life cycle of a star - msrahn.weebly.com filedying stars plot on the diagram? point a point b where...
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Life Cycle of Stars
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New Solar System
Life Cycle of Stars
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Fetus (Stellar Nebula Stage)
• Nebulae are huge
clouds of gas and dust
(singular: nebula)
• Stars form in nebulae
by the force of gravity
• Nebular gas and dust
are from an exploded
star.
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Fetus -- Proto-Star Stage
• Hydrogen and
helium are the main
gases in stars.
• The proto-star
begins to spin and
glow - temperature
increases.
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Birth - Maturity of Stars --
Main Sequence Stage
• Fusion occurs – hydrogen atoms are fused into helium, giving off tremendous energy.
• The force of gravity is in equilibrium (balanced) with the energy from fusion.
• Most stars will spend 90% of their life cycle as main sequence stars
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Maturity - Main Sequence
Hot, Bright
Hot, Dim
Cool, Bright
Cool, Dim
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Maturity - Main Sequence
• Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram
plots the surface temperature of stars
against their luminosity
– Luminosity = the total amount of energy a
star gives off each second
– Hottest stars are brightest
– Coolest stars are dimmest
– Most stars reside in the main sequence
• A diagonal pattern from lower right to upper left
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H – R Diagram
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Where would
dying stars plot
on the diagram?
Point A
Point B
Where would
stable stars plot
on the diagram?
Point C
Where would
dead stars plot
on the diagram?
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Mid-life Crisis -- Red Giant / Red Supergiant Stage
• Hydrogen in the core is
used up
• The star fuses heavier
elements, like carbon.
• Star becomes unstable
as the forces of fusion
and gravity are no
longer equal.
• Cooler in temperature.
Hydrogen-to-helium fusion stops
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Old Age -- Supernova and Planetary Nebula
• Massive Stars go Supernova:
• Helium is fused into Iron
• Sun-like stars become
Planetary nebulae:
• Fusion of elements up to
carbon occurs in the core.
• Outer layers lift off
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Death : Average Stars --
White Dwarf Stage
Average Sun-Sized Stars
• All fuel is used up.
• Red Giant collapses into a
white dwarf as gravity wins
over fusion.
• Dim, faint star with high
temperature.
• Sun-like star becomes white
dwarf made of carbon.
• Black Dwarf – no energy –
cools – turns black
A diamond weighing 10
billion trillion trillion carats
is at the heart of a dead
white dwarf star
nicknamed Lucy.
It’s 50 ly from us, in the
constellation Centaurus.
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Death: Massive Stars -- Supernova Stage
• Massive stars, much larger than our sun,
have a different life cycle.
• Giants and super giants will explode as a supernova.
• Some massive stars collapse to form black-holes or become a neutron star.
• Black holes occur with VERY massive stars – Strong gravity, all matter trapped
• Neutron stars – all elements join – Removing all space, making incredibly dense
star
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The Milky Way…look alike
Closest
Galaxy
to us?
Milky
Way
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Hubble Space Telescope
Named after Edwin Hubble
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Pictures of Supernovae
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Hubble Photos
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Visible Light
Infrared Light
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Stars can be grouped into
Constellations.
• Ancient civilizations never grouped planets
with stars because planets are constantly in
motion, whereas stars are in a fixed position
and pattern.
Polaris – the North Star
Andromeda Galaxy