Buddha Eyes (also known as Wisdom Eyes). They lookout in the four directions to symbolize the

omniscience (all-seeing) of a Buddha.

Research Study: To define and analysecross-border and in-country livestock and

livestock-products market systems in Indiafor control of Transboundary Animal

DiseasesBy

Dr.M.Islam BarbaruahVet Helpline India Pvt.Ltd.

11-03-2014

Study ofLivestock Market System in India

• Physical livestock markets.• Different type of people in the

business and their activities.• Movement of live animal /

livestock products / farm inputs.• Delivery of related services

(support system)

Rel

atio

nshi

ps o

r Gov

erna

nce

Motivations behind variousdecisions and actions / practices

Acts, R

ules and Regulations

Primary Research Question

• Where and what (behaviour) should we target for participatory

TADs control?

• What is a representative sample of the people whom we can

involve and seek help in controlling the spread of diseases?

• What factors should we consider to best design and implement

TADs risk communication action plan?

• How important is cross-border livestock trade in terms of

volume?

• What are the drivers for movement of animals and cross-

border trade?

Research Objective

a) To record the different sub-systems in the livestock marketsystem e.g. markets and associated value chains

b) To qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the structure andperformance of select value chains in the context of TADsdisease risk.

c) To identify cross border routes, movement corridors vis-à-vistrade volume, risk hotspots / control points along the valuechain.

d) To consult with key stakeholders on potential value chainupgrading options in the context of better control of TADs.

Approach:Mixed Method Research

The Research Methodology

Strategy:A combination of Sequential Exploratory and

Concurrent triangulation

The Study Area

Consultations and team building

The research team comprised of 22 members withdiversified background.

Sampling of border administrativedivisions through risk scoring based on:

1. Observed general traffic (people / animal) in case of cross-border

movement

2. Concentration of livestock

3. Presence of common grazing land or transhumance movement

4. Absence of border check post

5. Absence of reserved forest area

6. Absence of border fencing

7. Available published reports of cattle smuggling

8. Presence of predominant livestock markets

9. Presence of known routes of animal movement

10.Presence of Land custom station

Example of Risk scoring of border areas:

Sampling of in-country livestock marketsthrough risk scoring based on:

• Trade volume

• Number of feeding cluster

• Linkages with international trade

Example of risk scoring of in-country markets:

Developed guide for GIS mapping of livestock markets:

Developed guide for GIS mapping of livestockmovement routes.

Other developed guides:

• Livestock Market intelligence guide : The focus isto gain insights (Beyond just analysis), understand thedialogue (not just communication) and capability of actors.

• Quick reference guide for risk factors for TADstransmission.

• Use of tally sheet for traffic volume count inanimal movement routes.

Summary Key outputs• Designed tools and guides ( e.g. for risk scoring of border

areas, livestock markets, GIS mapping etc. )• Screenshots of google maps showing livestock movement

routes within the study area with possible location of checkpost.

• Detail analysis of livestock markets in UP and Biharhighlighting concentration.

• Delimited value chain diagram in the context of TADs withdetailed discussion on People, Activity, relationships andMotivations vis a vis disease control strategy.

• Discussion on illegal trade volume and trends based on trafficstudy and analysis of police cases.

• Discussion on learning from survey of livestock markets,traders and farmers.

• Recommendations for way forward.

Example of cross-border routes

Map 1 Green dots indicating open border areas in Narpatganj division where animal movement on foot takes place fromBirpur to Forbesganj.

Example of cross-border routes

Map 1 Prominent cross-border animal movement routes in Dhubri (Assam)

Gaspara (B), Patamari (C) Salapara Pt1 (D), Salapara Pt 2 (E), Salapara Pt. 3 (F),South Salmara (H) and Fakirganj (I) and Kurigram. (G)

Example of cross-border routes

Map 1 A-Matiari B-Singhimari C-Dighalbank – D-Tapu E-Lohagarha F- Pawa khali G-Thakurganj H- Taiabpur I-Islampur –J:Terhagachh

Examples of in-country movement routes

Map 1 A-Bagha B- Bettiah C-Sugauli D-Motihari-E-Pipra Kothi , F-Motipur G-Muzaffarpur H-Darbhanga I- Supoul J-ArariaK-Kishanganj

Glimpse of analysis of animal movement using police data

Figure 1 Zone wise registered police cases on illegal cattle transport in UP

Figure 1 Year wise number of registered cases, number of convicts and number of cattle rescued. (Data source –Government of UP)

Figure 1 Seasonal variation in animal movement

Glimpse of Livestock Market data analysis

Figure 1 Zone wise distribution of markets in UP (Data Source: Animal Husbandry Department, UP)

Glimpse of Livestock Market data analysis ( Contd.)

Figure 1 Administrative division wise distribution of livestock markets in Bihar

Glimpse of Livestock Market data analysis ( Contd.)

Figure 1 Distribution of Livestock Markets in UP (Data Source: Animal Husbandry Department, UP)

Livestock value chain

Production Sub System • Backyard farmers &Nomadic Pastoralists.

• Trader vs CommissionAgents

• Procurementmanagers of largeabattoirs.

• Animal Transporters

• Owners of Roadsidebutchery

Processing Sub System: • Concentration of meat plants in28 cities only.

• Trader contractors takingadvantage of meat plantsstrategic weakness.

• The trend of partnershipbetween meat plants and bigtraders.

• The investment on Feedlot vis-à-vis bargaining power

By Product Subsystem • Process of aggregation

• Long distance transport of hide,skin, horns and hooves.

• Rendering of offal and linkagewith food chain ( Technologyand processes )

Illegal cross-border trading • Dynamics at Sourcing points

• Complicit villagers in borderareas.

Few key finding of Primary data analysis ( Traders / farmers )

• Highest number of middle aged persons with meanexperience of 6.53 years. ( Need of planed communicationstrategy ! )

• Permanency and Exclusivity of the trade. ( Chance for moreorganized activity and consolidation of business in long run. )

• Skilled job profile and as such species specialization iscommon.

• Majority operate on state basis. Multi-state networking andinformal cartel to influence price is common. Up to 16%indicate bordering areas as trading area.

• Pre-market vaccination in community holding area is apossibility.

• Livestock market is still important ( 64% of procurement bytraders )

Few key finding of Primary analysis ( Traders ) Contd.

• Emerging trend of live animal traders having own farm ormale fattening unit.

• As high as 68% of trader selling purchased animals to distantplace. Thriving animal transport business but its highlyunscientific.

• Up to 47% traders have low awareness and risk perception onTADs but they do interact with veterinarians / animal healthworkers.

• There is limited intensive production clusters in border areas.• Predominance of farming with confinement.• Demand for vaccination• Poor dairy farm economics triggering cross-border movement.• Limited active farmers’ institution.

Few key finding of Market intelligence study

• Scope for organizational improvement of market institutionsto ensure bio-security and disease reporting.

• Slake implementation of rules pertaining to livestock marketregistration.

• Poor infrastructure ( importance of areas near animal loadingramp ! ). Limited scope for systematic observation of diseasesymptoms.

• Poor communication and leadership on the part of marketcommittees.

• Predominance of informal financing. ( Limiting scope ofengagement with traders and participatory implementation ofbio-security rules. )

• No segregation of animals based on place of origin. Improperdisposal of dead animals.

Few key finding of Market intelligence study ( Contd.)

• Limited data on market actors and feeding clusters.• Private night holding sheds are the critical areas for

observation.• Poor awareness and implementation of rules and visibility of

veterinary department

Illegal trade volume

Dalkhola (West Bengal): 2200 animals per week (observed

period: 8 am to 5 pm)

Taiabpur (Bihar): 3005 animals per week (observed period:

10 am to 4 pm)

Bilauri (Bihar): 500 per week (observed period: 10 am to 4

pm)

Bahadurganj (Bihar): 2720 per week (observed period: 10

pm to 6 am)

Melagarh (Tripura): 875 per week (observed period: 12pm

to 7pm)

Recommendations

• Sensitization on laws

• Taskforce for animal transportation policy and movementcontrol.

• Capacity building

• Focused surveillance and vaccination

• Focused intervention in physical livestock markets.

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