NATIONALSIM IN INDIA

NATIONALSIM IN INDIALijin GoldenMajor Areas of this Chapter Origin Of Nationalism- (page 53)

Formation of Nation States Anti Colonial MovtNATIONALISM IN INDIARole of First World War for the Growth Of Indian Nationalism (1914- 1921) (page 54)

Tax SystemForced Recruitment Famine Epidemic

3 GANDHIJIS ROLE IN INDIAN NATIONALSIM (1915 to 1919) Page No: 54 &55)

Gandhijis Idea of Satyagraha/ Non Violence

Gandhijis Initial attempts in Satyagraha

Champaran (Bihar) kheda (Gujrat) Ahemadabad (Gujrat) 191619171918Period in between 1919 to 1921 page 55 to 61Factors- National movt became a mass movt after first World WarRowlett Act Passed by the Brittish- 1919Protest against this ActJallianwalla Bag Incident- 1919Formation of Khilafat Movement- 1921Non Cooperation Movement- 1921Hind Swaraj (1909) Book of GandhijiRole of Muslims in Non- Cooperation MovtMethods/ Strategies/ Activities/ Ideas- MovtWhy Gandhiji withdrawd Non Cooperation Movt

PERIOD IN BETWEEN 1921 TO 1922

Participants in Non Cooperation Movt

From Town Peasants & Tribal Plantation Govt School Role of Nehru Inland Emigration ActLawyers- Court Role of Ramchandra Guden Hills- AP Merchants/ Traders Oudh Kisan sabha Militant Gurrila Movt Non Brahmin Movt Chauri Chaura IncidentPERIOD IN BETWEEN 1923 to 1935 page 62 to 67

Govt of India Act- 1919Home Rule Movt- Tilak and Annie BesantFormation Of Swaraj Party- Mottilal Nehru & C R DasTwo World Events- Economic Depression & Tory GovtRadical Mass agitation conducted by Young leaders- Jawaharlal Nehru and Chandra BoseTwo Groups INC- Moderates & LiberalsFirst Round Table Conference- 1929Civil Disobedience Movt 1930Salt Satyagraha 1930 March 11Difference- Non Cooperation & Civil Disobedience Movt Role of Leaders in this Movt- Gandhiji, Ghaffar Kahan, NehruRole of Woman in this MovtGandhi- Irwin PactSecond Round Table ConferenceWithdrawal of Civil Disobedience MovtReason for Gandhiji restart the MovtPARTICIPANTS OF THIS MOVT

Peasant Movt Radical Movt Business Group WomanPatidar- Gujrat Socialists Indian Industrial Jat- U P Communists Commericial Group1920Federation of IndianChamper of Commerce and Industries (FICCI- 1927) LIMITATION OF THIS MOVT page 67 to 69

Ignored the Dalit Ignored the MuslimsAtmosphere of Disturbance and SuspicionRole of Dr. B.R. Ambedhkar Depressed Class Assosiation- 1930Tension between- Gandhiji and AmbedhkarPoona Act- 1932Why Muslim intellectuals concern about minorities

CULTURAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF NATIONALISM page 70 to 73Bankin Chandra- Bharat Mata (Visual Image) Vande Mataram (Hymn) Anandamath (Novel)

Abanindranath Tagore- Bharat Mata (Visual Image) ascetic figure Rabindranath Tagore- Collected- Ballads, Nursery Hymns, Myth- Folk revivalNatesa Sasthri- The Folklore of Southern India ICONS & SYMBOLSTricolour Flag (red, green, yellow)- Swadeshi Movt Bengal

Eight Lotus- Eight province of British India

Crescent Moon- Hindu Muslim

Gandhiji designed Swaraj Flag 1921- Tricolour (red, green, white and Spinning wheel at centre)

Historical reinterpretation- Art, Architecture, Maths, Science, Religion, Culture, Craft, TradeORIGIN OF NATIONALISMIn most of the countries the making of new national identity was a long process. The feeling of Nationalism originated in the world mainly related with two factors

Formation of Nation States Anti- Colonial Movement

Formation of Nation StatesModern Nationalism in Europe associated with the formation of Nation StatesIt means a change in the understanding of the people about who they are?, their identity?, sense of belongings.New symbols, Icons, Songs, Ideas used to redefine the boundaries of communities.

Anti Colonial MovementsIn India, Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism connected with anti colonial movt.People began to discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.Oppressive rules provide to unite different group of people together.But the different groups they felt the colonial rule differentlySo INC under Gandhiji,tried to bring all different communities together.But it did not emerge without conflictRole of Ist World War for the growth of Nationalism in IndiaIncreased TaxRising PriceForced RecruitmentCrop FailureSpreading of Epidemic

Increased Tax SystemAs a result of the first world war, Britain faced a huge war expenditure and War loans. To overcome this situations Britain decided to increase the tax in India. So they increased

the Tax, Customs and Duties. More over they introduced Income Tax system. It created an anti colonial feeling in the mind if the poor peasants and common people in India

Rising priceDuring the period of the war, the food grains and agriculture products increased. Especially during the period of 1913 to 1918, the price of the agriculture products become double. It was a hardship to the common people.

Forced RecruitmentIt was a process practiced by the British rule in India. They forced the villagers to join in the army and participate in the world War. It created a hatred approach towards the Britishe in the minds of the village people.

Crop FailureIndia witnessed a worst famine after the first World war. Especially in the period 1918-1919, 1920-1921 many parts of India, especially Bengal faced a worst crop failure, along with this the British raised the price of the commodities and imposed different taxes. It created an anti colonial feeling in the minds of the people.EpidemicsAlong with the famine some epidemics had spread all over India. According to the census of 1921, in between 12 to 13 million people died in India due to famine and epidemics. It created a anti colonial feeling in the minds of the people. All these anti feelings of Indians helped to develop a national feeling.Non Cooperation MovementMeaning of Non Cooperation?Meaning of Boycott, Picket, Begar?Why some leaders in Congress reluctant to implement the Non Cooperation Movement?Participants of the Non Cooperation MovementTownsVillagePlantation/ Tribals

Non Cooperation movementGandhi in his book Hind Swaraj (1909) declared that British rule established in India with the support of the Indians.If Indians refused to cooperate their rule will collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.Gandhi proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded and boycott of civil service, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement.

Why some congress leadersopposed the Non Cooperation movement Many leaders within the congress concerned about the non cooperation movement.They reluctant to boycott the council election for November 1920.They feared that the movement might lead popular violence.In the month between September to December there was an intense tussle within the congress.Finally, congress session at Nagpur in 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non Cooperation was adopted.Which were the proposals submitted by Gandhi as a part of Non Cooperation MovementTo surrender the titles and award given by the British government.To boycott Civil Service, Army, Police, Courts, Legislative Council and Schools.To boycott the Foreign Goods.Participants of the Non Cooperation Movement The Non Cooperation Movement began in January 1921 and various social groups they participated in this movement.

1. Cities/ Towns2. Village/ Countryside3. Plantation workersParticipation from Cities & Towns The movement started with the help of the middle class from the cities. ParticipantsStudents : Thousands of students left government controlled Schools and Colleges.Headmasters and Teachers: Resigned from the post.Lawyers : They gave up their legal practices.

The Council election boycotted except the Madras, because the Justice Party of Non Brahmins, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining the same power enjoyed by the Brahmins. Economical ActivitiesNon Cooperation Movement affected the economical activities of the Cities.Foreign goods boycotted, Liquor shops picketed, Foreign Cloth burned.So the value of foreign cloth dropped from 102 crore to 57 crore from the period 1921-22.Merchants and Traders they refused to trade the foreign goods and finance foreign trade.As a result the production of Indian Textile mill and handloom went up.Why it failedGradually the Non Cooperation Movement failed in the Cities.Khadi cloth was expensive to compare with foreign textile mill cloth. So the common people cant afford to buy it and after a period of time they again start to buy the foreign cloth.There was not an alternative institution to afford the teachers, students and lawyers. So again they rejoined the British institutions.Participation from the VillageFrom the Cities and Town the Non Cooperation Movement spread to the Villages.Two sections of people they participated in the Non Cooperation Movement from the Village1. Peasants2. Tribal

PeasantsThe Indian peasants they faced lot of problems from the British government like1. High Tax2. Additional Cesses3. Begar- Forceful labour without any payment4. Eviction of Tenants from their tenure.

So the peasant movement started with the demand of 1. Abolishment of High Tax2. Abolishment of Begar3. Social boycott of LandlordsThe peasant movement started against the land lords and Talukdars.Baba Ramchandra was the leader of the Peasant movement.1920 June Jawaharlal Nehru visited the village Awadh, for to understand the grievances of the villagers.Along with the help of Baba Ramchandra Jawaharlal Nehru formed Oudh Kisan Sabha in October 1920.It joined along with Congress.The peasants attacked the houses of merchants and land lords, bazzars were looted and grain hoards were taken over. So thats why the congress leaders were unhappy in the doings of Peasnats

TribalThe Tribal interpreted the message of Gandhi and idea of swaraj in another way.From the colonial rule the Tribal community they were faced lot of problems like1. The British government they closed the large forest areas.2. Prevented the Tribal to enter the forest.3. Prevented to graze their cattle.4. Prevented to collect the fuel wood and fruit5. Tribals traditional rights were denied6. Forced to begar for the construction of roadsIn the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh used militant guerrila movement against the British government.Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of the Tribal community.The people they believed that he have some special power.1. He could make the astrological prediction and heal the people.2. He could survive the bullet shots.3. He is the incarnation of GodHe was so much inspired the greatness of Gandhi and asked the Tribal to participate in the Non Cooperation movement and he asked the people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.But he was personally believed that swarj will come only with the use of Non Violence.So the Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill the British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.So he was captured and executed in 1924, and he became a folk hero.Participation from the plantationThe plantation workers understood the notion of swaraj and the words of Gandhi in their own way.Plantation workers also faced lot of problems from the British government like1. They had no freedom to move freely.2. So they had no way to make a link with village they had came.3. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, they were not permitted to leave the gardens without permission, in fact rarely they gave the permission.

So the plantation workers they heard about the Non Cooperation movement they left the plantations and moved to their homes.However they were not reached their destination.Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.But the INC was not interested the activities of the Plantation workers.However they were chanted the name of Gandhi and they raised the slogan demanding Swatantra Bharat and they were also emotionally related to the all India agitationsWhat was the reason Gandhi called off the Non Cooperation MovementAfter a period of time the Non Cooperation Movement became violent especially in Village and plantation sector.A peaceful demonstration in a bazar at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur in U P became violent with the intervention of the Police.The police arrested some villagers and kept in prison.For to release these villagers the peasants led a march to the police station at Chauri chaura.It also turned in to violence and the villagers they were burned the police station and killed some police officers.When Gandhi heard this incident he immediately called off the Non Cooperation Movement in 1922.

Time Line from 1915 to 19221915- Gandhi reached in India from South Africa1916- Chambaran Satyagraha (Bihar)1917- Kheda Satyagraha (Gujrat)1918- Ahmadabad Satyagraha (Gujrat)1919- Rowlatt Satyagraha1919- Jallianwala Bagh Incident1921- Formation of Khilafat Movement1921- Non Cooperation Movement1922- Churi Churi Incident.To prepare a note about :Forced Recruitment: A process by which the colonial state forced people to join the armyBoycott : The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things; usually a form of protest.Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office.Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.Khilafat MovementRowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement. So Gandhiji decided to start a broad based movement.But he know without the support of the Muslims it was not possible.So he decided to bring both Hindus and Muslimstogether.So decided to take up the Khilafat issue to unite the Muslims together.The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey, there is a rumours spread that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor- the spiritual head of the Islamic World- Khalifa

To defend the Khalifas temporal powers Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay march 1919.Muhmmad Ali and Shaukat Ali helped Gandhiji to unite the Muslims and Hindus together.Gandhiji used this opportunity to unite the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

Non Cooperation MovementMeaning of Non Cooperation?Meaning of Boycott, Picket, Begar?Why some leaders in Congress reluctant to implement the Non Cooperation Movement?Participants of the Non Cooperation MovementTownsVillagePlantation/ Tribals

Non cooperation movementGandhi in his book Hind Swaraj (1909) declared that British rule established in India with the support of the Indians.If Indians refused to cooperate their rule will collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.Gandhi proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded and boycott of civil service, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement.

Why some congress leadersopposed the non cooperation movement Many leaders within the congress concerned about the non cooperation movement.They reluctant to boycott the council election for November 1920.They feared that the movement might lead popular violence.In the month between September to December there was an intense tussle within the congress.Finally, congress session at Nagpur in 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non Cooperation was adopted.News paper report on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre(or)Describe the agitation through which popular indignation against the Rowlatt Act and measures adopted by the British to supress them(or)Jallianwala Bagh incident and the reactions of the people all over IndiaJ W B incident took place in 1919 April 13.A large crowd gathers in the enclosed ground of J W B in Amritsar. 1. Some people came their to protest against the new repressive measures introduced by the British 2. Some people gathered their to protest the arrest of the Indian leaders- Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu. 3. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakshi fairThe villagers from outside of the city were unaware about the martial law imposed by the British.When the meeting ongoing General Dyer, entered the area, blocked the exit point and opened the fire on the crowd.Hundreds of people died in this incident.Dyer later declared that his object was to produce a moral effort, to create in the mind of the satyagrahis mind a feeling of terror and awe.

Reaction of IndiansStrikes, clashes with police and attack on government building happened in all over India especially in Northern India.But govt followed very brutal measures.They forced the satyagrahis to rub their nose in the ground, crawl on the street and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. People were flogged and village were bombed.Seeing violence spread Gandhiji called of the Rowlatt Satyagraha Movement.

What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?Gandhi believed that Dharma of non violence could unite all Indians Why? What was the novel method introduced by Gandhi in Indian freedom struggle?

Gandhi reached in India from South Africa in 1915 January.In South Africa he successfully fought against the Apartheid system with a novel method of mass agitation is called Satyagraha.It emphasised the power of truth and need for search the truth.It suggested that if the cause is true there is no need of physical force in the struggle against injustice.Without any aggressive method the Satyagrahi can win the battle through non violence.Through this they can touch the conscience of the oppressor.The oppressor will be see the truth instead of being force to accept the truth by violenceIn this struggle the truth will achieve ultimate win.So Gandhi believed that this dharma of non violence will unite the Indians together. Satyagraha is not a passive resistance but it is active why?Some people criticised that Satyagraha is a passive resistance, and it is the weapon of the weak.But the power which is the subjects of article can be used only by the strong.This is not a passive resistance, but it is a intense activity.This movement in South Africa was not a passive, it was active.Satyagraha is not a physical force why?Satyagraha is not a physical force.A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary.He does not seek his destruction.In Satyagraha, there is no ill treatmentSatyagraha is a pure soul force why?Satyagraha is based on truth why?Satyagraha is a pure soul force. Truth is very substance of the soul.So that it is called Satyagraha.The soul is informed with knowledge.It burns the flame of love, and non violence is the supreme dharma.Gandhi states that India made the religion of non violence and British worshiped the war God- to prove this statement with evidence. It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms.The British worship the war God and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms.The millions of people in India can never carry arms.They had made the religion of non violence their own.Gandhijis initial experiments of Satyagraha in India1916- Champaran Satyagraha : The indigo peasants in Champaran (Bihar) faced lot of problem from the British. Gandhi inspired the peasants to fought against the oppressive plantation system.1917- Kheda Satyagraha : The peasants in Kheda (Gujrat) faced crop failure and plague epidemic. So they demanded to the Britain relax from the revenue. Gandhi mobilised the peasants and common people against the tax system.1918- Ahmadabad Satyagraha : The cotton mill workers in Ahmadabad (Gujrat) faced poor working condition and tax system. So in 1918 Gandhi organised a satyagraha movement in Ahmadabad.