life cycle analysis and resource management
DESCRIPTION
Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management. Dr. Forbes McDougall Procter & Gamble UK. Presentation aims:. 1) Examine the use of LCA within an overall environmental management framework to assess the environmental impact of packaging options and waste management systems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Life Cycle Analysis and Resource Management
Dr. Forbes McDougallProcter & GambleUK
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Presentation aims:
1) Examine the use of LCA within an overall environmental management framework to assess the environmental impact of packaging options and waste management systems 2) Look at how LCA can be applied to packaging, products and waste management 3) Use LCA to help assess the cost effectiveness of specific environmental initiatives
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Sustainability is :A balance between the needs of the Environment, the Economy and Society
Environmentallyeffective
Economicallyaffordable
Sociallyacceptable
SUSTAINABILITY
Economically (and technically) Feasible,
An environmental management framework
OBJECTIVE
Socially acceptable,
Environmental Management
towards Sustainability
An environmental management framework
1. Ensure Human and Environmental Safety
2. Ensure Regulatory Compliance
3. Ensure Efficient Resource Use and Waste Management
4. Ensure Social Concerns are Addressed
OBJECTIVE
Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable,
Environmental Management towards Sustainability
An environmental management framework
Safety• Human Health Risk Assessment• Ecological Risk Assessment
• Economic analysis• Product & process LCA• Eco-design• Disposal company auditing• Material consumption monitoring and reduction• Manufacturing site mgmt. systems auditing• Manufacturing site environmental auditing• Auditing major & new suppliers
Resource Use and Waste Management
Regulatory Compliance• Manufacturing site mgmt.. systems auditing• Manufacturing site wastes reporting• Material consumption reporting• New chemicals testing and registration• Product & packaging classification & labeling
• Understand & anticipate• Interact
Addressing Social Concerns
OBJECTIVE
Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable,
Environmental Management towards Sustainability
An environmental management framework
Organisation
DECISION MAKING
Safety
Resource Use and Waste Management
Regulatory Compliance• Manufacturing site mgmt.. systems auditing• Manufacturing site wastes reporting• Material consumption reporting• New chemicals testing and registration• Product & packaging classification & labeling
Addressing Social Concerns
OBJECTIVE
Economically (and technically) Feasible, Socially acceptable,
Environmental Management towards Sustainability
Data
• Human Health Risk Assessment• Ecological Risk Assessment
• Economic analysis• Product & process LCA• Eco-design• Disposal company auditing• Material consumption monitoring and reduction• Manufacturing site mgmt. systems auditing• Manufacturing site environmental auditing• Auditing major & new suppliers
• Understand & anticipate• Interact
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) within the overall environmental management framework
RESOURCE USE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
•Economic analysis•Product and process LCA •Eco-design •Disposal company auditing•Material consumption monitoring and reduction •Manufacturing site management systems auditing •Auditing major & new suppliers
Interpretation
Goal& scope
definition
InventoryAnalysis
ImpactAssessment
Direct applications :
• Product development and improvement.
• Strategic planning.
• Public policy making.
• Marketing.• Other.
Life Cycle Assessment framework
- not included in an LCI study
Phases of LCA (taken from ISO 14040)
- included in an LCI study
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Decreasing objectivity and reliability across a LCA
Objectivity
Inventoryresults
Impactpotential
e.g. GWPindicator
Weighting“scores”
.
Impactpotential
e.g. toxicityindicator
The Impact Assessment phase of LCA:
• is a simple indicator system• has no direct linkage to environmental effects or significance• often uses subjective judgments and scores• is not easy to use for comparisons
What is a Life Cycle Inventory?
The first two stages of a full Life Cycle Assessment
• Goal definition • Inventory analysis
Together constitute the process of Life Cycle Inventory
LCI is a tool for predicting the environmental burdens associated with particular products or services
A LCI is an inventory of all the systems :• InputsInputs (in terms of resources, including energy)• OutputsOutputs (in terms of emissions to air water and land)
LCI can therefore identify opportunities to optimize life cycles by:• Reducing resource use Reducing resource use • Producing fewer emissionsProducing fewer emissions
What does a LCI do?
EnergyWater
Raw Materials
Raw Material Sourcing
Processing
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Post consumer Disposal
Airborne emissionsWaterborne emissions
Solid Waste
INPUTS OUTPUTS
System boundary for a Life Cycle Inventory
LCI BOUNDARY
Raw Material extraction
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Waste management
Life Cycle of a Product
Raw Material extraction
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Waste management
PRODUCTS
LCA BOUNDARY
Life Cycle of Solid Waste
LCA for Manufacturers
Raw Material extraction
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Waste management
PRODUCTS
LCA for Waste Managers
Practical Environment Optimisation
Detergent LCI: resultsOverall profile for the UK (compact detergent)
Solid waste
Energy CO2
BOD
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Supply
ManufacturingConsumer
PackagingWWTP
• > 70% of energy consumption occurs at consumer phase, due to heating of water.
• CO2 emissions are mainly energy related.
• > 98% of the BOD emissions occur at the WWTP, this represents less than 8% of total BOD present in product (weighted average).
• Solid waste represents ashes from energy combustion, packaging and sludge generation.
Detergent LCI: interpretation of results
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Nappy LCA: results
Concluded:
“there was no significant difference between any of the environmental impacts – that is, overall no system clearly had a better or worse environmental performance.”
UK Environment Agency study May 2005
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Sustainable Waste Management
• Environmentally effective
• Economically affordable
• Socially acceptable
Needs to be
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A Waste Management HierarchyA hierarchy lists options in order of “preference”
Reuse
Reduce
Materials Recovery
Energy Recovery
Landfill/ Incineration(without Energy Recovery)
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• Has no measurable scientific basis
• Cannot consider combinations of treatment technologies
• Does not address cost issues
Waste HierarchyHas limitations
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Solid Waste Management
• Accepting the concept of an integrated approach to solid waste management
• Using a Life Cycle Assessment tool (computer model) to optimise the integrated waste management system
Sustainable Systems can be engineered by :
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IWM :
• Takes an overall approach and manages waste in an environmentally effective and economically affordable way
• Involves the use of a range of different treatment options at a local level
• Considers the entire solid waste stream
Integrated Waste Management (IWM)The Concept
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MATERIALSRECYCLING
BIOLOGICALTREATMENT
THERMAL TREATMENT LANDFILL
COLLECTION&
SORTING
Integrated Waste Management (IWM)Includes :
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IWM Systems
• Overall environmental burdens(Overall economic cost)
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool makes this possible
How can we plan systems that are environmentally and economically sustainable ?
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OUTPUTS Air Emissions
Water Emissions
Residual Landfill
Material
INPUTSWaste
Energy
Other Materials
Money
COLLECTION&
SORTING
Secondary Materials
Compost UsefulEnergy
MATERIALS
RECYCLING
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
THERMAL
TREATMENTLANDFILL
PRODUCTS
Integrated Waste ManagementA Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental Effectiveness
IWM
USE
Raw materialsourcing
Manufacture
Distribution
Retail
PRODUCTS
WasteManagement
USE
Raw materialsourcing
Manufacture
Distribution
Retail
PRODUCTS
WasteManagement
SEGREGATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTEGRATED WASTEMANAGEMENT
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Solid Waste
LCA originally used to compare products/packaging from “cradle to grave”
A Life Cycle Model
A Life Cycle model for solid waste calculates:• total energy consumption
• emissions to air and water
• final solid waste
• (overall economic costs)
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Life Cycle Models
• Net energy consumption
• Air emissions
• Water emissions
• Landfill volume (residual)
• Recovered materials
• Compost
Results
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From Life Cycle Model results to sustainability
Environmental sustainability• more useful products• less emissions• less final inert waste• less energy consumed
(Economic sustainability)• less money to pay for the system
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Using LCA to help assess the cost effectiveness of specific environmental initiatives
• Use existing waste management strategy as “Baseline”, model entire system including all relevant costs
• Compare the performance of different Integrated Waste Management strategies
• Choose optimum Integrated Waste Management strategy based on needs of local environment, economy and population
Strategy developmentComparisons using Life Cycle model results
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How to choose between options ?
• Single criterion - where there is a single over-riding concern (e.g. lack of landfill space)
• Multiple criteria - where more than one issue is important (e.g. energy consumption and air emissions)
• “Less is better” - where one option is lower in all categories
• Impact analysis - combine categories that contribute to the same effect such as global warming
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LCA
• IWM concept and LCA tools can help us move towards affordable environmental sustainability
• Using LCA is better than other arbitrary approaches• More and higher quality data are needed, to make better
decisions• A variety of waste management systems are required to
meet local needs
Conclusions
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Our contribution
English version - combined sales of over 10,000 copies
Also available in Spanish, Chinese and Japanese
Life Cycle models for Municipal Solid Wastenow produced by UK EA, US EPA, and in Germany,Austria, Netherlands, France, Portugal, Australia ……
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