literature review nihs2
TRANSCRIPT
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Literature Review
Dr. Nalika GunawardenaMBBS, MD (Community Medicine) (Colombo),
MPH (BioSecurity) (New Zealand)
Senior Lecturer in Community MedicineFaculty of Medicine
University of Colombo
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Outline of the presentation
• Reasons for reviewing literature in research
• Brief description of the process– Finding literature– Reviewing literature
• Principles of writing a literature review
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What is a……
Literature Survey It is the process of searching and collecting relevant information on the topic of interest
Literature Review A critical analysis of existing knowledge about the topic of interest, which was found through the literature survey
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Reasons for reviewing literature in research
it helps to
– generates ideas – describe background knowledge about
the subject– show that there is no duplication– show that we are proceeding further
from current knowledge– make comparisons with other research– design the method
in the report chapters on
Introduction Literature review
Discussion
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Types of literature • Journals• Books• Conference proceedings • Internet• CD-ROMs• Government Publications• Publications of International organizations• Thesis and dissertations• Newspaper articles
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Journal articles
• Original research articles– peer reviewed to ensure quality of data– editors publish only the most relevant and reliable
research
• Review articles – summaries of research evidence
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Conference Proceedings
• information on the – latest local research– research that are being conducted and has not
been published
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Internet • Websites of organizations• e-publications
• Reports, Conference proceedings
• electronic journals, open access journals
• Caution – anyone can post information -?quality
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CD ROMs-e.g. Medline
Govt. Publications• Circulars, Acts, National Guidelines, Annual Reports,
Survey reports• eg: Annual Health Bulletin, Demographic and Health Survey
Publications of international organizationsTechnical Reports, World Heath Report, Guidelines, Recommendations, Fact sheets
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Procedure to search the source
• Computerized• Manual
– select key words from concepts/ variables– search the sources using key words– identify the appropriate articles by reading the
abstracts – get hold of the full article/ primary source
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Search engines• PubMed http://pubmed.gov/
• Freely accessible online database of biomedical journal citations and abstracts
• MEDLINE • Thousands of medical journals are indexed for MEDLINE
• Google – Scholar• Many more…….
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Selected literature
• Access the full articles and read
• Classify into different concepts/ variables and make review notes and store– Index cards– Computer files
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What to review?
• Information related to the subject– Method followed in the study– Results in relation to your study– Recommendations– Relevant other references
• Make a note of referencing informationAuthor, Year, Title of article/ chapter/ book/ journal,
Year of publication, Publisher
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http://www.endnote.com/enhome.asp
Software for Referencing
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How to write a literature review?
• Like a story. In paragraphs.• Order
• according to your objectives • any other logical sequence
• Flow • from general to specific facts • western countries, regional countries, Sri Lanka
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How to write a literature review?
• Research articles– basic information of the methods that has been followed– relevant results including statistical inferences– conclusions and recommendations if relevant
• Mostly- describe in your own words -paraphrase
• At times- write as it is word by word -quote
• Write the reference
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Never cut and paste
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Referencing
Why should we write references?
• to facilitate others to find the original document• not to commit plagiarism
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How to write references?
-Harvard Style (Author-Date system)
-Vancouver Style (Numbering system)
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Harvard StyleIn-text citation
Author’s name followed by the year of publication
Reference ListIn alphabetical order
Vancouver style
In-text citationnumber
Reference ListIn the order of numbers
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Out of the 5080 pregnancies, 1524 (30%) were found to be teenage pregnancies in………………
Original journal article by H. Peter, J. Kim, H. Jung, and D. Peter published in 2002 says:
Example- Paraphrasing and in-text citation
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Example- Paraphrasing and in-text citation
Peter et al. (2002) investigating the proportion of teenage pregnancies among 5080 pregnant mothers in area XXX by a household survey, it was identified that 1524 (30%) were teenage pregnancies
Or
In a household survey in area XXX among 5080 pregnant mothers, 1524 (30%) were found to be teenage pregnancies (1).
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A journal article by M.I. Mikheev published in 2002 says:
A significant proportion of the pregnancies in …. were among teenage mothers. The teenagers belonged to the migrant population who do not fully benefit from available health services…………..
Example – Quote and in-text citation
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Example – Quote and in-text citation
“A significant proportion of the pregnancies in …. were among teenage mothers. The teenagers belonged to the migrant population who do not fully benefit from available health services” (Mikheev, 2002. pg 23).
Mikheev claims that “A significant proportion of the pregnancies in …. were among teenage mothers. The teenagers belonged to the migrant population who do not fully benefit from available health services” (2).
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Harvard Style-Reference List
Mikheev, M.I. 1998, Occupational health and safety in Small Enterprises, Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Health, vol. 71, suppl. s 10-2
Park,H., Ha, E., Kim, J., Jung, H., Paek, D. 2002, Occupational Health Services for Small-Scale Enterprises in Korea, Industrial Health, vol 40, pp 1–6
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Vancouver Style-Reference List
1 Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 men. Lancet. 1986;2:933-6.
2. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD,
Castelli WP, Knoke JD et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease; four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79:8-15.
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Outline of the presentation
• Reasons for reviewing literature in research
• Brief description of the process– Finding literature– Reviewing literature
• Principles of writing a literature review