liver is the largest gland of the body. it normally

8/14/2019 Liver is the Largest Gland of the Body. It Normally

1/12

LiverLiver


2/12

The liver is the largest gland of the body. It normallyThe liver is the largest gland of the body. It normally

weighs about 1.5kg. The sharp inferior border of theweighs about 1.5kg. The sharp inferior border of the

liver does not normally extend below the right costalliver does not normally extend below the right costal

margin. If it does, it is enlarged. In order to free themargin. If it does, it is enlarged. In order to free the

liver for study, you must cut the falciform ligament,liver for study, you must cut the falciform ligament,superior and inferior parts of the coronary ligament,superior and inferior parts of the coronary ligament,

the right and left triangular ligaments, the lesserthe right and left triangular ligaments, the lesser

omentum and the structures in its free marginomentum and the structures in its free margin

(common bile duct, proper hepatic artery and portal(common bile duct, proper hepatic artery and portal

vein) and the hepatic veins at the point where theyvein) and the hepatic veins at the point where theyempty into the inferior vena cavaempty into the inferior vena cava


3/12

Size and ShapeSize and Shape

During development, liver size increases with increasingDuring development, liver size increases with increasing

age, averaging 5 cm span at 5 years and attaining adultage, averaging 5 cm span at 5 years and attaining adult

size by age 15. The size depends on several factors: age,size by age 15. The size depends on several factors: age,

sex, body size and shape, as well as the particularsex, body size and shape, as well as the particular

examination technique utilized (e.g., palpation versusexamination technique utilized (e.g., palpation versuspercussion versus radiographic). By percussion, the meanpercussion versus radiographic). By percussion, the mean

liver size is 7 cm for women and 10.5 cm for men .A liverliver size is 7 cm for women and 10.5 cm for men .A liver

span 2 to 3 cm larger or smaller than these values isspan 2 to 3 cm larger or smaller than these values is

considered abnormal. The liver weighs 1200 to 1400 g inconsidered abnormal. The liver weighs 1200 to 1400 g in

the adult woman and 1400 to 1500 g in the adult man.the adult woman and 1400 to 1500 g in the adult man.


4/12

Frontal views of the liver forFrontal views of the liver for

different body types.different body types.


5/12

Lateral views of the liver forLateral views of the liver for

different body typesdifferent body types


6/12

Parts of liverParts of liver


7/12

Right lobeRight lobe

TheThe right loberight lobe is much larger than the left; theis much larger than the left; theproportion between them being as six to one.proportion between them being as six to one.

It occupies theIt occupies the rightrighthypochondriumhypochondrium, and is separated, and is separatedfrom the left lobe on its upper surface by thefrom the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciformfalciformligamentligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the; on its under and posterior surfaces by theleftleftsagittalsagittalfossafossa; and in front by the; and in front by the umbilical notchumbilical notch..

It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under andIt is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under andposterior surfaces being marked by three foss: theposterior surfaces being marked by three foss: theporta and the foss for theporta and the foss for the gall-bladdergall-bladder

andand inferior vena cavainferior vena cava, which separate its left part into, which separate its left part intotwo smaller lobes; thetwo smaller lobes; the quadratequadrate andand caudate lobescaudate lobes..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbilical_notch&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbilical_notch&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall-bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall-bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_lobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall-bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umbilical_notch&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_sagittal_fossa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hypochondrium


8/12

Left lobeLeft lobe

TheThe left lobeleft lobe is smaller and moreis smaller and more

flattened than the right. It is situatedflattened than the right. It is situated

in thein the epigastricepigastric and leftand left

hypochondriachypochondriac regions. Its upperregions. Its uppersurface is slightly convex and issurface is slightly convex and is

moulded on to the diaphragm; itsmoulded on to the diaphragm; its

under surface presents the gastricunder surface presents the gastricimpression andimpression and omentalomentaltuberositytuberosity..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigastrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigastrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omental_tuberosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigastric


9/12

Falciform ligamentFalciform ligament

TheThe falciform ligamentfalciform ligament is a ligament which attaches theis a ligament which attaches the

liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-

posterior peritoneal fold, falciform (Latin "sickle-shaped") inposterior peritoneal fold, falciform (Latin "sickle-shaped") in

shape, its base being directed downward and backward, itsshape, its base being directed downward and backward, its

apex upward and backward.apex upward and backward.

It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of theIt is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the

diaphragm, and the posterior surface of the sheath of thediaphragm, and the posterior surface of the sheath of the

right Rectus as low down as theright Rectus as low down as the umbilicusumbilicus; by its right; by its right

margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin ofmargin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of

the liver, as far back as the posterior surface.the liver, as far back as the posterior surface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicus


10/12

Coronary LigamentCoronary Ligament

TheThe coronary ligamentcoronary ligament of theof the liverliver refers to parts ofrefers to parts of

thethe peritonealperitoneal reflections that hold the liver to thereflections that hold the liver to the

inferior surface of theinferior surface of the diaphragmdiaphragm..

The anterior layer of the coronary ligament is formed byThe anterior layer of the coronary ligament is formed by

the reflection of the peritoneum from the upper marginthe reflection of the peritoneum from the upper marginof the bare area of the liver to the under surface of theof the bare area of the liver to the under surface of the

diaphragm.diaphragm.

The posterior layer of the coronary ligament is reflectedThe posterior layer of the coronary ligament is reflected

from the lower margin of the bare area and isfrom the lower margin of the bare area and is

continuous with the right layer of the lesser omentumcontinuous with the right layer of the lesser omentum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver


11/12

Location of the liverLocation of the liver

Located behind the lower ribs on theLocated behind the lower ribs on the

right side of the abdomen.right side of the abdomen.


12/12

Functions of liverFunctions of liver

to produce substances that break down fats,to produce substances that break down fats,convert glucose to glycogen,convert glucose to glycogen,

produce urea (the main substance of urine), makeproduce urea (the main substance of urine), makecertain amino acids (the building blocks ofcertain amino acids (the building blocks ofproteinsproteins

),), filter harmful substances from the blood (such asfilter harmful substances from the blood (such as

alcohol), storage of vitamins and minerals (alcohol), storage of vitamins and minerals (vitamins Avitamins A,, DD, K and, K and B12B12))

maintain a proper level or glucose in the blood. Themaintain a proper level or glucose in the blood. The

liver is also responsible for producingliver is also responsible for producing cholesterolcholesterol. It. Itproduces about 80% of the cholesterol in your body.produces about 80% of the cholesterol in your body.
http://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/protein.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/protein.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamina.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamina.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamind.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamind.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitaminb.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitaminb.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/cholest.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/cholest.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/cholest.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitaminb.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamind.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/vitamina.asphttp://www.mamashealth.com/nutrition/protein.asp

liver is the largest gland of the body. it normally

Documents