City, Culture & Society. Her current, postPhD unded research based at LSE Cities ocuses on urbanresilience in terms o the relationship between the designand governance o urban orm.

SarahDavisManagement Accounts CoordinatorSarah Davis joined the Urban Age in June 2009. Shemanages and operates the nance activities o theprogramme, acting as accounts coordinator or allaccounting and daily nancial procedures, as well asproviding accounting support to management. She haspreviously worked as an accountant or National AirTrac Services (NATS), the Automobile Association (AA),Thorn EMI and Foster Wheeler. She holds a BA (Hons) inSociology rom the University o Reading and is a qualied

Chartered Certied Accountant.

GrahamFloaterSenior Visiting FellowGraham Floater is director o the Climate Centre, a groupo researchers and consultants who specialise in the lowcarbon economy. He has a degree in natural science romOxord University, a postgraduate degree in economicsrom Cambridge University, and a PhD in population riskmodelling rom Queensland University. He was deputydirector at the Department o Energy and Climate Changeand a senior advisor to the Prime Minister. He held variouspositions in HM Treasury including private secretaryto a Cabinet Minister and head o European economicnegotiations. At LSE Cities, he is a programme directoro the Stern research initiative on the economics o greencities.

LouisaGreenbaumConerence ManagerLouisa Greenbaum has been organizing political andenvironmental events, or over ten years both in the UKand in Germany. She maintains her role as ConerencesCoordinator or the Green Party o England and Wales. Sherecently joined LSE Cities as Conerence Manager or the

11th Urban Age conerence in December 2012.

SuzanneHallLecturer and Research FellowDr Suzanne Hall is an urban ethnographer and lecturerin the Department o Sociology. She has practisedas an architect and urban designer in South Arica.From 1997 to 2003 she ocused on the role o design inrapidly urbanising, poor and racially segregated areasin Cape Town. She teaches in the MSc City Design andSocial Science programme at the LSE and has taughtin the Departments o Architecture at the University o

Cambridge and the University o Cape Town. Her researchand teaching interests include social and economic ormso inclusion and exclusion, urban multiculture, theimagination and design o the city, and ethnography andvisual methods. She is a recipient o the Rome Scholarshipin Architecture (19981999) and the LSEs Robert

McKenzie Prize or outstanding PhD research (2010). Herresearch monograph, City, Street and Citizen: The Measureo the Ordinary, was published in June 2012. At LSE Cities,she coordinates research on the ethnography o the street.

CristinaInclan-ValadezResearcherCristina InclanValadez holds a BA in Social and PoliticalScience, and an MSc in Public Health, both completed inMexico. She recently completed her PhD in Urban andRegional Planning in the department o Geography at theLSE, ocusing on the ways o lie in largescale housingprojects that are changing the peripheral landscapes inMexican cities. She has been working over seven yearsas a researcher and consultant on public health projects,particularly related to road saety and urban mobility, andits links to city planning. At LSE Cities, she undertakes

research on the cities, health and wellbeing project,ocussing on the links between density and wellbeing inHong Kong.

AnnaLiviaJohnstonAdministrator, Cities ProgrammeAnna Livia Johnston holds a degree in modern languages(Mandarin Chinese) rom the University o Westminsterand a Graduate Diploma in Law (City University). She haslived and studied in China and the US and worked in a widerange o roles beore coming to LSE Cities.

AdamKaasa

Research OcerAdam Kaasa holds an MSc in Cities, Space and Societyrom the LSE, a BA (Hons) in Sociology rom the Universityo Alberta and is an MPhil/PhD Candidate at the CitiesProgramme. He is Coordinator or the NYLON seminarsand conerences, a transatlantic intellectual working groupbetween universities in and around London and New York,and teaches on the LSE100 course at the LSE. Previously,he was the Communications Manager or LSE Cities, andworked on several international development projectsin Guyana, Mexico and Sri Lanka. As a researcher he hascompleted several projects and publications on the city, on

gender and sexuality, and on cultural and urban theory. AtLSE Cities he is coordinating the Theatrum Mundi project,bringing together urban practitioners with people rom theperorming and visual arts.

JensKandtResearcherJens Kandt studied at University o Kaiserslautern inGermany and at the Indian Institute o Technology, Madrasin India, and obtained a Masters degree (Dipl. Ing.) inspatial planning rom the University o Dortmund. Heworks as a researcher ocussing on quantitative geographic

analysis o megacity regions with a special interest inpatterns o urbanisation in developing countries andemerging economies.

4 INTRODUCTION LSE CITIES STAFF


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MarinaMonteroCarreroResearcherMarina Montero Carrero completed the MSc in SustainableEnergy Futures at Imperial College London. She holdsa BSc and MSc in Industrial Engineering rom the

Universidad Politcnica de Valencia and studied at theRoyal Institute o Technology (Stockholm) and the vonKarman Institute or Fluid Dynamics (Brussels). At LSECities, she is involved with projects relating cities to energyand climate change.

MaxNathanResearch FellowDr Max Nathan completed an economic geography andspatial economics PhD in LSEs Geography Department inAutumn 2011 and is a Research Fellow at LSE Cities andat the Spatial Economics Research Centre (SERC), where

he works on urban economics and economic developmentissues. He has worked in think tanks, consultancy andpublic policy environments, as well as the UK Departmento Communities and Local Government as an externalSenior Policy Adviser, covering a range o policy issuesincluding localism, regeneration, innovation and economicdevelopment. He is also an Associate Fellow at the Instituteor Public Policy Research and collaborates with LSE Citieson research projects that relate to sustainable cities andurban policy.

TessaNortonCommunications ManagerTessa Norton holds an MA in Cultural and CriticalStudies rom Birkbeck College, University o Londonspecialising in public and participatory art, and a degreein Law rom Cambridge University. She has ten yearsexperience in communications and publishing, specialisingin international development, communities and urbanregeneration. Prior to joining LSE Cities she worked atthe international NGO EveryChild, working on audienceengagement, and leading and redeveloping the largestindividual unding stream in the organisation. At LSECities, she oversees all aspects o communication andoutreach.

AntoinePaccoudResearcherAntoine Paccoud has a background in Economics andPolitical Science with a BA (Hons) rom McGill, Montreal as well as Development and Geography with an MSc inUrbanisation and Development rom the LSE. He is aboutto complete his PhD in the Department o Geography atthe LSE based on a comparative study o Haussmannscomprehensive redevelopment o Paris in the late 19thcentury and the development o Manhattan, NYC in thesecond hal o the 20th century. At LSE Cities, he has been

involved in a number o projects including data collectionand background research on various Urban Age cities.

NicolasPalominosResearcherNicolas received his architectural degree in 2004 romthe Ponticia Universidad Catlica de Chile in Santiagoand recently completed the MSc in City Design and Social

Science at LSE.

VictoriaPinoncelyResearcherVictoria Pinoncely completed an MSc in Regional andUrban Planning Studies at the LSE and holds a B.A. (Hons)in Politics and International Relations rom the Universityo Kent and a Masters in Political Science rom the Instituteo Political Studies o Lille. Her main research interestsare urban governance, social and economic developmentand urban health and wellbeing, and at LSE Cities she hasworked as a researcher on the cities, health and wellbeing

project.

EmmaReesExecutive and Admin AssistantEmma Rees holds a BA in English and History rom theUniversity o Southampton and has worked in severaladministrative roles or the NHS and the University oLondon. At LSE Cities, she works closely with the centreexecutive and has collaborated on the organisation opublic events.

AndreaRotaWeb Developer and Operations CoordinatorAndrea Rota holds a BA in Philosophy rom the Universityo Milan in Italy and a MSc in Methods or social researchrom Florence University. He is currently an MPhil/PhDstudent in the department o Sociology at the LSE, ocusingon the role o the Internet in everyday lie or younguniversity students in London. He has been responsible orthe development o the Urban Age and LSE Cities websites,assisting with the development o new content, bringinglegacy inormation in line with modern web standards andimproving the web inormation workfow, in order to makeresearch inormation more easily accessible to a widerpublic.

JonasSchorrCommunications and Outreach AssistantJonas Schorr recently completed a twoyear dual Mastersprogramme in Global Media and Communications throughthe LSE and Fudan University in Shanghai. He has abackground in corporate communications and completeda Bachelors degree rom a business school in Dortmund.At LSE Cities, he has been responsible or developing thecentres presence on social media, and arranging lecturesand events.



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MyfanwyTaylorResearch OcerMyanwy Taylor is a MPhil/PhD Candidate at UniversityCollege Londons Urban Laboratory, where she studiesalternative economies in London. Myanwy joined LSE

Cities in 2010 to work on the Barcelona case study orthe Next Urban Economy project. More recently, she leda variety o research activities on urban health and wellbeing or the 2011 Urban Age conerence in Hong Kong.Prior to entering academia, Myanwy was a civil servant atthe Department or Communities and Local Governmentand the Cabinet Oce.

SadiqToaResearcherSadiq Toa is an architect, urban designer, and civil societyadvocate trained in Arica and Europe and currently

engaged in PhD research, titled Ater Modernity?Pluralism, Text, and the City.

GuyTrangoResearcherGuy Trango is an architect with a Masters in Architecturerom the University o the Witwatersrand and recentlycompleted a Masters in City Design and Social Science atthe LSE, as a Commonwealth Scholar.

SabinaUerResearch OcerSabina Uer recently submitted her PhD in regional andurban planning in the LSEs Geography Department andworked as a research associate at the Institute o PoliticalScience at the University o Zurich and or the Laboratoryo Urban Sociology at the Federal Institute o Technologyin Lausanne. She holds a Master in Political Science romthe University o Geneva. Her research interests includeurban theory, governance, uneven development, housingprovision, and institutional investment. She teachesMethods in Spatial and Social Analysis at the Departmento Geography and in the LSE100 course.

AdrianaValdezYoung

ResearcherAdriana Valdez Young holds a BA in History rom BrownUniversity and an MA in International Aairs rom TheNew School in New York. She recently completed the MScin City Design and Social Science at LSE.

KatherineWallisCentre AdministratorKatherine Wallis administrative experience reaches acrossthe public, private and charitable sectors, with a particularocus on culture and heritage. At LSE Cities she looks aterthe day to day operations o the centre.

AustinZeidermanResearch FellowAustin Zeiderman has been awarded a PhD inAnthropology rom Stanord University as well as a Mastero Environmental Science degree rom Yale University and

a bachelors degree in Economics rom Colgate University.He is an interdisciplinary scholar who specialises in thecultural and political dimensions o cities in Latin America,with a specic ocus on Colombia. In general, his researchadopts an ethnographic and historical approach to shitingparadigms o urbanism. He is particularly interested in howcities are planned, built, governed, and lived in anticipationo uncertain utures. He has received ellowships andawards rom the Fulbright Program, the WennerGrenFoundation, the National Science Foundation, and theMellon Foundation. At LSE Cities, he will coordinate theUrban Governance strand o research activities.



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DIRECTORSREPORT

The last 18 months have been an intense period orLSE Cities. We have consolidated our gradual shit

rom a projectocussed organisation (the UrbanAge programme) to a researchbased centre atthe heart o the academic lie o the School with astrong international presence. While our ocus onthe intellectual inquiry into the spatial and socialdynamics o cities remains at the core o what wedo, the range o activities and areas o investigationscontinues to expand. Many o the research strandsinitiated in 201011 are beginning to bear ruit interms o research reports, seminars and publications,with new work in the areas o urban design andculture as well as cities, climate change and theenvironment.

The tenth Urban Age conerence on cities, healthand wellbeing, which was held in Hong Kongin November 2011, has prompted new researchcollaborations, and our work on urban governancehas now started in earnest. Preparations or thisyears Urban Age conerence on the Electric Cityin London in December have stimulated newassociations between the world o technology and

7 INTRODUCTION

inrastructure and a social science perspective oncities, and the proposed 2013 Urban Age conerencein Rio de Janeiro on the social impacts o urbantransormation will build on some o our core

intellectual strengths.As a result, the research environment within thecentre continues to thrive, with around 15 researchersworking across our portolio, supported by aneective administrative and communications team.A number o our sta pursue their own researchalongside the centres activities and have completed or are about to complete their PhDs in dierentdepartments at the School.

In parallel to preparing a contribution to the SchoolsResearch Evaluation Framework (REF) submissionin 2014, we are documenting the way in which LSECities, the Urban Age and the Cities Programmehave infuenced urban policy, governance, educationand practice in the UK and abroad. We have alsoestablished the LSE Cities Advisory Board which

Living in the Endless City, a new book on Mumbai, So Paulo

and Istanbul and the outcome of the Urban Age research

programme at LSE Cities, explores how social and environ-

mental equity are determined by the spatial and political

organisation of some of the worlds most complex cities.

Image credit: Christopher Ferstad


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8 INTRODUCTION DIRECTORS REPORT

provides a platorm or intellectual exchange betweenthe centres academic activities and the externalworld.

In terms o research and outreach activities, linkshave been established and cemented between LSECities and external organisations including BuroHappold, the European Institute or Energy Research(EIFER), the Dutch Ministry o Inrastructure and theEnvironment, the Grosvenor Estate, the InnovationCentre or Mobility and Societal Change (InnoZ),the London Legacy Development Corporation, theOve Arup Foundation, the National Endowmentor Education, Science, Technology and theArts (NESTA), PBL Netherlands EnvironmentalAssessment Agency, the Potsdam Institute orClimate Impact Research (PIK), United NationsEnvironment Programme, UN-Habitat, the UrbanLand Institute, the World Bank and the cities oBarcelona, Copenhagen, Hong Kong, Portland,Stockholm and Turin.

Internally, we have ormed closer collaborationswith other LSE groups including the Department oStatistics, Grantham Research Institute on ClimateChange and the Environment, the InormationSystems and Innovation Group and LSE Health.

Within the Department o Sociology, we are a keycomponent o the urban change and connectionresearch cluster and LSE Cities sta contribute toteaching in many courses in the department.

Our prole as a centre has been consolidated with anew website and social media outlets contributing toa wider dissemination o our work to more diverseand more international audiences. For the rst time,in 2011 the Urban Age conerence was webcast liveand viewed by nearly 1,000 people. Our public lecture

programme at the School has had some high prolespeakers; recent events include a panel discussion,the Architecture o the Olympics, and David Harveypresenting his new book Rebel Cities. LSE Citiessta are regular speakers at high level internationalconerences, symposia and seminars, and eaturedin national and international media (or example,the BBC World Horizons programme is eaturingour work in a programme on Mumbai and So Paulowhich will be broadcast in Autumn 2012).

Living in the Endless City, a new book on researchcarried out by the centre on Istanbul, Mumbai andSo Paulo has been widely distributed, adding tothe visibility o our research activities. We continueto be involved with Deutsche Banks Urban AgeAward, which in 2012 took place in Cape Town and

revealed a wealth o community initiatives seekingto benet local residents through an improved urbanenvironment.

This report is divided into our three core areas oactivity: research, outreach and education, coveringthe period rom January 2011 to June 2012. We haveincluded extracts rom selected publications andresearch outputs, as well as inormation on sta,advisers and governing board members. It alsoprovides an opportunity or me to thank all those whohave worked with LSE Cities on such a wide range oprojects over the last eighteen months, and to thankin particular our core sponsor, Deutsche Banks AlredHerrhausen Society.

I hope you are able to keep in touch with our activitiesover the coming months by visiting www.lsecities.net.

Ricky BurdettDirector, LSE CitiesProessor o Urban StudiesSeptember 2012


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9 INTRODUCTION

HIGHLIGHTSOFJANUARY2011-JUNE2012

JAN2011

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

lCities, Health and Wellbeing project launched

lFormer mayor o Bogot Enrique Pealosa lecture on Politics, power, cities 11/01/11lSharon Zukin lecture on her latest book The Naked Cit 17/01/11lLSE Cities Seminar Series Design, Technology, Behaviour:Electric Mobilit:

An opportunit or de-motorisation in cities? 25/01/11lDirector o the Arican Centre or Cities, Edgar Pieterse lecture,Arican

Urbanism 26/01/11lRicky Burdett speaks onArchitecture or Qualit o Lie? at the 41st World

Economic Forum at Davos

lLSE Cities contributes two chapters on Green Building and Green Cities toUNEPs Green Economy Report 25/02/11

lLSE Cities contribution in Global Green Cities o the 21st centur: EvolvingModels or Sustainable Urban Growth symposium, San Francisco

lDean o the Harvard University Graduate School o Design, Mohsen Mostaavilecture on Ecological Urbanism 15/03/11

lLSE Works lecture series, Bruce Katz and Ricky Burdett onA vision or the nexturban econom: rom macro to metro 24/03/11

lUN-Habitat Executive Director Joan Clos lecture, Cities and Climate Change 28/03/11

lCities Programme students visit Moscow to research issues o mobilityand liveability

lLSE Cities Seminar Series Design, Technology, Behaviour: Smart Cities: Howsmart? How ast? Who takes the lead? 16/05/11

lJames Stirling Memorial Lecture on the City by Harvard Law School ProessorGerald Frug discussing The architecture o governance: the structure odemocrac 17/05/11

lAlredo Brillembourg lecture on The architecture o social investment, organisedin partnership with the Venezuelan Society 20/05/11

l4th Writing Cities Workshop held in London with Urban@LSE group

l9th NYLON Graduate Student conerence at LSE 13/04/12

lBook launch oLiving in the Endless Cit published by Phaidon 06/06/11lLSE Cities Seminar Series Design, Technology, Behaviour: Urban morphology

and heat energy demand: implications or design and polic? 28/06/11lBook launch Urban Regeneration and Social Sustainabilit published by Wiley

Blackwell 29/06/11lLaunch o Studio Publication City Street by students on 2011/12 MSC in City

Design and Social Science

lLaunch o the Economics o Green Cities projectlFuture o Cities supplement published in The Times

l Launch oA Tale o Two Regions: a comparison between the metropolitan areaso south east England and the Randstad, Holland in the Hague 01/09/11

lLaunch o Ordinary StreetsprojectlLaunch o Urban Resilience project

lResearch

lOutreachl EducationlOther activities


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10 INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS OF JANUARY 2011JUNE 2012

2012

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

lLondon premiere screening o Urbanized 21/10/11

lRoundtable onInnovation in sustainable urban energy and transportlPhilipp Rode keynote speech The uture o cities: building on integrated returns at

Green Growth Leaders Summit, Copenhagen 14/10/11

l10th Urban Age Conerence: Cities Health and Well-beingtakes place in HongKong, live webcast 1617 November

lCities, Health and Wellbeing Conerence newspaper publishedlNew Statesman eatureNew Societ: Cities and Regions 28/11/11

lGreen/Intelligent Cities projects underway

lWorkshop on World Banks Urbanization Knowledge Platorm 07/02/11lHong Kong University Proessor Paul Yip seminar onA public health approach

to suicide prevention in Hong Kong 29/02/12

lHEIF5 Grant awarded or Cities and the Crisis: Open Knowledge ExchangePlatorm outreach project

lFilm screening oUnder the Cranes as part o the LSE Literary FestivallCities Programme students in Ahmedabad, India

lBook launches by Ash Amin and Michel Wieviorka on The Return o the Subject,

chaired by Craig Calhoun 30/04/12lDeutsche Bank Urban Age Award presentation in Cape Town

lLaunch o LSE Cities websitelLSE Cities Seminar Series Design, Technology, Behaviour:High speed rail

and urban space 01/05/12lLecture by David Harvey on new bookRebel Cities: the urbanisation o class

struggle 10/05/12lThe Architecture o the Olmpics lecture chaired by Nicholas Serota 15/05/12

lCities, Health and Well-being, conerence report on the Urban Age Hong Kongconerence published

lGoing Green: how cities are leading the next econom report launched at Rio+20Summit 22/06/12

lTheatrum Mundi: Stage and Street workshop 2325 JunelBook launch oCit, street and citizen: the measure o the ordinar published

by Routledge 12/06/12l Launch oPublic Cit: a Studio exploration o the Barbican and its urban locale by

students on 2011/12 MSC in City Design and Social Science


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11 INTRODUCTION 12 TIMELINE

100,000Youtube

views1,600Facebook

friends

4,000Conference

attendees

9,000Event

attendees

0

1,500Twitter

followers

1,100,000Website

views

New YorkUrban AgeConference

Mexico CityUrban AgeConference

Learning from

Mumbai SeminarThe EndlessCity Book

Integrated CityMaking Report

Deutsche BankUrban AgeAward So Paulo

Tate Modern

exhibition

MumbaiUrban AgeConference

So PauloUrban AgeConference

Cities andSocial EquityReport

UA PublicLectures

Living inthe EndlessCity book

DeutscheBank UrbanAge AwardMumbai

Mexico CitySymposium LSE Cities

ExpertSeminarsLaunched

UNEPGreenEconomyReport

WorldBankSeminar

DeutscheBank UrbanAge AwardCape Town

Cities andEnergyReport

Cities, Healthand Well-BeingUrban AgeConference,Hong Kong

LSECities onFacebookand Twitter

DeutscheBank UrbanAge AwardMexico City

GlobalMetroSummitChange

Electric CityUrban AgeConference,London

Le GrandParisExhibition

ShanghaiUrban AgeConference

HalleSymposium

LondonUrban AgeConference

JohannesburgUrban AgeConference

VeniceBiennaleExhibition

Berlin UrbanAge Summit

IstanbulUrban AgeConference

TIMELINE2005-2012

2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 20122008


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RESEARCHLSE Cities research strategy has developed underthree overarching themes: Cities, Space and Society;Cities, Environment and Climate Change; andUrban Governance. In 201112 the centre continuedto commit a signicant proportion o its resourcesand research eorts to the rst two themes, whilstbeginning to develop the third, with the series oprojects and initiatives set out in the ollowing pages.

13


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UNITACITIES,SPACEANDSOCIETY

CITIES,HEALTHANDWELL-BEING

The Cities, Health and Wellbeing research strandwas initiated to inorm the Urban Age conerenceheld in Hong Kong in November 2011 and alliedpublications. It constitutes a rst attempt by LSECities to bring an interdisciplinary lens to the physicaland social aspects o urban health. The primeresearch question is to identiy links between theshape o our urban environment and the health ourban residents, and to understand how urban designand planning can help improve or exacerbate thehealth and wellbeing o people who are moving tocities across the world at unprecedented speed andscale.

The research thus aims to provide a platorm orinterdisciplinary learning and debate, articulating andbridging the dierent theories, methodologies andlanguage o medicine, public health, the economicso happiness and wellbeing, together with those ourban design, planning, sociology and policymaking.Given the context o one o the worlds densest andmost compact cities Hong Kong we ocussed on the

links between building density and health and well

14 RESEARCH CITIES, SPACE AND SOCIETY

being in cities, identiying links between research,policy and practice. A urther objective o the researchwas to shit the geographies o urban health discourseaway rom western cities the site o the vast majority

o research and practice to date and towards therapidly growing cities o Arica, Asia and LatinAmerica, where changing health patterns and urbanorms are generating challenges and opportunities odierent natures that demand specic consideration.

In this initial stage, our research has pursued amultimethod approach. We developed an index ohealth, education and wealth in 129 metropolitanregions, using data that is normally available at thenational and regional level. The results suggest thatthe cities o the advanced Asian economies o Japan,China and Singapore oer longer lie expectanciesthan other cities in wealthy western nations. Wealso undertook a spatial analysis o social andhealth indicators within Hong Kong, demonstratingconsiderable concentration o health inequalities inone o the healthiest and richest cities in the world.Furthermore, with the University o Hong Kong,we undertook a qualitative analysis o how urbanresidents respond to living at higher densities inthis city, carrying out ocus group interviews withresidents o three Hong Kong neighborhoods (see

published interim results at http://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/livingatdensity).

The map, produced for the Cities, Health and Well-being

research project, shows how metropolitan regions perform in

terms of health, indicating life expectancy gures across 129

large metropolitan regions - almost all of which outperform

their national contexts.


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TRANSFORMINGURBANECONOMIES:POLICYLESSONSFROMEUROPEANANDASIANCITIES

In 2011 the Next Urban Economy project concludedwith consolidation o the research presented at the2010 Global Metro Summit and preparing it or publication and dissemination. A new book publishedby Routledge Transorming Urban Economies: Bestpractice and policy lessons rom cities in the EU andAsia is currently in press.

MEASURINGURBANRESILIENCE:EUROPEANCITIESANDTHECRISIS

At the end o 2011, LSE Cities was awarded a grantrom the Schools Higher Education Innovation Fund(HEIF5) to establish an online and physical exchangeplatorm or the dissemination o key ndings andcase studies relating to metrolevel responses tothe economic crisis. This initiative will consolidatethe methodology developed by LSE Cities and theBrookings Institution or the Global Metro Monitor(developed or the 2010 Global Metro Summit andpublished at http://lsecities.net/publications/conerencenewspapers/globalmetrosummit), and apply

it to selected European cities to better understandeconomic perormance and resilience at the urbanlevel. When it comes on stream in 2013, this comparative database will oer both quantitative and qualitative analysis o how dierent cities have adapted tothe ongoing Eurozone crisis. In addition, the projectwill allow policy makers, practitioners and researchersto meet and exchange knowledge on best practice ininterdisciplinary seminars in London and other cities.

ORDINARYSTREETS:ANETHNOGRAPHYFROMLOCALTOGLOBAL

This research project ocuses on the relationshipbetween urban culture and design. It was launchedin mid2011 and investigates ways in which thepublic spaces o the city are not simply spaces inwhich to meet, but places in which to learn. Researchocuses on the ordinary and everyday urban realmto explore the diverse and interdependent spacesin which a variety o urban skills are acquired. Thisurban approach works across scales rom small publicinteriors, to neighbourhoods and the global city, androm canonical pieces o architecture to makeshitappropriations. The aim o the project is to expand onthe multiple and intersecting ways that the city oersspaces o learning to its citizens.

15 RESEARCH CITIES, SPACE AND SOCIETY

THEATRUMMUNDIANDTHEGLOBALSTREET

Theatrum Mundi is a new research project aimed

at exploring ways to revitalise urban culture. As aprocess, the project connects people working in theperorming and visual arts with people engaged inurban design and analysis, architecture and planning.It ocuses on the public realm and cultural institutionso cities, and explores alternative means to animatestreets, squares, parks, libraries, and places orart and perormance, along with expanding ourunderstanding o where the public happens.

In its initial phase during late 2011 and early 2012,Theatrum Mundi organised workshops on SocialMovement, the Architecture o Sound and Lightand the City, bringing together choreographers,street activists, academics, architects, acoustic andlighting engineers, musicians, academics and theatredesigners to discuss the politics o movement in cities,the design o public spaces or culture and the socialimpacts o city lighting. A major conerence bringingthese strands together was held at LSE in June 2012with uture events planned in New York (November2012) and Frankurt (JanFeb 2013) to urther developand expand the themes, network and research

capacity.

The project has been developed in collaborationwith LSE Enterprise and is sponsored by NESTA.Institutional partners include the Barbican ArtsCentre, Guildhall School or Music and Drama,NESTA, New York University, Columbia University,and FrankurtLAB, and Weltkulturen Museum andStaedelschule, both based in Frankurt.

The project was conceived and is directed by

Proessor Richard Sennett.


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16 RESEARCH CITIES, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

UNITBCITIES,ENVIRONMENTANDCLIMATECHANGERANDSTAD/SOUTHEASTENGLAND

RESEARCHPROJECTANDSEMINARSERIES

This twoyear study o sustainability at a regionalscale comparing the multicentred Randstad regionin Holland with the monocentric model o Londonand the South East o England included a series oresearch seminars held in two countries with originalresearch on the spatial DNA o the two regions.Funded by the Dutch Ministry o Inrastructure andthe Environment and the Netherlands EnvironmentalAssessment Agency, the project addressed questions

o scale, distribution and geography in these twoneighbouring European urban regions whichare undergoing signicant restructuring o theirgovernance arrangements. The research ocussedon identiying and mapping dierential patterns orresidential and work density in the two regions, thedistribution o open green spaces, the socioeconomicmakeup o innercity and peripheral areas as wellas the impacts o diverse urban typologies on travelpatterns, energy and the environment. The reportwas submitted to the Dutch Government at a ormal

presentation in The Hague on 1 September 2011 (seehttp://lsecities.net/media/objects/events/20110901thetaleotworegions).

CITIESANDENERGY:URBANMORPHOLOGYANDHEATDEMAND

This joint research initiative in partnership with the

European Institute or Energy Research (EIFER) atKarlsruhe Institute o Technology, has investigatedthe impact o basic building congurations, making acomparative study o heatrelated energy ecienciescreated by the spatial conguration o cities. Therst phase o the project concluded in Summer 2011with the completion o an internal report: UrbanMorphology and Heat Energy Demand, whichaims to better understand the heatenergy relatedperormance o dierent types o urban orm. Asempirical basis o this study, samples o dominanturban typologies were identied or Paris, London,Berlin and Istanbul. The report, and the implicationsaround its ndings or building design and policy,were discussed with, and critically reviewed by, aselection o invited experts (senior representativesrom government, related industry sectors andNGOs, as well as academic colleagues) as part othe LSE Cities Seminar Series Design, Technology,Behaviour supported by Buro Happold. The report iscurrently being prepared or publication.

In addition to collaboration with EIFER, project

partnerships have been established with Universidadede So Paulo (USP) and Politecnico di Milano(POLIMI).

Figure 2.3 Triggers prompting cities adoption o green objectivesHow important were/are the following triggers in making green objectives as important part

of your citys political agenda?

0 20 40 600 20 40 60

15 21 11 3 2

20 13 13 1 5

12 18 14 33

13 7 13 117

8

6 3 1 1

11 12 1010

5

5 3 15 2085

Public opinion/awareness

A change in local

political leadership

Pressure from stakeholders

Pressure from national/

supranational government

Sewage treatment and disposal

A particular crisis

(not related to the environment)

Other

Veryimportant

Notimportant

Somewhat

important

A gure from the preliminary Going Green survey report

produced for Rio+20, which asked 53 local governments

worldwide on their progress in adopting green policies and

sustainable growth models.


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17 RESEARCH CITIES, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

THEECONOMICSOFGREENCITIES

The ongoing, collaborative programme jointlydeveloped with the Grantham Institute or Research

on Climate Change, chaired by Proessor Lord Stern,examines the riskadjusted costs and benets ogreen policy rameworks on the sustainable economicgrowth o cities in dierent parts o the world.The purpose o the research is to provide robust,evidencebased recommendations or policymakersand other stakeholders. Key research questions orthe programme include identiying the economicrationale or cities to undertake earlyaction greenpolicies in developed and developing countries,and, identiying the most promising programmes,institutions and tools that allow urban policymakers

to implement, measure and monitor green citypolicies.

The programme launched in July 2011 with a scopingphase that identied potential cities and policyprogrammes or analysis, and data availability ata global level. Portland (USA), Stockholm andCopenhagen were then identied as leaders in thetransition to the green economy and have been thesubject o detailed investigation and analysis. Theaim is to examine the process o change over a 20

year period, identiying the successes and challengesaced by city leaders, including Copenhagensinnovative transport policies, Stockholms investmentin ecodevelopments and Portlands pioneering useo sustainable planning policies such as the UrbanGrowth Boundary. The studies include a detailedassessment o the environmental and economicimpacts in these cities by tracking GDP, innovationcapacity, water quality, CO2 emissions and otherindicators with a view to identiying the costs andbenets o undertaking earlyaction green policies.

The comparative analysis is based on a mixedmethodcombination o qualitative interviews with keypublic ocials and other key stakeholders, a reviewo relevant cityspecic reports and the gatheringo key statistics on environmental and economicperormance.

The programme is jointly sponsored and run byLSE Cities and the Grantham Institute or Researchon Climate Change, and is being developedin partnership with the city administrations oStockholm, Copenhagen and Portland, as well as theClimate Centre in Brussels.

INTELLIGENTCITIES:NEWURBANMOBILITY

This research project ocuses on how new ormso urban mobility are aecting and are aected

by new governance arrangements and changingattitudes in mature cities like London and Berlin. Inparticular it ocusses on the rediscovery o walkingand cycling, and the recent embracement o neworms o ICTenabled multimobility such as electricbikes and shared vehicles. The study investigates thegovernance o these new orms o urban mobilityand inquires how new networks o public and privateactors can acilitate the transormation to greenercities. In addition, the study evaluates shits in publicattitudes to these new orms o urban mobility, askingwhat determines peoples choices in changing theirliestyles, by or example moving rom the privatecar to an electric bicycle o shared car service. Thesequestions will be addressed through a comprehensivetelephone survey o over 2500 residents acrossBerlin and a series o qualitative interviews with keypolicymakers and analysis o innovative transportstrategies in both Berlin and London.

The Berlin study is being conducted in partnershipwith the Innovation Centre or Mobility and SocietalChange (InnoZ) in Berlin.

GOINGGREEN:CITYSURVEYONGREENPOLICYANDSUSTAINABLEGROWTH

Working closely with ICLEI (Local Governments orSustainability), this project is designed to address keyquestions on how city governments and other actorsare engaging with policies that promote the greeneconomy. Its purpose is to identiy which policiesand institutions have been successul and what

problems have proven more dicult to address. Thesurvey o about 100 cities worldwide will provide aglobal comparative perspective on the environmentalchallenges and opportunities that cities ace as theyattempt to go green and oster economic growth,ocussing on green economy policies, smart citytechnologies and their impacts on the building,inrastructure and energy sectors. An initial phaseo the study was completed in June 2012, with ananalysis o 50 responses to the survey, and waspresented to the United Nations Rio+20 Summit (see

http://lsecities.net/publications/researchreports/goinggreen)

This project is being developed in partnership withthe Climate Centre in Brussels and the GranthamInstitute or Research on Climate Change.


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UNITCURBANGOVERNANCE

RESILIENTURBANFORMANDGOVERNANCE

This project explores and develops the concepto resilience in terms o the interplay o urbanorm and governance by addressing questions oadaptability and value retention over time in selectedareas o cities in Europe, USA and Asia. The researchinvestigates how the design o large estates andproperty portolios establish a dynamic relationshipwith property ownership, planning, developmentand nancing in context o social, political andeconomic change. Ten international examples ourban developments which have maintained valueover time are evaluated according to a set o measureso resilience and compared in terms o how theywere designed, developed and managed. Theoutcome o the project will be a closer understandingo the mechanisms that enable urban orm to holdsocial and economic value, shedding light on theeectiveness o dierent alignments o ownership,

18 RESEARCH URBAN GOVERNANCE

planning, development and nance. This will enablecontributions to be made to the existing urbanresilience literature and to strategy relating to thegovernance o resilient urban orm or the uture.

During the ongoing rst phase, researchers havecarried out onsite investigations and collected dataon the social, economic, environmental and spatialvalues o estates and projects in New York, LosAngeles, Reston (Virginia), Belgravia and Mayairin London, as well as Singapore and Hong Kong,ollowing an innovative methodological approachbased on mapping and local interviews.

The project has been developed in collaboration withLSE Enterprise and the Urban Land Institute, and issponsored by Grosvenor.

Grosvenor Square: Resilient piece of the urban form of West

London managed continuously by Grosvenor Estate since 1720.


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PUBLICATIONSLSE Cities pursues a mixed approach to publishingits research, including books with independentpublishers, internal reports on ongoing work andcommissioned research or external organisations.

19


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20 PUBLICATIONS

LIVING IN THEENDLESS CITYThe Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Banks Alfred Herrhausen Society

Percentageofdailytripsonfootorbycycle:NewYork11.2%,Shanghai54.4%

Incomeinequality/GINIindex:London31.7,Johannesburg75

Percentageofcountryspopulation:Shanghai1%,Istanbul17.8%

AnnualCO2emissionsinkgpercapita:Mumbai371,Shanghai10,680

Carownershipper1,000inhabitants:Mumbai35.9,SoPaulo368

GDPpercapitainUS$:Mumbai$1,871,London$60,831

Annualwasteinkgpercapita:MexicoCity228,Johannesburg558

Dailywaterconsumptioninlitrespercapita:Mumbai90,NewYork607

Homicidesper100,000inhabitants:Istanbul3,SoPaulo21

World population living in cities

10% in 1900

53% in 2010

75% in 2050

.

- .

.

:

.

- -

.

18111 13:16:1

LIVINGINTHEENDLESSCITY

Edited by Ricky Burdett and Deyan SudjicJune 2011ISBN: 9780714861180

Published b Phaidon Press in June 2011, the ollow-upbook to The Endless Cit (2007) provides a detailedaccount o research carried out at LSE Cities rom 2007to 2009 based on the Urban Age conerences in Mumbai,Sao Paolo and Istanbul. With over 30 essas b globalscholars and thinkers including Saskia Sassen, LordStern, Richard Sennett, Charles Correa, Bruce Katz,Dean Sudjic, Asu Akso, Alejandro Zaera Polo, Rahul

Mehrotra and Suketu Mehta- the 512-page Living in theEndless Cit is richl illustrated with photographs o lie

in the three cities and analtical data on urbanisationrates, inequalit, densit, age, jobs, transport,architecture and the environment.

The ollowing extract is an edited version o Rick Burdettand Philipp Rodes introductor essa.

Livinginanurbanage

With hal o the seven billion people on earth livingin cities, a substantial proportion o global GDP willbe invested in energy and resources to accommodatea mass o new city dwellers over the next decades.The orm o this new wave o urban construction andthe shape o our cities will have proound impacts onthe ecological balance o the planet and the humanconditions o people growing up and growing old incities.

It is not the rst time that city orm and social

development attract global attention. In the atermatho the Industrial Revolution cities were swamped bynew migrants in search o jobs and opportunities, butLondon grew rom 1 million to become the worldsrst megacity o 10 million at a considerably slowerpace and smaller scale than the current wave o globalurbanisation. It took over a hundred years to get there.Lagos, Delhi and Dhaka, are today growing at the rateo over 300,000 people per year. Mumbai is set toovertake Tokyo and Mexico City as the worlds largestcity in the next ew decades with over 35 millionpeople. The magnitude is radically dierent.

Last time round, planners reacted to overcrowdingand congestion with a heavy hand. Entirecommunities in traditional city cores were rippedapart to create clean and healthy new urbanenvironments to house the urban poor. Roadwidening schemes and largescale blocks replacedthe ne grain o city streets. Suburbanisation ledto the separation o city unctions, uelling urbansprawl beore we became aware o the consequenceson climate change and social alienation. Are we

about to repeat the same mistakes, but on a granderand more dramatic scale? The cities being built andtransormed today will have ar greater consequences,both locally and globally. The way they are changingis not encouraging. The investigations o the UrbanAge project nd that cities are becoming morespatially ragmented, more socially divisive and moreenvironmentally destructive. The objective, o course,is quite dierent. Governments, public agencies andthe private sector are driving this change to improveliving conditions o existing and new city dwellers,

responding to a real market demand resulting romglobal economic growth and restructuring.


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In Chinese cities like Shanghai, or example, stronggrowth has seen the new middle class triple theamount o space they occupy in the space o aew decades, moving rom preindustrial housing

conditions to apartments with running water, reliableelectricity and modern domestic acilities. Formallyplanned or illegally constructed neighbourhoodsare emerging on the peripheries o older cities whilenew dormitory towns gated communities or masshousing schemes are appearing on the edges oIstanbul, So Paulo or Mumbai, as illustrated in theessays that ollow. The problem is that the bulk owhat is being built today, which could stay with usor hundreds o years, may have even more negativeimpacts on the urban communities they are designedto serve than the ones built by the wellintentionedsocial reormers o the last centuries.

A ew examples serve to illustrate this point. InIstanbul, the government is building 3 million housingunits in 20 years. All around the millennial city,rows o bland, 20storey tower blocks surroundedby tarmac are emerging, reminiscent o the mostalienating social housing projects built across Europeand the United States in the midtwentieth century.Some o these have since been demolished because otheir social dysunctionality, yet the same ubiquitous

typology continues to be erected around the world.Despite a recent slowdown, So Paulo continues itsmarch towards endless sprawl uelled by a planningideology that nds our hour commuting patternsacceptable in a city that accepts about one thousandnew cars on its streets every day. Many othermetropolitan areas o the astgrowing economieswould have similar stories to tell. Mumbais cynicalattempts to redevelop Dharavi, Indias largest slumlocated on valuable land near the centre, with largecommercial blocks replacing the ne urban grain o

one o the citys most sustainable communities, raisesthe spectre o 1960s slum clearance programmesthat devastated the social lie and urban structureo so many European and American cities. Whilethe inevitable orces that drive improvement andgrowth must be embraced, it is time to ask ourselveswhether we have got the planning ormula right. Onbalance, the answer is probably no. The impact othis emerging urban landscape on people and theenvironment, with very ew exceptions, is likely to benegative.

With a population share o just above 50 per cent, butoccupying less than 2 per cent o the earths surace,urban areas concentrate 80 per cent o economicoutput, between 60 and 80 per cent o global energyconsumption, and approximately 75 per cent o

CO2 emissions. Seventyve per cent o the worldspopulation is expected to be concentrated in citiesby 2050 a large proportion in megacities o severalmillion people each and massively urbanised regions

stretching across countries and continents. Thesepatterns o human and urban development are notequally distributed across the surace o the globe.Cities in developing countries continue to grow dueto high birth rates and by attracting migrants, whilerural settlements are transormed into urban regions.At the same time, some cities o largely urbaniseddeveloped countries have had to adapt to prooundeconomic restructuring with shrinking populations.

While urbanisation has helped to reduce absolutepoverty, the number o people classied as urbanpoor is on the rise. Between 1993 and 2002, 50million poor were added to urban areas while thenumber o rural poor declined by 150 million. Urbangrowth puts pressure on the local environment thatdisproportionately aects disadvantaged peoplewho live in precarious structures in more vulnerablelocations such as riverbanks and drainage systems, allo which are exposed to fooding, mudslides and otherhazards linked to climate change. Regular foodingin So Paulo, Istanbul and Mumbai not to mentionNew Orleans or Jakarta indicate the immediacy o

the problem and its costs on human lives.

Cities o dierent wealth levels impact theenvironment dierently. As their economies becomemore prosperous, with wider and deeper patterns oconsumption and production, their environmentalootprint is increasingly elt at a global level. Interms o carbon emissions, energy, electricity andwater consumption, dwelling and transport patterns,there is a very marked dierence between cities indeveloped and developing countries. Whereas cities

in Europe, the US and Brazil, or example, have alower environmental impact than their respectivecountries, cities in India and China have a muchlarger impact owing to their signicantly higherincome levels compared with their national averages.

But why are so many cities continuing to grow? Froman economic perspective, cities bring people andgoods closer together, help overcome inormationgaps, and enable idea fows. National developmento countries has always been linked to the growth o

its cities, as witnessed by the act that manuacturingand services have increased their share o global GDPto 97 per cent, and most o these activities are locatedin urban areas.

21 PUBLICATIONS LIVING IN THE ENDLESS CITY


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Mirroring their economic perormance, as cities growin size, they leave a strong imprint on the planet.The World Bank has estimated that while urbanpopulations in the developed world have grown only

about 5 per cent, their builtup area has increased by30 per cent between 1990 and 2000. For developingworld cities, the growth o populations was 20 percent against a 50 per cent increase in urbanised land.Annually, the amount o builtup land per person hasincreased by 2.3 per cent in cities in industrializednations and 1.7 per cent in developing world cities.These statistics are living evidence that the endlesscity is not simply a metaphor, but a description o areal physical phenomenon which applies just as muchto Los Angeles and Phoenix in the United States, as itdoes to Mexico City or So Paulo.

Faced with similar threats and challenges more thana century ago, the city athers o Barcelona, Paris,Chicago or Amsterdam had the vision to build newpieces o city to accommodate the surge o newurban dwellers. A hundred and ty years later, thestreets, avenues, parks, homes and civic institutionsconceived by Ildeonso Cerd, Baron Haussmann,Daniel H. Burnham or Hendrik Petrus Berlage the

22 PUBLICATIONS LIVING IN THE ENDLESS CITY

rst urbanists o the Modern Era have demonstratedlongterm sustainability, adapting to cycles oeconomic and social change with buildings andspaces that are both robust and resilient. The spatial

DNA o the city abric and its social institutions haveworked together to accommodate and support diversecommunities, providing them with a sense o placeand identity. In these cities, the physical and thesocial have been successully interlinked.

The next generation o urban leaders has anopportunity to make a dierence, building on thespatial and social DNA o their cities, rather thanimport generic models that cater to the homogenizingorces o globalization. The recent histories oBarcelona or Bogot, among others, suggest a wayorward. By introducing radical measures that workwith the spatial and social abric o the city, successivemayors have turned their cities round, making themost o their urban and human assets. Rediscoveringthe ragile thread that links physical order to humanbehaviour will be the main task o this Urban Age, aworld where 75 per cent o us will be living in cities.


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UNEPGREENECONOMYREPORT

Coordinating authors: Philipp Rode,Ricky Burdett et alISBN: 978-92-807-3143-9

UNEP

LSE Cities was commissioned to act as coordinatingauthor on two chapters o Towards a Green Econom:

Pathwas to Sustainable Development and PovertEradication, a new report rom the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) published in November2011. Working with academics and practitioners in

Asia, Arica and the Americas, we coordinated sectionson Cities and Buildings making a strong case thatthe design o cities and buildings is a critical element o

the uture green econom alongside other sectors suchas energy, transport and water. Individual chapters othe main report were peer-reviewed b internationalexperts with technical papers providing support to themain polic recommendations that have been placed atthe heart o UNEPs agenda and its on-going work with

partner organisations and nations.

The ollowing extract shares the reports summar ondings on cities:

KeyMessages

1. Urban development will have to undamentallychange to acilitate the transition towards a greeneconomy. Urban areas are now home to 50 per cento the worlds population but they account or 6080per cent o energy consumption and a roughly equalshare o carbon emissions.Rapid urbanisation isexerting pressure on resh water supplies, sewage, theliving environment and public health, which aectthe urban poor most. In many cases, urbanisation ischaracterised by urban sprawl and peripheralisation which is not only socially divisive, but also increases

energy demand, carbon emissions and puts pressureon ecosystems.

2. Unique opportunities exist or cities to lead thegreening o the global economy. There are genuineopportunities or national and city leaders toreduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhanceecosystems and minimise environmental risks.Compact, relatively densely populated cities, withmixeduse urban orm, are more resourceecientthan any other settlement pattern with similar levels

o economic output. Integrated design strategies,innovative technologies and policies are availableto improve urban transport, the construction obuildings and the development o urban energy, waterand waste systems in such a way that they reduceresource and energy consumption and avoid lockineects.

3. Green cities combine greater productivity andinnovation capacity with lower costs and reducedenvironmental impact. Relatively high densities

are a central eature o green cities, bringingeciency gains and technological innovationthrough the proximity o economic activities, whilereducing resource and energy consumption. Urbaninrastructure including streets, railways, water andsewage systems comes at considerably lower cost perunit as urban density rises. The problem o densityrelated congestion and associated economic costs canbe addressed and oset by developing ecient publictransport systems and road charges.

4. In most countries, cities will be important sites orthe emerging green economy. This is or three mainreasons. First, the proximity, density and varietyintrinsic to cities deliver productivity benets orcompanies and help stimulate innovation. Second,

23 PUBLICATIONS


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green industries are dominated by service activity such as public transport, energy provision, installationand repair which tends to be concentrated inurban areas where consumer markets are largest.

Third, some cities will also develop hightech greenmanuacturing clusters in or close to urban cores,drawing on knowledge and skill spillovers romuniversities and research labs.

5. Introducing measures to green cities can increasesocial equity and quality o lie. Enhancing publictransport systems, or example, can reduceinequality by improving access to public services andother amenities, and by helping to relieve vehiclecongestion in poorer neighbourhoods. Cleaner uelor transport and power generation can reduce bothlocal pollution and health inequality. Reducing tracand improving conditions or pedestrians and cyclistscan help oster community cohesion, an importantaspect o quality o lie, which also has positiveimpacts on economic resilience and productivity.Evidence shows that children who live in closeproximity to green space are more resistant to stress,have a lower incidence o behavioural disorders,anxiety, and depression, and have a higher measureo selworth. Green space also stimulates socialinteraction and enhances human wellbeing.

6. Only a coalition o actors and eective multilevelgovernance can ensure the success o green cities.The most important undamental enabling condition

is a coalition o actors rom the national and localstate, civil society, the private sector and universitieswho are committed to advancing the green economyand its urban prerequisites, placing it centrally within

the top strategic priorities or the city. The central tasko this coalition is to promote the idea o a longtermstrategic plan or the city or urban territory. Equally,it is crucial to develop strategic rameworks not justat the local and urban level, but also at regional andnational levels, ensuring coordinated design andimplementation o policy instruments.

7. Numerous instruments or enabling green citiesare available and tested but need to be applied ina tailored, contextspecic way. In contexts withstrong local government it is possible to envisagea range o planning, regulatory, inormation andnancing instruments applied at the local level toadvance green inrastructure investments, greeneconomic development and a multitrack approach togreater urban sustainability. In other contexts, localgovernments, in a more pragmatic approach, couldtarget a ew key sectors such as water, waste, energyand transport and commit those to a limited numbero specic goals as a point o departure or greeningurban sectors.

A ull copy o the report can be ound at http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/greeneconomyreport/tabid/29846/deault.aspx

24 PUBLICATIONS UNEP GREEN ECONOMY REPORT

It suggests that cities may bebad for the environment, but

the story is more complex.

with Nonetheless, more

compact and ecient cities

provide a sustainable model

for the future.


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THETALEOFTWOREGIONS:ACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEMETROPOLITANAREAS

OFSOUTHEASTENGLANDANDTHERANDSTAD,HOLLAND

Edited by Ricky Burdett, Henk Ovink andMaarten HajerISBN 978-0-85328-467-3

25 PUBLICATIONS

The publication contains the results o LSE Citiesstudy o the Dutch Randstad and the South Easto England. The 48page document includesoriginal data, photography and mapping on the

social, geographical, political and environmentalperormance o these two distinct metropolitanregions. With essays by project researchers and teamleaders on the core research themes governance,housing, leisure and open space, energy and theenvironment the publication eatures innovativecharts and diagrams o work and residential density,public transport diagrams, current and proposedgovernance arrangements as well as mapping oopen spaces and energy acilities at a regional level.The document is published by LSE Cities, PBLNetherlands Environmental Assessment Agencyand the Dutch Ministry o Inrastructure and theEnvironment.

THETALEOF TWOREGIONS1

THETALEOFTWOREGIONS

ACOMpARISONbETWEENTHEMETROpOLITANAREASOFSOuTHEASTENGL

ANdANdTHERANdSTAdINHOLLANd

0 _ In tro _ AW.in d d 6 // :4 :5


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CITIES,HEALTHANDWELL-BEING

Edited by Ricky Burdett and Myfanwy TaylorISBN 978-0-85328-468-0

26 PUBLICATIONS

This conerence newspaper eatures LSE Citiesresearch on metropolitan health and wellbeing,as well as intraurban analysis o health and socialindicators in Hong Kong and qualitative research with

residents o our dense neighbourhoods in the Asiancity. A compilation o 30 city case studies and ramingpapers by conerence participants and collaboratorsocusses on the global themes o health and wellbeing in cities, and local examples o interventionsand policy analysis rom Hong Kong and ourteencities around the world.

1

10 11

Kinshasa

Cairo

London

Los Angeles

80.6

Nairobi56.9

Harare38.2

Dakar58

Tashkent70.9

Hong Kong 82.5

Sydney

81.9

San Francisco81.3

La Paz63.3

Toronto82.6

Bogot

74.8

Lima

76.4

Buenos Aires

74.3

Mexico City

75.9

Atlanta

77.8

NewYork

80.9

80.6 Stockholm81.2

Moscow70.3

Bucharest74.1

Tokyo82.4

71.3

Paris

82.3

Tehran

70.1

Singapore80.7

Ho Chi Minh 74

Manila 71.6

Johannesburg

51

54.9

Health Index

Low

High

1

5

10

Population (in millions)

Life Expectancy (years)

81.3

Index score

LowHigh

H on g K on g H on g K on g 7, 06 9, 37 8 0.88 0.66 0.77

O sa ka J ap an 1 8, 48 8, 75 5 0.86 0.75 0.73

T ok yo J ap an 4 2, 60 7, 37 6 0.86 0.76 0.74

S in ga po re S in ga po re 4 ,8 36 ,6 91 0.86 0.64 0.78

S to ck ho lm S we de n 1 ,9 90 ,4 93 0.85 0.76 0.78

R ome I ta ly 4, 101, 22 8 0.83 0.73 0.74

M ad ri d S pa in 6 ,4 18 ,8 63 0.82 0.75 0.75

P ar is F ra nc e 1 2, 17 7, 13 5 0.82 0.73 0.78

B er li n G er ma ny 4 ,9 45 ,8 77 0.81 0.79 0.71

S yd ne y A us tr al ia 7, 25 3, 40 0 0.81 0.89 0.75

R a nd s ta d N e th e rl a nd s 6 , 9 6 9, 6 90 0.80 0.77 0.77

L o nd o n U n it e d K i ng d om 1 4 ,8 3 0, 0 51 0.79 0.71 0.77

T or on to C an ad a 6 ,4 56 ,1 45 0.79 0.79 0.76

San Francisco-San Jose USA 9,143,536 0.79 0.81 0.80

N ew Y or k U SA 2 3, 51 4, 80 4 0.78 0.80 0.79

L is bo n P or tu ga l 2 ,8 45 ,1 26 0.78 0.66 0.73

L os A ng el es U SA 1 7, 95 0, 45 1 0.77 0.78 0.78

A th en s G re ec e 4 ,12 3, 51 8 0.77 0.77 0.75

B os to n U SA 9, 07 3, 64 3 0.77 0.81 0.79

M ia mi U SA 7, 43 2, 017 0.76 0.79 0.77

S an ti ag o C hi le 6 ,9 21 ,4 03 0.76 0.68 0.66

C hi ca go U SA 11 ,5 99 ,6 46 0.75 0.79 0.78

Da lla s U SA 7,7 31 ,4 14 0.74 0.78 0.77

Washington DC-Balt imore USA 9,489,664 0.73 0.81 0.81

At la nta U SA 7, 50 6, 26 7 0.73 0.79 0.78

P hi la de lp hi a U SA 7 ,9 03 ,4 76 0.73 0.80 0.79

W ar sa w P ol an d 2 ,4 72 ,7 13 0.73 0.72 0.74

B ud ap es t H un ga ry 2 ,9 30 ,9 34 0.72 0.78 0.73

B uc ha re st R om an ia 1 ,9 48 ,0 38 0.67 0.76 0.75

M on te rr ey M ex ic o 4 ,6 53 ,4 58 0.66 0.63 0.67

B u en o s A i re s A r ge n ti n a 1 8 ,4 8 5, 5 10 0.66 0.68 0.67

B el gr ad e S er bi a 2 ,2 53 ,1 85 0.65 0.68 0.62

M ex ic o C it y M ex ic o 3 5, 41 8, 95 2 0.64 0.62 0.64

G ua da la ja ra M ex ic o 7, 35 0, 68 2 0.64 0.61 0.65

L ima P er u 10, 05 4, 95 2 0.63 0.70 0.63

B ei ji ng C hi na 1 7, 48 7, 81 6 0.63 0.54 0.65

H o C h i M i nh C i ty V i et n a m 1 2 ,5 9 2, 10 0 0.62 0.47 0.49

S ha ng ha i C hi na 1 9, 55 3, 65 1 0.62 0.53 0.67

S h en y an g -F u sh u n C h in a 9 , 58 7, 3 14 0.62 0.54 0.63

D al ia n C hi na 6 ,2 96 ,3 04 0.61 0.53 0.66

C ar ac as V en ez ue la 5 ,4 31 ,7 09 0.61 0.53 0.63

B og ot C ol om bi a 9 ,8 40 ,8 18 0.61 0.61 0.62

N an ji ng C hi na 8 ,0 60 ,8 82 0.61 0.53 0.64

B an gk ok T ha il an d 1 4, 19 0, 76 2 0.61 0.56 0.63

Xi an C hin a 8 ,6 11, 43 0 0.61 0.54 0.57

T ia nj in C hi na 1 2, 14 2, 48 9 0.61 0.53 0.64

K un mi ng C hi na 6 ,4 35 ,4 90 0.61 0.53 0.57

J in an C hin a 6, 87 7, 24 0 0.61 0.53 0.62

C he ng du C hi na 1 3, 18 4, 29 4 0.61 0.54 0.59

K ie v U kr ai ne 4 ,5 06 ,9 00 0.61 0.77 0.60

He fe i C hin a 5 ,13 0, 59 9 0.61 0.53 0.60

H an oi V ie t n am 9 ,6 33 ,1 00 0.60 0.47 0.50

F or ta le za B ra zi l 3 ,9 50 ,5 96 0.60 0.56 0.55

G ui ya ng C hi na 4 ,0 35 ,9 35 0.60 0.53 0.55

B e lo H o ri z on t e B r az i l 5 , 45 3 ,3 1 2 0.60 0.58 0.63

S o ut h G u an d on g C h in a 4 0 ,4 3 7, 8 10 0.60 0.54 0.67

R ec if e B ra zi l 4 ,0 54 ,9 66 0.60 0.56 0.57

H ar bi n C hi na 1 0, 35 0, 97 3 0.60 0.54 0.58

M ed el li n C ol om bi a 6 ,0 65 ,8 46 0.60 0.56 0.59

B ra si li a B ra zi l 4 ,1 64 ,4 21 0.59 0.58 0.66

Wu han C hin a 9, 20 2, 99 4 0.61 0.53 0.62

Damascus 4,477,000 0.64 0.43 0.54Syrian Arab Republic

Aleppo 4,744,000 0.62 0.36 0.49Syrian Arab Republic

S ai nt P et er sb ur g 6 ,1 37, 26 0 0.61 0.66 0.67Russian Federation

Moscow 17,928,071 0.60 0.65 0.69Russian Federation

P o rt o A l eg r e B r az i l 4 , 26 4 ,4 3 6 0 . 59 0. 5 8 0 . 65

N an ch an g C hi na 4 ,8 36 ,9 46 0 .5 9 0 .5 4 0 .6 0

C ur it ib a B ra zi l 3 ,4 46 ,4 85 0 .5 9 0 .5 8 0 .6 6

M a ka s sa r I n do n es i a 2 , 57 9 ,1 12 0 . 59 0 . 50 0. 4 9

F uz ho u C hi na 7, 25 2, 63 2 0 .5 9 0 .5 3 0 .6 0

S o P au lo B ra zi l 2 6, 19 3, 66 7 0 .5 8 0 .5 8 0. 67

S al va do r B ra zi l 3 ,9 24 ,9 54 0 .5 8 0 .5 7 0 .6 0

M ed an I nd on es ia 5 ,2 55 ,9 05 0 .5 8 0 .5 3 0 .5 0

A nk ar a T ur ke y 4 ,7 71 ,7 16 0 .5 8 0 .5 5 0 .6 6

R i o d e J a ne i ro B r az i l 1 3, 3 31 , 71 4 0. 5 8 0. 5 8 0 .6 4

J a ka r ta I n do n es i a 3 4 ,7 7 2, 3 42 0 . 58 0 . 51 0 . 51

I st an bu l T ur ke y 1 5, 61 3, 93 2 0 .5 7 0 .5 2 0 .6 8

C he nn ai I nd ia 1 2, 39 7, 68 1 0 .5 7 0 .4 4 0 .5 5

C a sa b la n ca M o ro c co 5 , 61 9, 0 89 0 . 57 0 . 42 0. 5 3

K oc hi I nd ia 3 ,2 79 ,8 60 0 .5 7 0 .4 5 0 .5 3

M a ni l a P h il i pp i ne s 2 3 ,0 6 5, 8 89 0 . 56 0 . 62 0. 5 5

T eh ra n I ra n 1 4, 79 5, 11 6 0 .5 5 0 .5 9 0 .6 3

S u ra b ay a I n do n es i a 8 , 72 8 ,6 0 2 0 . 55 0 . 51 0. 4 9

A le xa nd ri a E gy pt 9 ,4 33 ,5 14 0 .5 5 0 .5 0 0. 55

C ai ro E gy pt 2 4, 24 3, 25 0 0 .5 4 0 .5 0 0 .5 4

M um ba i I nd ia 2 6, 16 7, 97 2 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 6

H yd er ab ad I nd ia 9 ,3 06 ,6 34 0 .5 4 0 .4 2 0 .5 6

B an ga lo re I nd ia 1 0, 57 6, 16 7 0 .5 4 0 .4 3 0 .5 6

R ab at M or oc co 2 ,6 48 ,7 73 0 .5 3 0 .4 3 0 .5 3

P un e I nd ia 9 ,4 26 ,9 59 0 .5 2 0 .4 3 0 .5 4

M as hh ad I ra n 5 ,9 40 ,7 66 0 .5 2 0 .5 7 0 .6 1

A hm ad ab ad I nd ia 8 ,5 95 ,6 78 0 .5 1 0 .4 3 0 .5 6

L ud hi an a I nd ia 3 ,4 87, 88 2 0 .5 1 0 .4 3 0 .5 8

I nd or e I nd ia 3 ,2 72 ,3 35 0 .5 1 0 .4 2 0 .5 3

Islamabad-Rawalpindi Pakistan 5,814,142 0.50 0.39 0.54

H u bl i -D h ar w ad I n di a 1 , 84 6 ,9 9 3 0 . 50 0 . 41 0. 4 8

S an ta C ru z B ol iv ia 1 ,9 92 ,7 09 0. 50 0 .6 6 0 .5 7

S ur at I nd ia 6 ,0 79 ,2 31 0 .4 9 0 .4 2 0 .5 3

B ho pa l I nd ia 2 ,3 68 ,1 45 0 .4 8 0 .4 2 0 .5 4

K hu ln a B an gl ad es h 2 ,2 94 ,0 00 0. 48 0. 38 0 .3 8

C h it t ag o ng B a ng l ad e sh 7 ,5 0 9, 0 00 0. 4 7 0 . 36 0 .4 1

K ar ac hi P ak is ta n 1 4, 27 0, 13 2 0 .4 7 0 .3 9 0. 60

L a P az B ol iv ia 1 ,9 08 ,8 13 0 .4 7 0 .6 6 0 .5 2

L uc kn ow I nd ia 4 ,5 88 ,4 55 0 .4 5 0 .4 1 0 .5 1

L ah or e P ak is ta n 1 3, 33 5, 77 7 0 .4 5 0 .3 7 0 .5 5

D el hi I nd ia 3 0, 14 1, 58 3 0 .4 4 0 .4 3 0 .5 6

Y an go n M ya nm ar 7 ,1 22 ,7 22 0 .4 2 0 .3 9 0 .4 5

J ai pu r I nd ia 6 ,6 63 ,9 71 0 .4 2 0 .4 1 0 .5 0

F a is a la b ad P a ki s ta n 7 ,0 5 5, 4 17 0 . 41 0 . 34 0. 4 1

P h no m P e nh C a mb o di a 2 , 74 6 ,0 3 8 0 . 40 0 .4 7 0 . 48

C ot on ou B en in 1 ,5 23 ,8 36 0 .3 7 0 .4 0 0 .4 0

A b id j an C te d Iv o ir e 7 ,8 4 5, 10 0 0. 3 6 0 . 31 0 . 42

D ak ar S en eg al 4 ,5 14 ,6 93 0 .3 5 0 .3 9 0 .4 4

N ai ro bi K en ya 7 ,8 06 ,7 48 0 .3 4 0 .5 1 0 .4 4

C a pe T ow n S o ut h A fr i ca 5 , 22 3 ,9 0 0 0. 3 1 0 .6 1 0 . 6 1

K am pa la U ga nd a 3 ,8 40 ,4 00 0 .3 0 0 .4 5 0 .4 1

J o ha n ne s bu r g S o ut h A fr i ca 1 1, 19 1 ,7 0 0 0 .3 0 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 2

Bamako M a li 4 , 41 4 ,1 17 0. 2 2 0 . 23 0 .3 7

Abuja N i ge r ia 4 , 95 7, 4 11 0 . 21 0 . 39 0 . 4 7

L ag os N ig er ia 1 5, 37 3, 21 3 0 .2 0 0 .4 4 0 .4 6

Harare Z i mb a bw e 3 , 84 7, 8 34 0 . 2 0 0 . 50 0 . 13

Ibadan N i ge r ia 6 , 32 2 ,6 1 4 0. 1 9 0. 4 1 0 .4 4

Lusaka Z a mb i a 2 , 46 7, 4 67 0 .1 8 0 .4 1 0 . 40

K an o N ig er ia 1 0, 64 3, 63 3 0 .1 7 0 .3 3 0 .3 8

T as h ke n t U z be k is t an 4 , 78 9 ,5 0 0 0 . 45 0 . 63 0. 4 9

D h ak a B a ng l ad e sh 1 8 ,1 0 5, 0 00 0 . 49 0 . 37 0 . 40

K ol ka ta I nd ia 3 3, 08 4, 73 4 0 .4 7 0 .4 1 0 .5 3

D a r e s S a la am T an z an i a 4 , 14 9 ,8 7 3 0. 3 6 0 .3 3 0 . 4 1

Kinshasa Congo, DRC 9,426,523 0.22 0.36 0.21

44 45 34 35

20 21


27/54

20 21

HONG KONG

NEW YORK

SHANGHAI

LONDON

MEXICO CITY

JOHANNESBURG

MUMBAI

SO PAULO

ISTANBUL

7.0

8.1

15.5

7.6

8.6

3.2

11.7

10.4

12.7

53

50

45

32

56

75

35

61

43

7.0

18.8

15.5

7.6

19.2

3.9

19.3

19.2

12.7

22,193

15,353

23,227

8,326

12,880

2,203

45,021

10,376

20,128

0.7

6.3

1.4

2.2

13.2

15.7

3.0

21.0

3.0

7

9

26

1

10

3

44

11

12

44.7

11.2

54.4

21.8

-

31.1

56.3

33.8

45.0

-

2.8

1.0

12.4

8.4

8.1

0.9

5.8

17.8

247

579

169

1,393

353

581

477

275

163

45,090

55,693

8,237

60,831

18,321

9,229

1,871

12,021

9,368

-

3.3

5.0

3.4

21.5

14.8

2.9

11.9

22.0

59

209

73

345

360

206

36

368

139

3.6

2.8

11.8

2.9

2.9

3.7

6.7

3.2

3.1

434

529

343

459

228

558

193

504

383

5,768

6,603

6,357

4,539

-

3,388

579

1,954

2,267

371

607

439

324

343

378

90

185

155

5,800

7,396

10,680

5,599

5,862

5,025

371

1,123

2,720

82.5

77.6

81

79.2

75.9

51

68.1

70.8

72.4

Current

population in

the city

(millions)

Income

inequality

(measured by

the Gini index)

Current

population in

metropolitan

region

(millions)

0.88

0.78

0.62

0.79

0.64

0.30

0.54

0.58

0.57

Metropolitan

Health Index

Central area

density

(people per

km)

Murder rate

(homicides

per 100,000

inhabitants)

Projected

growth 2010-

2025 (people

per hour)

% of daily

trips made by

walking and

cycling

Percentage of

the countrys

population

residing in

each city

Rail Network

System

Length (km)

GDP per

capita (US$)

Percentage of

national GDP

produced by

each city

Car ownership

rate (per 1,000

inhabitants)

Average

annual growth

of GVA

1993-2010

Annual waste

production

(kg per capita)

Annual

electricity use

(kWh per

capita)

20.1

25.7

16.0

23.8

32.9

34.6

36.3

31.0

32.1

% of the

population

under 20

Daily water

consumption

(litres per

capita)

Annual CO2

emissions

(kg per capita)

Life

expectancy

(years)

URBAN AGE CITIES COMPAREDBehind the statistics o global city growth lie very dierent

patterns o urbanisation, with diverse spatial, social and

economic characteristics that dramatically aect the urban

experience. In addition to standard measures o population

growth and density, the economy and transport use, LSE

Cities has assembled data rom a range o ocial sources

on energy consumption, global CO2

emissions and health,

allowing a preliminary asses sment o how these nine world

cities compare to each other on key perormance indicators.

A graphic summary o these results oers some striking

dierences, especially when it comes to their speed o growth.

While So Paulo has grown nearly 8,000 per cent since 1900

and London by only 16 per cent (having experienced its

major growth spurt in the previous century), it is Mumbai

that is predicted to grow the astest o the nine, with 44

additional residents each hour by 2025. London, however,

will only gain one person per hour, Johannesburg three and

Hong Kong seven. Tese trends mask dierent patterns o

age distribution: close to a third o the residents o Mumbai,

Johannesburg, So Paulo and Mexico City are under the

age o 20, while in Shanghai and Hong Kong the younger

generations shrink to 20 per cent or less. Patterns o habitation

also dier signicantly. Te populations o Hong Kong and

London are very similar in size, but the population densities

within a 10-kilometre (6-mile) radius rom their geographical

centres (sim Sha sui, Kowloon in Hong Kong and raalgar

Square in London) dier by a actor o three. Shanghais

central area density is as high as Hong Kongs, but drops o

sharply beyond a 10-kilometre (6-mile) radius, while Hong

Kong remains dense across the built-up urban region.

O all the Urban Age cities, Hong Kong possesses the

lowest murder rate, o less than one homicide per 100,000

inhabitants a year: saer even than Istanbul and Mumbai

with less than three each. So Paulo, Johannesburg and

Mexico City prove to be the more dangerous places to live

ranging rom 13 to 21 murders per 100,000 people. With

the exception o Hong Kong, these ndings are paralleled

by the level o income inequality i ndicated by the Gini

coecient a measure o income distribution with a higher

number representing greater inequality in each o these

cities: Johannesburg, So Paulo and Mexico City are the most

unequal cities, ollowed closely by New York, with London

being the most equitable. Hong Kong is the exception, being

the only city that is both unequal and sae.

GDP per capita is highest in the global cities o London

and New York (US$60,831 and US$55,693 respectively),

ollowed by Hong Kong (US$45,090). People living in

these three cities are many times wealthier, on average,

than in other Urban Age cities such as Istanbul and So

Paulo (US$ 12,00013,000) and Johannesburg, Shanghai

and Mumbai (less than US$10,000). Yet despite the act

that Mexico Citys per capita income is less than a third o

New Yorkers (US$18,321 versus US$55,693), residents o

Mexico City own nearly twice as many cars (360 per 1,000

people versus 209) and use roughly t he same amount o

water per person as Londoners (324 litres/570 pints per day).

While Johannesburg, London, Hong Kong and Mexico

City contribute similar levels o CO2

emissions per person,

the number doubles in Shanghai, where more than 10,000

kilograms (22,046 lb) per person are produced every year,

owing to the presence o heavy manuacturing industry

in its vast metropolitan region. In contrast we can see

Istanbul, with close to 38 per cent o its workorce in the

manuacturing sector, the highest o the Urban Age cities,

producing just 2,720 kilograms (5,996 l b) o CO2

per person,

while Mumbais residents contribute only 371 kilogram (818

lb) per person less t han 10 per cent o that o residents in

other global cities.

Tere is signicant variation in lie expectancy among

the Urban Age cities, refecting a multitude o actors,

including the quality o health inrastructure, eectiveness

o national public health policies as well as environmental

and social conditions. On average, a Hong Konger lives 30

years longer than a resident o Johannesburg and st ill ten

years longer than a person who is brought up in Istanbul

or Sao Paulo, while residents o Shanghai can expect to live

three years longer than New Yorkers. In Mumbai, although

lie expectancy has not yet reached 70 years, it perorms well

compared to the national average o 62 years.

2009

2007

2006

2007 - GREATER LONDON

2005

2007 - COJMETROMUNICIPALITY

2005

2007

2008

2008

2005

2007

2006

2005

2006

2006

2008

2010

2008

2005

2007

2006

2005

2006

2006

2007

2008

2005

2007

2006

2005

2006

2006

2007

2010

2001

2006

2004

2007

2003 - GAUTENGPROVINCE

2001

2000

2000

2007

2007NEWYORK METROPOLITAN

STATISTICALAREA

1995

2005

2005

2004

2005

2003

2006

2008

2005

2009

2005

2010

2001

2010

2009

2009

2008

2005

2007

2007

2007

2005

2006

2007

2002

2008

2006

2008

2004

2007

2007

2008

2003

2008

2006

2008

2007


2006

2007

2008

2009

2005

1999

2005


2001

2007

2006

2009

2005

2005

2005

2005

2008

2005

2007

2005

2000

2007

2007 - MAHARASHTRASTATE

2006

2007

2007

2007

2003

2005

2000

2007

2000 - MAHARASHTRASTATE

2003

2005

GIS-BASED GIS-BASED 2009 2010

2010 - EMR

GIS-BASED

An extract from Cities, Health and Well-Being, the newspaperproduced for our Urban Age conference in Hong Kong in

November 2011.

,

-

,

-

i i i i i i

i i i i

living in the endless cities

Documents