literature review
TRANSCRIPT
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Conducting Literature Review
Conducting Conducting Literature Review Literature Review
A very brief overview A very brief overview
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About Me – Dr. Merza Abbas – Assoc. Prof. – Chairman of Graduate Studies,
Centre for Instructional Technology & Multimedia
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Achievement?
• Best Thesis/Dissertation Awards – USM : Ibrahim Jbeili (2004) – META: Hamidah Maidinsah (2004)
Tumpang syok sahaja
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Ibrahim‛s Award
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Why do a master degree? • To do a better job
– To teach better: more effectively, more efficiently, more productively, etc…
– To improve the quality of learning • To move to better jobs • Because it is exciting, challenging, etc…
– Because it‛s there
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Why do a master degree? • To do a PHD, to be a researcher • To acquire “constructive” knowledge as
well as “destructive” knowledge • To learn to deconstruct and/or
reconstruct knowledge (how do you know what you know is correct?)
• No real applications except for a PHD or in a research environment
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What is a graduate program?
Diploma
Bachelor
Grad. Dip/ Prof. exams
Master
PHD
Skills: Accept w/o question
Critical review of theories: Accept when “proven”
More skills & theories: Accept w/o question
Skills & theories: Accept w/o question
Critical review of paradigms: Accept when irrefutable
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Paradigm
Theory
Model
Practice
Structure of
Academic thinking
P R E S C R I P T I V E
Res.
D E S C R I P T I V E
Res.
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Structure of Scientific Revolution (Kuhn, 1970)
Paradigm
Anomalies New Paradigm
Normal Science
New Normal Science
Another new Paradigm More Anomalies
Master programs
Doctoral Programs
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Objectivist Paradigm
through activation of mental processes such as schemas, strategies, & metacognition
Cognitive
through accumulation of sub-skills and sub-procedures
Cybernetic
through conditioning and use of extrinsic “motivational”processes
Behaviourist
Focus: Mastery of content/skills Theory
Mental processes are predictable:
External factors can change
internal processes
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Constructivist Paradigm
through scaffolding, cooperative/collaborative learning,
Social learning
through meaningful & purposeful learning
Humanist
through inquiry and solving real-life problems
Mental Development
Focus: reasoning skills & science process skills
Theory
Mental processes are not predictable:
Knowledge is private & is personally constructed
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What is a thesis/dissertation?
• Report of a scholarly investigation – Proof of theory-practice mastery – Genuine & Original thought/argument
• Document to pass a sentence – Verify/fine-tune theories, models, practice – Reject/Debunk paradigms, theories, models
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What is in a thesis/dissertation?
• Chapter 1: Introduction – Problem Statement – Research Questions – Hypotheses, etc
• Chapter 2: Literature Review • Chapter 3: Research Methodology • Chapter 4: Results / Data Analysis • Chapter 5: Discussion & Conclusions
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Describe nature accurately
Sense & state causal question
Recognize & state Alt. H & Theories
Generate logical predictions
Plan & conduct controlled expt.
Organize & analyze expt. data
Draw & apply reasonable conclusions
Skills for Research & Thesis Writing
Dari Lawson (1995)
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Literature Review • What is it? • What is it for? • Where do we start? • How do we do it?
– Quantitative research – Qualitative research
• How do we know we‛ve done a good job? • Worked example(s)
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Literature Review: M.Ed. Evaluation Form
• Perkaitan Sumber yang disoroti dengan masalah kajian.
• Terdapat teori/model untuk menyokong masalah kajian.
• Sumber yang disoroti adalah terkini dan mencakupi skop kajian.
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What is it? • High quality overview
– Clarity, Flow, Relevance, Recency, Empirical focus, Independence
• With technically accurate citations and references – List all articles cited in text, – Cite all articles listed in reference – Use the APA standard.
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What is it for?
• Support for ideas in Chapter 1 • Elaboration of ideas in Chapter 1 • Reference for discussion and
conclusions in Chapter 5 – Must be thorough, exhaustive, & up-to-
date
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Where do we start? • Choose a paradigm • Problem Statement (3-5 pages: tentative cause
& effect statements) – Problems = anomalies – Choose a suitable theory/model – Identify Independent Variables (IV) – Identify Dependent Variables (DV) – Identify Moderator Variables (MV)
• Write clear Research Questions – How will the IVs affect the DVs among the MVs? – Develop the Hypotheses
• Derive a Title from the Research Questions • Tip: RQ = Summary of Problem Statement
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Information Processing Model
Motivation Executive Control
Long Term
Memory
Short Term/ Working Memory
Sensory Register Senses
Muscles
E N V I R O N M E N T
Response Generator
Learning: process of Encoding and decoding
Stimuli/Knowledge items into meaningful structures
using various cognitive strategies
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New Information causes disequilibrium
Piaget‛s theory • Learning:
process of resolving cognitive conflicts Assimilation
Existing Schema in equilibrium
Accomodation
New Schema in equilibrium
Self-regulation
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How do we do it? • Expand from the Title
– Expand concepts to content outline – Use cause and effect structure
• Expand from the Research Questions • Expand from the Problem Statement • Take note of the
– Academic Pecking Order – Sources of Knowledge – Who else has done this, in what paradigm, with what
subjects, & with what results: go to ASKERIC, Google, etc. • Tip: Hypotheses are summaries for Lit. Review.
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The Academic Pecking Order
Innovators
Developers
Reporters
Students
No name dropping, padding Please!
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Sources of Knowledge
• Experience • Authority • Deductive Reasoning • Inductive Reasoning • Scientific Thinking/Research
(Empirical studies)
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Concludes with a new theory
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Forms tentative hypotheses
to test
Detects patterns &
forms
Begins with specific
observations
Confirms original theory
Collects data/ observations
to test H’thesis
forms hypotheses
to test
Begins with a theory that explains an
event
Scientific Thinking
Dari Sopiah Abdullah (2004)
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How do you know you‛ve done a good job?
• Does the review support every hypothesis?
• Does the review support Chapter 5? • Up-to-date, thorough, exhaustive,
original? • Can be turned into a book / a monograph?
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Tuckman‛s (1999) criteria • Context • Magnitude (number of references) • How empirical & up-to-date • Connectedness to the problem • Well-organized? • Establish significance? • Convincing argument?
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Let‛s try an example • Paradigm • Variables • Research Questions • Title • Literature Review Outline
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How to improve learning?
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Thank you Thank you Thank you