live interactive learning @ your desktop thursday, may 20, 2010 rageing wissards study ice sheets in...
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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Thursday, May 20, 2010
RAGEing WISSARDS Study Ice Sheets in a Warming World
Presented by Dr. Ross Powell & Dr. Reed Scherer
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Ross Powell & Reed SchererSridhar Anandakrishnan, Andrew Fisher, Helen
Fricker, David Holland, Huw Horgan, Robert Jacobel,
Slawek Tulaczyk
Ross Powell & Reed SchererSridhar Anandakrishnan, Andrew Fisher, Helen
Fricker, David Holland, Huw Horgan, Robert Jacobel,
Slawek TulaczykPhoto: Huw Horgan
RAGESRAGESRAGESRAGES
RAGEing RAGEing WISSARDS Study WISSARDS Study Ice Sheets in a Ice Sheets in a Warming WorldWarming World
RAGEing RAGEing WISSARDS Study WISSARDS Study Ice Sheets in a Ice Sheets in a Warming WorldWarming World
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WHAT IS A WHAT IS A
““RAGING RAGING WISSARD”?WISSARD”?
WHAT IS A WHAT IS A
““RAGING RAGING WISSARD”?WISSARD”?
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WISSARDWhillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research
Drilling
An Integrated Study of Marine Ice Sheet Stability and Subglacial Life Habitats in West Antarctica
2009-2015
WISSARDWhillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research
Drilling
An Integrated Study of Marine Ice Sheet Stability and Subglacial Life Habitats in West Antarctica
2009-2015RAGES: Robotic Access to Grounding-zones for Exploration and Science
Focus: stability of ice stream grounding zones
LISSARD: Lake and Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling
Focus: role of subglacial lakes in controlling ice stream dynamics and mass balance
GBASE: GeomicroBiology of Antarctic Subglacial Environments
Focus: metabolic and phylogenetic diversity of micro-organisms and the associated biogeochemical transformations
RAGES: Robotic Access to Grounding-zones for Exploration and Science
Focus: stability of ice stream grounding zones
LISSARD: Lake and Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling
Focus: role of subglacial lakes in controlling ice stream dynamics and mass balance
GBASE: GeomicroBiology of Antarctic Subglacial Environments
Focus: metabolic and phylogenetic diversity of micro-organisms and the associated biogeochemical transformations
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WISSARD Team (14 PIs, 9 Institutions)WISSARD Team (14 PIs, 9 Institutions)
Slawek TulaczykSlawek TulaczykLISSARD Lead PILISSARD Lead PIRAGES PIRAGES PI
Ross PowellRoss PowellRAGES Lead PIRAGES Lead PILISSARD PILISSARD PI
John PriscuJohn PriscuGBASE Lead PIGBASE Lead PI
Jill MicuckiJill MicuckiGBASE PIGBASE PI
Brent ChristnerBrent ChristnerGBASE PIGBASE PI
Andrew MitchellAndrew MitchellGBASE PIGBASE PI
Andrew FisherAndrew FisherLISSARD/RAGES PILISSARD/RAGES PI
Jeff SeveringhausJeff SeveringhausLISSARD PILISSARD PI
Helen FrickerHelen FrickerLISSARD/RAGES PILISSARD/RAGES PI
Reed SchererReed SchererLISSARD/RAGES PILISSARD/RAGES PI
David HollandDavid HollandRAGES PIRAGES PI
Robert JacobelRobert JacobelRAGES/LISSARD PIRAGES/LISSARD PI
Sridhar AnandakrishnanSridhar AnandakrishnanLISSARD/RAGES PILISSARD/RAGES PI
Mark ScidmoreMark ScidmoreGBASE PIGBASE PI
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Funding SupportFunding Support
Design, Development, Construction and OperationsDesign, Development, Construction and Operations
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Integrated glaciological, geological, physical, chemical, biological/genomic measurements
3 subglacial environments connected by water: - oceanic environment in the cavity under an ice shelf
- wet subglacial and grounding-zone wedge sediments
- subglacial lake
Integrated glaciological, geological, physical, chemical, biological/genomic measurements
3 subglacial environments connected by water: - oceanic environment in the cavity under an ice shelf
- wet subglacial and grounding-zone wedge sediments
- subglacial lake
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WHERE?WHERE?WHERE?WHERE?
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• Highest continentHighest continent• Coldest continentColdest continent• Driest continentDriest continent• Biggest ice sheet Biggest ice sheet &&
ice shelvesice shelves• Continent Continent surrounded surrounded
by sea ice by sea ice
AA
BB
ANTARCTICAANTARCTICAANTARCTICAANTARCTICA
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What is the difference between an ice sheet and an ice shelf ?
A) An ice shelf exists over land, an ice sheet exists over the oceanB) An ice shelf exists over the ocean, an ice sheet exists over the landC) An ice sheet is a thin glacier, an ice shelf is a thick glacier
What is the difference between an ice sheet and an ice shelf ?
A) An ice shelf exists over land, an ice sheet exists over the oceanB) An ice shelf exists over the ocean, an ice sheet exists over the landC) An ice sheet is a thin glacier, an ice shelf is a thick glacier
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet is divided into The Antarctic Ice Sheet is divided into two: the East and West Antarctic Ice two: the East and West Antarctic Ice
SheetsSheets
Question 1Question 1: Which is : Which is more sensitive to more sensitive to climate change, EAIS or climate change, EAIS or WAIS?WAIS?
Question 2Question 2: Why? : Why?
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Subglacial lake & grounding zone linked
by ice, sediment, water, biology
Subglacial lake & grounding zone linked
by ice, sediment, water, biology
Most likely flow path of lake discharge water
Fricker, pers. comm.
Most likely flow path of lake discharge water
Fricker, pers. comm.
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WHY STUDY THE WHY STUDY THE ICE SHEET ICE SHEET
GROUNDING GROUNDING ZONE?ZONE?
WHY STUDY THE WHY STUDY THE ICE SHEET ICE SHEET
GROUNDING GROUNDING ZONE?ZONE?
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Rising Sea Rising Sea LevelLevel
NASA
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Sea level history over the past 450,000 Sea level history over the past 450,000 yearsyears
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Lambeck et al., 2002, based on tropical & subtropical Lambeck et al., 2002, based on tropical & subtropical recordsrecords
TODAY
Last interglacial
Fu
ll G
lacia
l
Global Sea Level
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NASA imagesNASA images
TodayToday
Last ice ageLast ice age
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Last 24,000 yearsLast 24,000 years 9,000 years9,000 years 15 years 15 years
• Overall 10-20cm rise inOverall 10-20cm rise in 20th century20th century
• Accepted value of 1.7Accepted value of 1.7 ±0.3mm/yr 20±0.3mm/yr 20thth centurycentury
• 1950-2000 1950-2000 1.8±0.3mm/yr1.8±0.3mm/yr
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Sea-Level Forecast: IPCC 2001 & Sea-Level Forecast: IPCC 2001 & 20072007
40cm (1.25ft) rise by 2100, 40cm (1.25ft) rise by 2100, 1m (3.3ft) by 2200 1m (3.3ft) by 2200 IPCC 2001 error estimate: 20-IPCC 2001 error estimate: 20-80cm 80cm
http://www.realclimate.org/images/sealevel_1.jpghttp://www.realclimate.org/images/sealevel_1.jpg
2007200720012001
IPCC 2007 error: 20-60cm IPCC 2007 error: 20-60cm (does not include ice sheet (does not include ice sheet
melting)melting)
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Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?
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WHAT IS CAUSING WHAT IS CAUSING SEA-LEVEL RISE?SEA-LEVEL RISE?
WHAT IS CAUSING WHAT IS CAUSING SEA-LEVEL RISE?SEA-LEVEL RISE?
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Observations: Domingues et al., Nature 453, 1090-1093, Observations: Domingues et al., Nature 453, 1090-1093, 20082008
Model: Hansen et al., Science 308, 1431-1435, 2005Model: Hansen et al., Science 308, 1431-1435, 2005
Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
Ocean has gained heat in 20th century ~0.6°COcean has gained heat in 20th century ~0.6°C
Warmer water less denseWarmer water less dense
1.6 mm/yr sea-level rise1.6 mm/yr sea-level rise
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Muir Glacier, Muir Glacier, Glacier Bay, Glacier Bay, AlaskaAlaska
Glaciers are shrinking world-wideGlaciers are shrinking world-wide
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Antarctica holds what percentage of Antarctica holds what percentage of the worlds fresh water ?the worlds fresh water ?
A) 30%A) 30%B) 50%B) 50%C) 70%C) 70%D) 90%D) 90%
… … but how much but how much waterwater
is in ice sheets?is in ice sheets?
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2-6% of all water2-6% of all wateron Earthon Earth
70-80% of all fresh water 70-80% of all fresh water on Earthon Earth
Today
Bindschadler, 1998
3-5m sea3-5m sealevel riselevel rise
~60m ~60m seasealevel riselevel rise
nonenone
EastEastEastEast WestWestWestWest
How much waterHow much wateris in ice sheets?is in ice sheets?
aps
Se a Le v e l Equiv ale nt
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1m Sea Level Rise in the New York City 1m Sea Level Rise in the New York City AreaArea
Sea Level Rise and Population at Sea Level Rise and Population at Risk in Southeastern U.S.Risk in Southeastern U.S.
Sea Level Rise Sea Level Rise in Metersin Meters
Population Population Affected in Affected in
MillionsMillions
11 33
22 5.55.5
33 99
44 1313
55 1717
66 1919
A big concern isA big concern issea-level rise from sea-level rise from
ice sheets -ice sheets -Greenland, Greenland, AntarcticaAntarctica
Rowley et al., 2007Rowley et al., 2007
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If all of the ice meltsIf all of the ice melts
How long will it take?How long will it take?
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Will sea-level rise Will sea-level rise be like this?be like this?
No !No !
Gradual sea-level rise Gradual sea-level rise and storm events and storm events
causing this?causing this?
Highly likely!Highly likely!
(from The Day After Tomorrow)(from The Day After Tomorrow)
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Storm SurgesStorm Surges
Add to the rising Add to the rising sea level effectsea level effect
Locally raises coastal sea Locally raises coastal sea level during stormslevel during storms
Right front quadrantRight front quadrant
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New Orleans in problems New Orleans in problems
- already below sea level then - already below sea level then add sea level rise + storm add sea level rise + storm
surgessurges
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Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?
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WHY ARE ICE WHY ARE ICE SHELVESSHELVES
IMPORTANT HERE?IMPORTANT HERE?
WHY ARE ICE WHY ARE ICE SHELVESSHELVES
IMPORTANT HERE?IMPORTANT HERE?
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Ice shelves are Ice shelves are importantimportant
help protect ice sheetshelp protect ice sheets
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Last decades...Last decades...
decreased salinity and increased decreased salinity and increased sea water temperatures beyond sea water temperatures beyond Antarctic ice shelves indicate Antarctic ice shelves indicate their melting is increasingtheir melting is increasing
Jacobs et al. (2002)Jacobs et al. (2002)
Salin
ity
Tem
pera
ture
oC
summerwinter
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Vulnerable elements of Antarctic cryosphere under Vulnerable elements of Antarctic cryosphere under warmingwarming
Morris and Vaughan, Morris and Vaughan, 20042004
-5oC
Ice shelves lost 14,000 Ice shelves lost 14,000 kmkm22
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Larsen Ice Shelf breaks up catastrophically in Larsen Ice Shelf breaks up catastrophically in 20032003
Hulbe
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De Angelis & Skvarca, 2003De Angelis & Skvarca, 2003
Glaciers surge into ocean after ice shelves Glaciers surge into ocean after ice shelves collapsecollapse
at the Larsen Ice Shelfat the Larsen Ice Shelf
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Steig et al., 2009Steig et al., 2009
...and ...and West Antarctica West Antarctica
is warming faster is warming faster than previously than previously
thoughtthought
Antarctic annual meanAntarctic annual meantemperature anomalies 1957-2006temperature anomalies 1957-2006
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Questions:Questions:
Has the WAIS already begun collapsing?Has the WAIS already begun collapsing?
How long will it take?How long will it take?
Has it ever happened before?Has it ever happened before?
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...they warrant investigation due to their poorly
constrained contributions to ice sheet stability
under future global warming scenarios
...they warrant investigation due to their poorly
constrained contributions to ice sheet stability
under future global warming scenarios
Fricker, 2008Fricker, 2008
RAGES focuses on grounding zones... RAGES focuses on grounding zones...
Aim is to collect data to Aim is to collect data to help constrain modeling of help constrain modeling of the future behavior of thethe future behavior of theWest Antarctic Ice SheetWest Antarctic Ice Sheet
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by Stefan Vogel
So what is important to measure?So what is important to measure?
Amount of melting or freezing on the top surfaceAmount of melting or freezing on the top surfaceAmount of melting or freezing on the bottom surfaceAmount of melting or freezing on the bottom surfaceAmount and distribution of water at the sole of the ice Amount and distribution of water at the sole of the ice sheetsheetAmount and distribution of wet sediment at the sole and Amount and distribution of wet sediment at the sole and the the grounding zone of the ice sheetgrounding zone of the ice sheetFlow velocities of the ice sheet and ice shelfFlow velocities of the ice sheet and ice shelf
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Prior ResearchPrior Research
Anandakrishnan et al., 2007Anandakrishnan et al., 2007
Grounding-zone wedge of sediment
accumulating
Grounding-zone wedge of sediment
accumulating
Map & cross-section cartoons show radar line across grounding zone
Map & cross-section cartoons show radar line across grounding zone
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Wedge causes ice to thicken, Grounding-line advance past wedge crestStabilizes ice against sea-level rise initially
What are rates of sediment accumulation?What of ocean melt?
Wedge causes ice to thicken, Grounding-line advance past wedge crestStabilizes ice against sea-level rise initially
What are rates of sediment accumulation?What of ocean melt?
Grounding-zone wedgeGrounding-zone wedge
Alley e
t al.
, 2007
Alley e
t al.
, 2007
Anderson, 2007
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Dh = -h . δu + a + bDt δxDh = -h . δu + a + bDt δx
Conservation of ice volumeConservation of ice volume
Change of thicknessChange of thickness
Dynamic thinning of ice shelf due to strain rate
Dynamic thinning of ice shelf due to strain rate
Thermodynamic thickening of ice shelf due to surface accumulation
Thermodynamic thickening of ice shelf due to surface accumulation
Thermodynamic thickening or thinning of the ice shelf due to basal freezing or melting in ocean water
Thermodynamic thickening or thinning of the ice shelf due to basal freezing or melting in ocean water
Oceanic melting rates of iceOceanic melting rates of ice
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WIS grounding line near an area of low topography where troughs cut across the Ross Sea continental shelf to intercept any warm waters moving up onto
the shelf at depth
WIS grounding line near an area of low topography where troughs cut across the Ross Sea continental shelf to intercept any warm waters moving up onto
the shelf at depth
by S. Vogelby S. Vogel
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Diatoms: Microscopic algae that create Diatoms: Microscopic algae that create fossils of opal (glass)fossils of opal (glass)
Fossils beneath the ice sheet tell us of Fossils beneath the ice sheet tell us of times when the WAIS collapsed in the times when the WAIS collapsed in the past, leaving an open seawaypast, leaving an open seaway
Diatoms: Microscopic algae that create Diatoms: Microscopic algae that create fossils of opal (glass)fossils of opal (glass)
Fossils beneath the ice sheet tell us of Fossils beneath the ice sheet tell us of times when the WAIS collapsed in the times when the WAIS collapsed in the past, leaving an open seawaypast, leaving an open seaway
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V3590 From Subglacial Lake Vostok
John Priscu
Microbial life beneath Kamb Ice Stream ~107 cells/g sediment Lanoil et al., 2009
Microbial life beneath Kamb Ice Stream ~107 cells/g sediment Lanoil et al., 2009
Priscu et al., 2008
GBASE is integrated with RAGES
Basic research questions: what is the subglacial microbial community structure? what is the metabolic function of the community in situ?
GBASE is integrated with RAGES
Basic research questions: what is the subglacial microbial community structure? what is the metabolic function of the community in situ?
This also helps address an different RAGES goal:Examine significance of subglacial microbial activity and
weathering in supplying nutrients to Ross Ice Shelf cavity and Southern Ocean
This also helps address an different RAGES goal:Examine significance of subglacial microbial activity and
weathering in supplying nutrients to Ross Ice Shelf cavity and Southern Ocean
SourceAntarctica Freshwater Ocean Soil Humans
Gram
s of Carbon
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
Bacterial carbon in Antarctica compared to other global sources and to cellular carbon in the entire human population
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Let’s Pause Two Minutes for Questions?
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HOW DO YOU GET HOW DO YOU GET TO THE BOTTOM OF TO THE BOTTOM OF AN ICE SHEET AND AN ICE SHEET AND
ICE SHELF?ICE SHELF?
HOW DO YOU GET HOW DO YOU GET TO THE BOTTOM OF TO THE BOTTOM OF AN ICE SHEET AND AN ICE SHEET AND
ICE SHELF?ICE SHELF?
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… “… “drill baby drill”drill baby drill”
- with a lot of hot water and a loooooooong hose- with a lot of hot water and a loooooooong hose
IDPO and S. VogelIDPO and S. Vogel
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Mackay GlacierSW Ross Sea
Mackay GlacierSW Ross Sea
Only one other grounding zone
observed
Only one other grounding zone
observed
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Grounding line: bedrock, rubble, soft till, hard tillGrounding line: bedrock, rubble, soft till, hard till
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Mackay Glacier BenthicCommunity Structure
Mackay Glacier BenthicCommunity Structure
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Transect from seaward to landward:
Sites 1 & 2 offshore (G-lb)
Site 3 near grounding line (G)
Sites 4 & 5 “onshore” (G-F)
8 weeks of science in 2013-2014
Transect from seaward to landward:
Sites 1 & 2 offshore (G-lb)
Site 3 near grounding line (G)
Sites 4 & 5 “onshore” (G-F)
8 weeks of science in 2013-2014
G Grounding line (GL)
F limit of Flexure
H Hydrostatic point
Ib Break-in-slope
Im Elevation minimum
after Fricker & Padman, 2006after Fricker & Padman, 2006
RAGES Field PlanRAGES Field Plan
5 proposed sites in grounding zone
Near Subglacial Lake Whillans outlet
Drill through ice shelf into sub-ice-shelf cavity
Drill through ice stream into bed
5 proposed sites in grounding zone
Near Subglacial Lake Whillans outlet
Drill through ice shelf into sub-ice-shelf cavity
Drill through ice stream into bed
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BOREHOLE SAMPLING and MEASUREMENTS
5 sites boreholes<800m deep
<0.8-1m diameter
BOREHOLE SAMPLING and MEASUREMENTS
5 sites boreholes<800m deep
<0.8-1m diameter
MEASUREMENTS and SAMPLES:Ice- 5 instruments
Ocean- 15 instruments
Sediment and bed- 17 instruments
MEASUREMENTS and SAMPLES:Ice- 5 instruments
Ocean- 15 instruments
Sediment and bed- 17 instruments
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SIR, the Sub-Ice ROVerRemotely Operated Vehicle
a robotically operated submarine
SIR, the Sub-Ice ROVerRemotely Operated Vehicle
a robotically operated submarine
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ControsContros COCO22, CH, CH44
Seabird SBE19 Seabird SBE19 Plus-V2Plus-V2
CTD + DOCTD + DO
WET Labs ECO-WET Labs ECO-FLNTU(RT)D,FLNTU(RT)D,
Chlorophyll & Chlorophyll & TurbidityTurbidity
WET Labs C-Star WET Labs C-Star DeepDeep
TransmissometerTransmissometer
Sequoia LISST-Sequoia LISST-DEEPDEEP
Particle-size Particle-size analyzeranalyzer
Envirotech Envirotech nutrient analyzernutrient analyzer
NHNH44, NO, NO33, Si, PO, Si, PO44
EnvirotechEnvirotech Automated water Automated water samplersampler
Deep-sea multi-Deep-sea multi-cam 2065cam 2065
Color cameraColor camera
Teledyne DVS-Teledyne DVS-60006000
Doppler current Doppler current metermeter
Unisense Unisense porewater profilerporewater profiler
pH, redox,T, H, pH, redox,T, H, HH22S, OS, O22, N, N22OO
GIPSIEGeochemical Instrumentation
Package for Sub-Ice Exploration
GIPSIEGeochemical Instrumentation
Package for Sub-Ice Exploration
(with inductive modem,real-time data at
surface)
(with inductive modem,real-time data at
surface)
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WHOI ITPWHOI ITP
ITPIce-Tethered Profiler
- RAGES version constructed by McLane Research
- integrated with a Teledyne DVS current meter
ITPIce-Tethered Profiler
- RAGES version constructed by McLane Research
- integrated with a Teledyne DVS current meter
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Percussion Sediment Corer - recovers <5m-long cores of stiff sediment - fits through a 20cm borehole - active hammer system driven by a water pump - pumped water between liner-barrel reduces
suction without need of extra-heavy duty winch for pull-out - vibration mode for aiding penetration or pull-out
Percussion Sediment Corer - recovers <5m-long cores of stiff sediment - fits through a 20cm borehole - active hammer system driven by a water pump - pumped water between liner-barrel reduces
suction without need of extra-heavy duty winch for pull-out - vibration mode for aiding penetration or pull-out
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Additional Education Resources Additional Education Resources about Antarctica and the RAGES about Antarctica and the RAGES
ProjectProject
WISSARD: WISSARD: http://wissard.orghttp://wissard.org
ANDRILL-Antarctic Geological Drilling: ANDRILL-Antarctic Geological Drilling:
http://andrill.orghttp://andrill.org
Climate Change Resources: Climate Change Resources:
http://andrill.org/flexhibithttp://andrill.org/flexhibit
NSF “Antarctica” Book: NSF “Antarctica” Book:
http://andrill.org/publicationshttp://andrill.org/publications
RAGES Video:RAGES Video:
http://www.ag.montana.edu/rages/http://www.ag.montana.edu/rages/
ROVintrovideo.mov ROVintrovideo.mov
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RAGESRAGES
http://wissardwissard.orghttp://wissardwissard.org
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Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:
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http://learningcenter.nsta.org
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http://www.elluminate.com
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National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator