lilienfeld et al textbook lecturepptch13 social psychology

8/9/2019 Lilienfeld Et Al Textbook LecturePPTCh13 Social Psychology

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Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All

Psychology:

Fro In!uiry to"nderstanding 2#e

$cott %. &ilien'eld$teven (ay &ynn&aura )a y)ancy (. *ool'

Prepared +y Cale+ *. &ac

-his ulti edia product and its contents are protected under copyright la . -he 'ollo ing are prohi+ited +y la : any pu+lic

per'or ance or display, including trans ission o' any i age over a net or preparation o' any derivative or , including thee traction, in hole or part, o' any i ages any rental, lease, or lending o' the progra .


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$ocial Psychology:o %thers A3ect "s

Chapter -hirteen


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$ocial Psychology $tudy o' ho people in5uence others7

+ehavior, +elie's, and attitudes

*e tend to thin others are vulnera+leto social in5uence8+ut not ourselves

Can lead us to dou+t social psychology9ndings initially


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u ans as a $ocial $pecies Predisposed to 'or ing inti ate

interpersonal net or s that are only solarge

1 0 people or so

Need-to-belong theory and +iologically+ased need 'or interpersonal connections

It literally hurts us to +e isolated orre6ected


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u ans as a $ocial $pecies ;ost social in5uence processes are

adaptive under ost circu stances

-hey can turn aladaptive henthey are +lind or un!uestioning

$ocial in5uences should +e evaluatedcritically


7/58Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All

$ocial Co parison -heory *e see to evaluate our a+ilities and

+elie's +y co paring the iththose o' others7

Upward



$ocial Contagion Mass hysteria is a contagious

out+rea o' irrational +ehavior thatspreads

"F% out+rea s *indshield pitting

Urban legends are another e a pleo' social contagions



$ocial Facilitation *hen the ere presence o' others

enhances our per'or ance >icyclists racing Coc roaches running a@es

Can also e perience social disruption



Funda ental Attri+utionError

Attributions are assigning causes to+ehavior

Internal vs e ternal in5uence

*hen e loo at others7 +ehavior, e %veresti ate i pact o' dispositional in5uences "nderesti ate i pact o' situational in5uences

o the opposite 'or our own +ehavior



Funda ental Attri+utionError

Associated ith cultural 'actors

(apanese and Chinese are less li ely toco it this error

;ay +e ore prone to seeing others7+ehavior as a co +ination o' +othdispositional and situational in5uences



Con'or ity -he tendency o' people to alter their

+ehavior as a result o' grouppressure

Classically de onstrated +y $olo onAsch7s e peri ents in the 1B 0s



$ocial In5uences onCon'or ity

"nani ity increased con'or ity

&o er con'or ity o' only one otherperson di3ered 'ro the a6ority

$i@e o' a6ority up to 9ve or sipeople



i3erences in Con'or ity &o sel'?estee a es you ore

li ely to con'or

Asian cultures ore li ely to con'or

)o se di3erences



eindividuation -he tendency o' people to engage in

atypical +ehavior hen stripped o' theirusual identity

>eco e ore vulnera+le to socialin5uence

*earing as s and concealing identityleads to deindividuation



$tan'ord Prison $tudy ecruited nor al young en 'or a t o

ee Dpsychological study o' prison li'e

ando ly assigned the to +e either aprisoner or a guard

Prisoners ere dressed as such, re'erredto +y nu +er and not na e



$tan'ord Prison $tudy >y second day, guards +egan to treat

prisoners cruelly and dole outpunish ent

Prisoners started a re+ellion, guards+eca e increasingly sadistic

ad to stop study a'ter only days dueto nervous +rea do ns +y prisoners



Chaos in eal *orld Events at A+u Ghrai+ echoed those o' the

$tan'ord Prison $tudy

$till, individual di3erences are at play indeindividuation

;a es us ore li ely to con'or tohatever nor s


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SYMPTOM EXAMPLEAn illusion o' invulnera+ility D*e can7t possi+ly 'ailH

An illusion o' unani ity D%+viously, e all agree.

"n!uestioned +elie' in oralcorrectness

D*e no e7re on the rightside.

Con'or ity pressure D on7t roc the +oatH

$tereotyping o' out?group D-hey7re all orons.

$el'?censorship DI suspect this is +ad idea, +ut I7d+etter not say anything.

;indguards D%h, you thin you no +etterthan the rest o' us4


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Groupthin Can +e treated +y encouraging dissent

Appointing a Ddevil7s advocate aving an independent e pert evaluate

decisions olding 'ollo ?up eetings

Group polarization can cause vie sto +eco e ore e tre e


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Cults Groups that e hi+it intense and

un!uestioning devotion to a single cause

Pro ote groupthin in 'our a6or ays ave a persuasive leader ho 'osters loyalty isconnect e +ers 'ro the outside orld iscourage !uestioning o' assu ptions Gradually indoctrinate e +ers


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Cult ;yths Cult e +ers are e otionally

distur+ed ;ost are nor al, +ut leaders are o'ten

seriously entally ill

Cult e +ers are brainwashed andturned into unthin ing @o +ies

-echni!ues do not per anently change+elie's


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Cults Can +e resisted via inoculation

efect

Convincing people to change theirinds a+out so ething +y 9rst

introducing reasons hy theperspective ight +e correct andthen de+un ing the


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%+edience Adherence to orders 'ro those o'

higher authority

Essential ingredient in our daily lives $top lights, par ing signs

Can produce trou+le hen people stopas ing !uestions a+out why they7re+ehaving as others ant the to


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$tanley ;ilgra $tudent o' Asch7s ho anted to no

ho the olocaust could have occurred

esigned e peri ent to test thein5uence o' o+edience and authorityon nor al people

>eca e a land ar study


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-he ;ilgra Paradig &earner tells teacher he has Da slight

heart condition +e'ore any shoc s

&earner soon isses so e ans ers,researcher tells teacher to continue

>y JJ0 volts, he is yelling D&et eout o' hereH +y JK he is silent


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-he ;ilgra Paradig Predictors o' diso+edience

;ore orally advanced &evel o' authoritarianis

)o se or cultural di3erences 'ound


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elping and ar ing %thers Prosocial behavior is +ehavior

intended to help others

Antisocial +ehavior includes aggressiveacts

u ans display +oth, and situational'actors can in5uence hich one isdisplayed


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>ystander )onintervention *hen people see so eone in need

+ut 'ail to help the Litty Genovese7s urder

- o 'actors help e plain this Pluralistic ignorance ifusion o! responsibility


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Across threeclassice peri ents, thepercentage helping

hen in groupsas lo er than thepercentage helping

hen alone


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$ocial &oa9ng e'ers to hen people slac o3 in groups

-he hole is less than the su o' its parts

ue partly to di3usion o' responsi+ilityand in5uenced +y cultural 'actors

%ne antidote is to ensure that eachperson in the group is identi9a+le


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Prosocial >ehavior andAltruis

In so e cases e help others pri arily+ecause e 'eel e pathic to ard the

$ituational in5uences can i pact helping *hen you can7t escape the situation Characteristics o' the victi

Enlighten"ent efect 'ro e posure toresearch


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i3erences in Aggression Certain personality traits in5uence

aggression )egative e otions, i pulsivity

;ales engage in ore physicalaggression, 'e ales in ore relationalaggression

Cultural in5uences and the culture ofhonor


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Attitudes and >ehavior An attitu#e is a +elie' that includes

an e otional co ponent

Attitudes only oderately correlateith actual +ehaviors unless

-hey are highly accessible Person is a low self-monitor


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%rigins o' Attitudes ecognition heuristic

Personality traits Political vie s eligiosity


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Attitude Change Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant

state o' tension +et een t o opposingthoughts

*e are otivated to reduce or eli inateit

Festinger and Carls ith7s D;easures o'Per'or ance study


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Attitude Change Sel!$perception theory proposes

that e ac!uire our attitudes +yo+serving our +ehaviors

%"pression "anage"ent theoryproposes that that e don7t changeour attitudes, +ut report that ehave 'or consistency


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outes to Persuasion Dual processes model says that there

are t o path ays to persuading others

-he central route 'ocuses oninformational content

-he peripheral route 'ocuses on oresurface aspects o' the argu ent


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Persuasion -echni!ues &oot$in$the$#oor starts ith s all

re!uest and oves to a larger one

oor$in$the$!ace starts +ig then +ac so3 < or s e!ually ell as 'oot?in?the?door=

Lo'$ball techni(ue starts ith a loprice, then Dadds?on all the desira+leoptions


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Persuasion -echni!ues *ho is atte pting to persuade you

can also have an i pact Attractive or 'a ous persons ighly credi+le people I' essenger is si ilar to receiver


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PSE) OS*%E+*ETA*T%*

EXAMPLE P,O-LEM

Creation o' aDphanto goal

D;aster the co plete or s o'$ha espeare hile sleepingH

E tre e clai sare usuallyi possi+le toachieve

ivid testi onials D$andra as severely depressed'or years until she under entre+irthing therapyH

Anecdotes are notevidence

;anu'acturing source

credi+ility

D r. )o+el 'ro Princeton

endorses this su+li inal tape.

Advertisers ay

present source indeceptive 'ashion

$carcity heuristic DCall +e'ore idnight to get r.Genius7 I prove ent progra Mit7s selling 'astH

$carcity ay +e'alse or a result o'lo production

Consensus heuristic D-housands o' psychologists use

the orschach, so it ust +evalid.

Co on

D no ledge iso'ten rong

)atural co onplace D;rs. Candy Cure7s ne an ietyedication is ade 'ro all?

natural ingredientsH

)atural does notean healthy

Goddess? ithinco onplace

D-he ;agical ;ind E$PEnhance ent progra allo s youto et in touch ith our s chic

-ests 'ail tosupportsu ernatural


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Pre6udice and iscri ination ra ing negative conclusions prior to

evaluating the evidence is pre.u#ice

Stereotypes can help us to processin'or ation easily and !uic ly, +ut can leadto pre6udice

$o e ay +e accurate, +ut others are dueto illusory correlations and the con rmationbias


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Pre6udice and iscri ination $tereotypes can result in ulti"ate

attribution error , or attri+utingnegative +ehavior o' so e groupentirely to their disposition

Also attri+ute positive +ehaviors toluc or as rare e ceptions


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)ature o' Pre6udice *e all hold so e types o' pre6udices


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iscri ination -he act o' treating e +ers o' out?

groups di3erently 'ro e +ers o'in?groups

*e can +e pre6udiced against peopleithout discri inating against the

Can have ide i pact on groups suchas 'e ales and inorities


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oots o' Pre6udice Scapegoat hypothesis M arises 'ro a

need to +la e other groups 'or ouris'ortunes

/ust$'orl# hypothesis M i plies that ehave a need to see the orld as 'air, even i'not

*on!or"ity M going along ith others7opinions


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"nderground Pre6udice *hile e0plicit pre.u#ice are

'eelings e7re a are o', e7reuna are o' i"plicit pre.u#ice

-he I plicit Association -est andunconscious racis , se is , andother pre6udices

-rue 9nding or un'alsi9a+le4


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Co +ating Pre6udice o++er7s Cave study and

encouraging people to or to ardsco on goals

/igsa' classroo"s and cooperation

lilienfeld et al textbook lecturepptch13 social psychology

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