linking iwrm & wss undp’s kazakhstan experience

United Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava / Slovak RepublicRegional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava / Slovak Republic

Linking IWRM & WSSLinking IWRM & WSS

UNDP’s Kazakhstan ExperienceUNDP’s Kazakhstan Experience

Andrew HudsonAndrew Hudson

Principal Technical Advisor, International Principal Technical Advisor, International Waters andWaters and

Officer-in-Charge, Water Governance Officer-in-Charge, Water Governance ProgrammeProgramme

16 No 2006 16 No 2006

UNDP Regional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava SKUNDP Regional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava SK

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UNDP’s Water-related UNDP’s Water-related WorkWork

IWRM & WSS: IWRM & WSS: Focusing on water Focusing on water governancegovernance; ; Human Development (and Human Rights) approach; Human Development (and Human Rights) approach; Poverty-reduction / MDGs Poverty-reduction / MDGs

Projects in Europe & CIS: Projects in Europe & CIS: Transboundary (regional) levelTransboundary (regional) level: IWRM in Danube & Black : IWRM in Danube & Black

Sea, Caspian Sea, Dnipro, Kura-Aras (S. Caucasus), Lake Sea, Caspian Sea, Dnipro, Kura-Aras (S. Caucasus), Lake Peipsi & Prespa, Upper Syr Darya (Ferghana Valley), … Peipsi & Prespa, Upper Syr Darya (Ferghana Valley), … UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre, UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre, mainly GEF mainly GEF (approx. US$ 75 Mio. last decade) & EU/bilateral co-(approx. US$ 75 Mio. last decade) & EU/bilateral co-funded funded

National levelNational level: IWRM & WSS interventions : IWRM & WSS interventions implemented through implemented through UNDP Country Offices …UNDP Country Offices …

… … for example: for example: Kazakhstan – IWRM & Water Efficiency PlanKazakhstan – IWRM & Water Efficiency Plan


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The Project:The Project:“National IWRM & WUE Plan for “National IWRM & WUE Plan for

Kazakhstan”Kazakhstan” Time FrameTime Frame: : 2004-20072004-2007

PartnersPartners: : Kazakh Committee for Water Resources (CWR) Kazakh Committee for Water Resources (CWR) Government of Norway Government of Norway Global Water Partnership (GWP)Global Water Partnership (GWP) Department for Int’l Development (DFID) Department for Int’l Development (DFID)

Co-funding: Co-funding: TotalTotal USDUSD1.62 mil.1.62 mil. • Norway Norway (cash)(cash) USDUSD 1.085 mil. 1.085 mil. • GWP GWP (in-kind)(in-kind)USD USD 320,000320,000• UNDP UNDP (cash)(cash) USDUSD 100,000100,000• DFIDDFID (cash)(cash) pounds 50,000pounds 50,000


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Kazakhstan Context Kazakhstan Context

Water Use by sector: Water Use by sector: 71% 71% Agriculture (85% of which irrigation)Agriculture (85% of which irrigation) 24.4 %24.4 % Industry / 0.6 % Industry / 0.6 % Fisheries Fisheries 4 % 4 % Domestic Use Domestic Use

44% of water comes from neighboring 44% of water comes from neighboring countries (6 out of 8 river basins in KAZ countries (6 out of 8 river basins in KAZ are transboundary) are transboundary)

WB Study in 66 local communities WB Study in 66 local communities reported hard ship & conflicts over reported hard ship & conflicts over water, land & energy use in 50%water, land & energy use in 50%


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Why IWRM ? Why IWRM ? (Kazakhstan Context II)(Kazakhstan Context II)

Water Resources Management in K. is: Water Resources Management in K. is: … … FragmentedFragmented (Committee for Water Resources (CWR) (Committee for Water Resources (CWR)

in MoA, yet: monitoring in MoA, yet: monitoring management; separate management; separate quality/quantity monitoring; surface quality/quantity monitoring; surface groundwater groundwater management; water services management; water services sanitation providers) sanitation providers)

… … Under-fundedUnder-funded MAIN REASON: WRM not seen as revenue earning area MAIN REASON: WRM not seen as revenue earning area..

… … Poorly governedPoorly governed (new Water Code (2003): good (new Water Code (2003): good potential for IWRM, but currently not used / enforced)potential for IWRM, but currently not used / enforced)

At present, no organization has the responsibility At present, no organization has the responsibility to manage Kazakhstan’s water resourcesto manage Kazakhstan’s water resources

Apparent “Water scarcity” as a result of ineffective Apparent “Water scarcity” as a result of ineffective management management

Johannesburg directive – IWRM plans by 2005Johannesburg directive – IWRM plans by 2005


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Kazakhstan context III: Kazakhstan context III: Main Barriers towards Main Barriers towards

IWRM IWRM Poor public understanding & involvement, Poor public understanding & involvement,

Poor governance, capacity (govt. investment; RBOs), Poor governance, capacity (govt. investment; RBOs), transparency, … transparency, …

Water Info: Lacking, poorly accessible and/or Water Info: Lacking, poorly accessible and/or managed managed

Education Gap (water-related expertise / national Education Gap (water-related expertise / national capacity) capacity)

Soviet Legacy: Soviet Legacy: ‘‘Overnight’ loss of central resource allocation & Overnight’ loss of central resource allocation &

management management New borders = new compartmentalization of watersheds New borders = new compartmentalization of watersheds ““Low sympathy” for water pricing Low sympathy” for water pricing

Water-Energy Nexus dominates dialogueWater-Energy Nexus dominates dialogue


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The Guiding PrinciplesThe Guiding Principles IWRM is about IWRM is about GovernanceGovernance! !

Integrating government policies across water-related Integrating government policies across water-related sectors through governmental, institutional & legislative sectors through governmental, institutional & legislative reforms reforms (e.g. agricultural with environment & water policies; (e.g. agricultural with environment & water policies; Environment with municipal WSS policies; poverty reduction Environment with municipal WSS policies; poverty reduction with water policies, etc.) with water policies, etc.)

IWRM is a IWRM is a Process of Adaptive ManagementProcess of Adaptive Management! !

IWRM speaks to IWRM speaks to EfficiencyEfficiency – 2 Types: – 2 Types: • Technical E.Technical E.: efficient use, minimizing waste (: efficient use, minimizing waste ( demand demand

managementmanagement) ) example: decrease irrigation lossesexample: decrease irrigation losses • Allocative E.Allocative E.: economic efficiency, water to highest value : economic efficiency, water to highest value

user user (( supply management supply management), requires social responsibility; ), requires social responsibility; example: “release” water from agriculture for higher valued example: “release” water from agriculture for higher valued Drinking Water use (Drinking Water use ( lowering social/health costs, etc.) lowering social/health costs, etc.)


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UNDP’s Strategic UNDP’s Strategic Approach Approach

to IWRM in Kazakhstanto IWRM in Kazakhstan Basis: Basis:

Johannesburg Directive 2005 IWRM plans; Johannesburg Directive 2005 IWRM plans; Build on Kazakhstan Water Code (2003); Build on Kazakhstan Water Code (2003); Assist Committee for Water Resources (CWR). Assist Committee for Water Resources (CWR).

Water Quality Management Water Quality Management Responsibility of River Basin Organisations Responsibility of River Basin Organisations (RBO) (RBO) = = Subsidiary PrincipleSubsidiary Principle

Adopt EU Water Framework Directive Adopt EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) (WFD) approach approach


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Main objectives & Main objectives & MilestonesMilestones

1.1. NationalNational IWRM and W.U.E. Plan [ IWRM and W.U.E. Plan [End 2005End 2005], and ], and IWRM Plans for all IWRM Plans for all River basins River basins [[20072007] ]

2.2. Establish Establish 8 River Basin Councils 8 River Basin Councils [[20062006] ]

3.3. Preparation of a Preparation of a Strategy for Achievement of Strategy for Achievement of MDGs for WSS MDGs for WSS [[End 2006End 2006] ]

4.4. Improving cooperation and development of Improving cooperation and development of partnerships at regional and country levelspartnerships at regional and country levels

Outlook: Outlook: 2007-2010: Schemes for comprehensive use & 2007-2010: Schemes for comprehensive use &

protection of Water Resources protection of Water Resources 2010-2015: Fully adapting to EU WFD 2010-2015: Fully adapting to EU WFD


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1. 1. National IWRM & WUE National IWRM & WUE Plan: Plan:

4 Initial Focus Areas 4 Initial Focus Areas 1.1. InstitutingInstituting Management of Management of Water Quality & EcologyWater Quality & Ecology

Responsibility, information gaps, cooperationResponsibility, information gaps, cooperation

2.2. Achieving the MDGs for WSS (2015) Achieving the MDGs for WSS (2015) Safe DW through better/cheaper raw water quality; Safe DW through better/cheaper raw water quality; Capacity development, etc. Capacity development, etc.

3.3. Addressing Water Use Efficiency Addressing Water Use Efficiency Mind shift: Water pricing and institutional cooperation Mind shift: Water pricing and institutional cooperation

4.4. Preparing for Transboundary IWRM Preparing for Transboundary IWRM Start small (simpler bi-lateral agreements, bring RBOs up Start small (simpler bi-lateral agreements, bring RBOs up

to speed, address “in-house” issues first) to speed, address “in-house” issues first)

IWRM & WUE Plan: primarily IWRM & WUE Plan: primarily institutional institutional (organizational, financial) in scope, not infrastructural (organizational, financial) in scope, not infrastructural or operational or operational


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2. 2. How to set up How to set up River Basin Councils River Basin Councils

What is it? What is it? AdvisoryAdvisory body for River Basin Organizations (RBO), NOT a body for River Basin Organizations (RBO), NOT a

water resources water resources managermanager Expanded stakeholder participation Expanded stakeholder participation Instituted in 2003 Water Code (Art. 43)Instituted in 2003 Water Code (Art. 43)

Key issues requiring serious consideration: Key issues requiring serious consideration: Funding Funding Information (basis for functioning & effective counseling for Information (basis for functioning & effective counseling for

RBO) RBO) Reliability & Trust: for stakeholders to participate as RBC Reliability & Trust: for stakeholders to participate as RBC

members, they have to be sure this is a tool to truly members, they have to be sure this is a tool to truly influence RBO & RB decisions influence RBO & RB decisions

Since there’s no model: “Learning by Doing” Since there’s no model: “Learning by Doing” Set-up step by step to truly include/represent all water Set-up step by step to truly include/represent all water

users, and cautiously empower to provide effective RBO users, and cautiously empower to provide effective RBO advice advice


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3. 3. Strategy for Achieving Strategy for Achieving Water MDGs Water MDGs

Achieving MDG target (10) = can be achieved on Achieving MDG target (10) = can be achieved on time in KZ given time in KZ given appropriate effort & supportappropriate effort & support!) !)

Complete working plan with concrete projects & Complete working plan with concrete projects & full financial streaming 2007-15 – Main steps: full financial streaming 2007-15 – Main steps:

1.1. Define Define “Sustainable Access to Safe DW & Sanitation” “Sustainable Access to Safe DW & Sanitation” 2.2. Quantifying Quantifying Current Level of AccessCurrent Level of Access3.3. Determining Determining prioritiespriorities, specific works, financial , specific works, financial

requirements requirements 4.4. Determining strategy to meet Determining strategy to meet financial financial costs costs 5.5. Outlining strategy Outlining strategy

Strongly linked to Objective 1 (IWRM & WUE Plan): Strongly linked to Objective 1 (IWRM & WUE Plan): Basis for Plan development Basis for Plan development Involvement of all stakeholders required (CWR, RBO, Involvement of all stakeholders required (CWR, RBO,

etc.) etc.)


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(Preliminary) Conclusions (Preliminary) Conclusions & Lessons Learned & Lessons Learned

Before actually starting to draft the IWRM Plan, Before actually starting to draft the IWRM Plan, much more efforts than expected were required much more efforts than expected were required to actually prepare (all) partners/stakeholders to actually prepare (all) partners/stakeholders for IWRM for IWRM

Promising approaches: Promising approaches: Bottom-up: build RBO & RBCs Bottom-up: build RBO & RBCs ““Inside-out” (build local/national capacity before Inside-out” (build local/national capacity before

attempting (transboundary) IWRM)attempting (transboundary) IWRM)

Decentralization: The right way to go Decentralization: The right way to go Some risk that it leads towards ambiguity about Some risk that it leads towards ambiguity about

responsibilities & ownership of rural WSS systems, responsibilities & ownership of rural WSS systems, hence to low willingness to invest. hence to low willingness to invest.

Kazakhstan Case: many country specific factors Kazakhstan Case: many country specific factors (e.g. 2003 Water Code) (e.g. 2003 Water Code) careful when replicating!careful when replicating!


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Why Linking WSS & IWRM Why Linking WSS & IWRM in Kazakhstan ?in Kazakhstan ?

Fulfillment of WSS MDGs will require more Water for Fulfillment of WSS MDGs will require more Water for People (as will economic growth) People (as will economic growth) BUT: BUT: Kazakhstan’s Kazakhstan’s available Water Resources available Water Resources unlikely to increase unlikely to increase in future, in future, therefore:therefore: Increased demands can only be met by improving efficiency: Increased demands can only be met by improving efficiency:

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

Best done through IWRM Best done through IWRM

Safe Safe Drinking Water requires effective treatment Drinking Water requires effective treatment This requires “reasonable” raw water (surface & ground) This requires “reasonable” raw water (surface & ground)

quality, quality, ..is linked to (industrial & municipal) discharge policies ..is linked to (industrial & municipal) discharge policies ..requires also capacity (CWR, RBOs, Vodokanals, Health ..requires also capacity (CWR, RBOs, Vodokanals, Health

Ministry, etc.) for coordination Ministry, etc.) for coordination

Again, IWRM is best vehicleAgain, IWRM is best vehicle

United Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Development ProgrammeRegional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava / Slovak RepublicRegional Centre for Europe & CIS – Bratislava / Slovak Republic

Thank You! Thank You! For more Information: For more Information:

www.voda.kzwww.voda.kz

www.undp.kzwww.undp.kz www.undp.skwww.undp.sk

www.undp.org/water www.undp.org/water

linking iwrm & wss undp’s kazakhstan experience

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