lifting equation
DESCRIPTION
Lifting Equation. Tujuan. Menilai risiko LBP pada pekerjaan lifting loading Memberikan rekomendasi pencegahan LBP. Ruang Ligkup. Untuk pekerjaan lifting-loading berulang Dengan 2 tangan Tidak termasuk carrying (hanya untuk ≤ 7 feet). Jenis Risk Assessment untuk Lifting-loading. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lifting Equation
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Tujuan
• Menilai risiko LBP pada pekerjaan lifting loading
• Memberikan rekomendasi pencegahan LBP
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Ruang Ligkup
• Untuk pekerjaan lifting-loading berulang• Dengan 2 tangan• Tidak termasuk carrying (hanya untuk ≤ 7 feet)
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Jenis Risk Assessment untuk Lifting-loading
1. Lifting equation dari Alberta Institute (sudah dipelajari)
2. AL dan MPL (NIOSH WPG for manual lifting)3. RWL (single task & Multi Task)
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NIOSH WPG for manual lifting 1981
• Pada NIOSH WPG for manual lifting 1981 dikenal :– Action Limit (AL) – Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL)
• AL & MPLo Bila beban < AL maka yang mampu mengangkat
beban adalah : > 99% pekerja Laki-laki (mayoritas)> 75% pekerja wanita (mayoritas)
o Bila beban > AL maka perlu kontrol administratif & teknik
o Bila Beban > MPL maka perlu redesign karena hanya 25% pekerja pria & < 1% pekerja wanita yg mampu menjalankan tugas ini (minoritas)
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• AL (lb)= 90(6/H)(1-0.01IV-30I)(0.7+3/D)(1-F/Fmax)• MPL= 3(AL)
– H: Lokasi horizontal tangan asal mengangkat diukur dari titik tengah tubuh antara kedua tumit (Inch). Nilai minimum 6”
– V: Lokasi vertikal tangan mulai mengangkat diukur dari lantai
– D: Jarak mengangkat dari awal mengangkat sampai akhir/tujuan mengangkat (Inch). Nilai minimum 10”
– F= Frekuensi mengangkat per menit– Fmax: Frekuensi maksimum
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Penerapan dalam Kasus
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• Seorang pekerja melakukan pekerjaan mengangkat dan memindahkan kotak dengan frekuensi 0,2 kali/menit. Jarak horizontal (H) 18 inchi, jarak vertikal 24 inchi dan jarak destinasi 61 inchi. Berat kotak 12 lbs (lihat ilustrasi). Pekerjaan ini dilakukan > 1 jam tapi < 2 jam/ hari
• Apakah pekerjaan ini aman secara ergonomi?
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Horisontal
Vertical
H
V
Horisontal
Vertical
D
Diketahui:H = 45 cm = 17,71 inch = 18 inchV = 60 cm = 23,62 inch = 24 inchD = 154 cm = 60,6 inch = 61 inch
F = 0,2 x/menitDurasi = 1,5 jamBerat = 12 lbs
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• Rerata frekuensi mengangkat 0,2 kali/menit dengan lama waktu angkat > 1 jam namun kurang dari 2 jam. Note: menurut tabel Fmax =12 (hal 127 dari Guide 1981).
• AL (lb) = 90(6/H)(1-.01|V-30|)(.7+3/D)(1-F/Fmax) • H Factor = (6/18) = 0 .33 • V Factor = (1-.01|V-30|) = (1-.01|24-30|) = 0.94 • D Factor = (.7+3/D) = (.7+3/61) = .75 • F Factor = (1-F/Fmax) = (1-.2/12) = .983 • AL = 90(.33)(.94)(.75)(.983) = 20,58 lbs • MPL = 3(AL) = 3(20,58) = 61,75 lbs
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• Kesimpulan: • AW = 12 lbs• AL = 20,58 lbs• AW < AL task ini bisa diterima oleh sebagian
besar pekerja tanpa menimbulkan LBP
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Application Manual for the
REVISED NIOSH LIFTING EQUATION
U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesPublic Health ServiceCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
January 1994
Thomas R. Waters, Ph.D.Vern Putz-Anderson, Ph.D.Arun Garg, Ph.D
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NIOSH Work Practices Guide (WPG) for Manual Lifting berlaku Maret
1981-Juli 1993 (NIOSH Equation 1981)
Revisi dilakukan tahun 1991 dan dipublikasi Juli 1993 (Revised NIOSH
Lifting Equation)
Pada revisi disediakan evaluasi terhadap gerakan asimetris, hand
container coupling, work duration-lifting frequency
REVISED NIOSH LIFTING EQUATION
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Definition of Terms
RWL (Recommended Weight Limit)Kondisi task dalam berat yang diperbolehkan untuk diangkat sebagian besar pekerja sehat dalam suatu periode waktu tertentu tanpa ada peningkatan resiko LBP yang berhubungan dengan lifting/lowering.
LI (Lifting Index)Perkiraan relatif tentang tingkat stres fisik yang berhubungan dengan manual lifting task
Kriteria :LI ≤ 1,0 (Low Risk Of LBP); LI > 1 (Moderately Stressful Task); LI > 3 (Highly Stressful Task)
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RECOMMENDED WEIGHT LIMIT (RWL)
• Recomendasi NIOSH• RWL= berat beban yang masih aman untuk
dikerjakan pada waktu tertentu tanpa menimbulkan risiko gangguan sakit pinggang (LBP) (Water & Anderson 1996b)
• 6 variabel : Horizonta Load (H); Vertical Load (V), Destination (D), Angle of Asymetric (A), Frequency of Lifting (F), Coupling Classification ( C )
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Rumus RWL untuk Berat (Kg), Jarak (cm)
RWL = LC X HM X VM X DM X AM X FM X CM
LC = LOAD CONSTANT =23 KgHM=HORIZONTAL MULTIPLIER = 25/HVM= Vertical Multiplier = (1 – 0,003 I(V-75)I )DM = Distance Multiplier = (0,82 + 4.5/ D )AM = Asymetric Multiplier = (1 – 0.0032A)FM = Frequency Multiplier (tabel 1)CM – Coupling Multiplier (tabel 2)
LC untuk org indonesia L= 21 kg (42 lbs) ; P = 20 kg (40 lbs)
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Untuk Berat (lbs), dan jarak dalam inchi
HM = 10/H
VM = 1-(0,0075 |V-30|)
DM = 0,82+(1,8/D)
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Tabel 1 Frequency MuliplierFreq. lift/min (F)
Lama Kerja Mengangkat
≤ 1 jam > 1 jam dan ≤ > 2 jam ≤ 8 jam
V < 75cm V ≥ 75cm V < 75cm V ≥ 75 V < 75 V ≥ 75
≥ 0,2 1,00 1,00 0,95 0,95 0,85 0,85
0,5 0,97 0,97 0,92 0,92 0,81 0,81
1 0,94 0,94 0,88 0,88 0,75 0,75
2 0,91 0,91 0,84 0,84 0,65 0,65
3 0,88 0,88 0,79 0,79 0,55 0,55
4 0,84 0,84 0,72 0,72 0,45 0,45
5 0,80 0,80 0,60 0,60 0,35 0,35
6 0,75 0,75 0,50 0,50 0,27 0,27
7 0,70 0,70 0,42 0,42 0,22 0,22`
8 0,60 0,60 0,35 0,35 0,18 0,18
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lanjutanFreq. lift/minute (F)*
Lama Kerja Mengangkat
≤ 1 jam > 1 jam dan ≤ 2 jam > 2 jam ≤ 8 jam
**V < 75 V ≥ 75 V < 75 V ≥ 75 V < 75 V ≥ 75
9 0,52 0,52 0,26 0,26 0,00 0,15
10 0,45 0,45 0,00 0,23 0,00 0,13
11 0,41 0,41 0,00 0,21 0,00 0,00
12 0,37 0,37 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
13 0,00 0,34 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
14 0,00 0,31 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
15 0,00 0,28 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
>15 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00*untuk frekuensi angkatan < 1 kali/5 menit , F= 0,2 lift/min
** dalam cm , diukur dari permukaan lantai
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Table 5: Frequency Multiplier Table (FM) =============================================================== Work Duration ------------------------------------------------- Frequency <= 1 Hour >1 but <=2 Hours >2 but <=8 Hours Lifts/min ------------- ---------------- ---------------- (F): V<30+ V>=30 V<30 V>=30 V<30 V>=30 --------- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- <=0.2 1.00 1.00 .95 .95 .85 .85 0.5 .97 .97 .92 .92 .81 .81 1 .94 .94 .88 .88 .75 .75 2 .91 .91 .84 .84 .65 .65 3 .88 .88 .79 .79 .55 .55 4 .84 .84 .72 .72 .45 .45 5 .80 .80 .60 .60 .35 .35 6 .75 .75 .50 .50 .27 .27 7 .70 .70 .42 .42 .22 .22 8 .60 .60 .35 .35 .18 .18 9 .52 .52 .30 .30 .00 .15 10 .45 .45 .26 .26 .00 .13 11 .41 .41 .00 .23 .00 .00 12 .37 .37 .00 .21 .00 .00 13 .00 .34 .00 .00 .00 .00 14 .00 .31 .00 .00 .00 .00 15 .00 .28 .00 .00 .00 .00 >15 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 + Values of V are in inches : For lifting less frequently than once per 5 minutes, set F = 0.2 lifts/minute. ===============================================================
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Tabel 2. Couplig Multiplier
Tipe coupling Cm
V < 75 cm (30 inch) V ≥ 75 cm(30 inch)
Baik (Good) 1,00 1,00
Sedang (Fair) 0,95 1,00
Jelek (Poor) 0,90 0,90
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LIFTING INDEX (LI)
• ESTIMASI SEDERHANA THD RISIKO CEDERA YANG DIAKIBATKAN OLEH OVER EXERTION.
• BERDASARKAN BERAT BEBAN DAN NILAI RWL LI DPT DITENTUKAN SBB
• LI = BB / RWL ≤ 3,0• KRITERIA : LI ≤ 1,0 (LOW RISK OF LBP); LI > 1 (MODERATELY STRESSFUL TASK); LI > 3 (HIGHLY STRESSFUL TASK)
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Penerapan dalam Kasus
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Step 1. Measure and Record of Variables
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Vertical
V
Object Weight
Hand Location VerticalDistance
(D)
Asimetric Angle Frequency Rate
Duration
Object Coupling ©
Origin Destination
Original
Destination
L (lbs)
L (max)
H V H V37
A A Lift/min (HRS) Fair
12 12 18 24 24 61 1 1 12 <1
H
By. Reny Indrayani (101042010)
Horisontal
Vertical
V
H
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By. Reny Indrayani (101042010)
Coupling Type V < 30 inch V ≥ 30 inch
Good 1,00 1,00
Fair 0,95 1,00
Poor 0,90 0,90
Object Weight
Hand Location VerticalDistance
(D)
Asimetric Angle Frequency Rate
Duration
Object Coupling ©
Origin Destination
Original
Destination
L (lbs)
L (max)
H V H V
37
A A Lift/min (HRS) Fair
12 12 18 24 24 61 1 1 12 <1 0,95 1,00
Coupling Type
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Table 5: Frequency Multiplier Table (FM) =============================================================== Work Duration ------------------------------------------------- Frequency <= 1 Hour >1 but <=2 Hours >2 but <=8 Hours Lifts/min ------------- ---------------- ---------------- (F): V<30+ V>=30 V<30 V>=30 V<30 V>=30 --------- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- <=0.2 1.00 1.00 .95 .95 .85 .85 0.5 .97 .97 .92 .92 .81 .81 1 .94 .94 .88 .88 .75 .75 2 .91 .91 .84 .84 .65 .65 3 .88 .88 .79 .79 .55 .55 4 .84 .84 .72 .72 .45 .45 5 .80 .80 .60 .60 .35 .35 6 .75 .75 .50 .50 .27 .27 7 .70 .70 .42 .42 .22 .22 8 .60 .60 .35 .35 .18 .18 9 .52 .52 .30 .30 .00 .15 10 .45 .45 .26 .26 .00 .13 11 .41 .41 .00 .23 .00 .00 12 .37 .37 .00 .21 .00 .00 13 .00 .34 .00 .00 .00 .00 14 .00 .31 .00 .00 .00 .00 15 .00 .28 .00 .00 .00 .00 >15 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 + Values of V are in inches : For lifting less frequently than once per 5 minutes, set F = 0.2 lifts/minute. ===============================================================
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STEP 2. DETERMINE THE MULTIPLIERS
LC = 42 lbs (pekerja laki-laki, indonesia)
HM = 10/18 = 0,56
VM = 1-(0,0075 |V-30|) = 1-(0,0075 |24-30|) = 0,96
DM = 0,82+(1,8/D) = 0,82+(1,8/37) = 0,87
AM = 1
FM = 0,37
CM = 0,95
LC = 42 lbs
HM = 10/24 = 0,42
VM = 1-(0,0075 |V-30|) = 1-(0,0075 |61-30|) = 0,77
DM = 0,82+(1,8/D) = 0,82+(1,8/37) = 0,87
AM = 1
FM = 0,37
CM = 1,00
Origin Destination
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Origin Destination
Step 3. Determine the RWL’s
RWL = LC . HM . VM . DM . AM . FM . CM= 42 . 0,56 . 0,96 . 0,87 . 1 . 0,37 . 0,95= 6,90 lbs
RWL = LC . HM . VM . DM . AM . FM . CM= 42 . 0,42 . 0,77 . 0,87 . 1 . 0,37 . 1,00= 4,37 lbs
RWL origin = 6,90 lbs RWL destin = 4,37 lbs
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Origin Destination
Step 4. Determine the Lifting Index
LI = Object Weight / RWL= 12/6,90= 1,74
LI origin = 1,74 LI destin = 2,74
LI = Object Weight / RWL= 12/4,37= 2,74
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STEP 5. COMPARE WITH THE CRITERIA
Kriteria :
LI ≤ 1,0 (Low Risk Of LBP);
LI > 1 (Moderately Stressful Task);
LI > 3 (Highly Stressful Task)
LI Origin = 1,74
LI Destination = 2,64 LI > 1 (Moderately Stressful Task)
Kesimpulan :
Pekerjaan tersebut tergolong berisiko sedang untuk
menimbulkan MSDs (LBP)
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Step 6. Recommendation
Variabel Rekomendasi
H, A, Duration -
VMemperendah V destination : dengan tidak menumpuk box terlalu tinggi sehingga ketinggian V des berada di bawah bahu rata-rata pekerja (cukup hingga 5 tumpuk box saja = 50 inch)
Distance Memperkecil selisih antara V ori dengan V des
FMengurangi jumlah angkatan per menit. F=12/menit dikurangi maksimal F=8/menit
C 1 box dalam 1 kali angkat, sehingga pegangan lebih mantap
Kompensasi : waktu penyelesaian pemindahan box menjadi lebih lama (yakni dari 16,67 menit 33,34 menit)
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Penerapan Rekomendasi
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STEP 2. DETERMINE THE MULTIPLIERS
LC = 42 lbs
HM = 10/18 = 0,56
VM = 1-(0,0075 |V-30|) = 1-(0,0075 |24-30|) = 0,96
DM = 0,82+(1,8/D) = 0,82+(1,8/26) = 0,89
AM = 1
FM = 0,60
CM = 1,00
LC = 42 lbs
HM = 10/24 = 0,42
VM = 1-(0,0075 |V-30|) = 1-(0,0075 |50-30|) =
0,85
DM = 0,82+(1,8/D) = 0,82+(1,8/26) = 0,89
AM = 1
FM = 0,60
CM = 1,00
Origin Destination
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Origin Destination
Step 3. Determine the RWL’s
RWL = LC . HM . VM . DM . AM . FM . CM= 42 . 0,56 . 0,96 . 0,89 . 1 . 0,60 . 1,00= 12,06 lbs
RWL = LC . HM . VM . DM . AM . FM . CM= 42 . 0,42 . 0,85 . 0,89 . 1 . 0,60 . 1,00= 8,01 lbs
RWL origin = 12,06 lbs RWL destin = 8,01 lbs
RWL origin = 6,90 lbs RWL destin = 4,37 lbs
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Origin Destination
Step 4. Determine the Lifting Index
LI = Object Weight / RWL= 6/12,06= 0,5
LI origin = 0,5(Low Risk Of LBP)
LI destin = 0,75(Low Risk Of LBP)
LI = Object Weight / RWL= 6/8,01= 0,75
LI origin = 1,74 LI destin = 2,74
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Terimakasih