lg (1). understand basic principles of the sun’s structure and how it functions success criteria...
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LG (1). Understand basic principles of the sun’s structure and how it functions
Success Criteria (SC)• I can name the layers of the sun in
order (or label them on a diagram)• I can describe the source of the
sun’s energy, name its form, and describe its journey from the sun’s core to earth.
Learning Goals
LG (3). Investigate the role of the atmosphere in making the earth habitable
SCs• I can explain how the sun warms,
lights, and minimizes temperature fluctuations on the earth (insulating effect).
• I can explain what happens to EM radiation when it hits the atmosphere (reflection, absorption)
LG (2). Describe the impact the sun’s energy and solar winds have on the earth (phenomena)
SCs• I can explain the key terms:
daylight, solar wind, auroras, greenhouse effect, interference
• I can describe what is happening during each of the phenomena above.
Ms. Konrad, 2014
Grade 9 ScienceSpace Part 1
Textbook pages 305-312
Astronomy: The branch of science that studies objects beyond the Earth (in “outer space”)
Celestial body: Any object in space
The Universe: Everything that exists
Key Terms
Star: A massive celestial body composed of hot gases that radiates large amounts of energy
Luminous: glowing, light producing
Planet: a celestial body which orbits a star
Satellite: a celestial body which orbits another body
Orbit: the closed path an satellite takes around another body
Moon: a natural satellite of a planet
Solar system: the Sun and all of the celestial bodies that orbit it
Our Star: The Sun Core Temperature: 15,000,000 °C
http://www.universetoday.com/18847/life-of-the-sun/
• 100 billion tonnes of Dynamite would have to be detonated every second in order to match the Sun’s energy output!!
• The sun is getting hotter…becoming 10% more luminous every billion years
• If the sun where to “turn off”, within a week the temperature of the earth would be zero degrees F
DID YOU KNOW?!?
http://www.funonthenet.in/articles/scale-of-the-universe.html
Age: 5 billion years
Diameter: 1,391,000 km (109 X
the size of Earth)
Composition:
94% Hydrogen
6% Helium0.13% other
High temperature + High pressure
=
Particles moving quickly and colliding at high speeds and fusing
Releases enormous amounts of energy
What human energy source does this remind you of?
The Sun’s Energy Source: Nuclear Fusion
http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/workshop/thompson/sundiag.html
Core: - 2% of Sun’s volume, 50% of Sun’s mass.
DENSE!!!- nuclear fusion happens here…600 tonnes of
H to He per second- 15000000°C
Radiative zone:- Energy moves away from the core- Photons can take up to 1 million years to
reach the next layer- 380,000 km thick- 32% of sun’s volume, 48% of sun’s mass- 5000000 °C
Layers of the Sun
Layers continued…
Convective zone: - 66% of Sun’s volume, 2% of Sun’s mass (LOW
DENSITY)
- Convective currents form “cells”- hot gas rises (away from core)- cool gas falls (toward core)- 5500°C
Photosphere: - Visible “surface” (NOT solid!) looks like boiling liquid
- Light and other radiation begins to escape
- 6000°C
- 140,000 km thick
Chromosphere: - 6000-20000°C
- Thousands of kilometers thick
- Composed of spicules
Corona:- Visible during a full solar eclipse
- 1,100,000°C
The Sun’s “Atmosphere”
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/ring_of_fire_mm.html
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/sunstructure.shtml
http://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/sun
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2FETG7tCF0
Virtual Tour
Sunspots on the Photosphere
http://broadcast.homestead.com/Swedish_20sunspots1.jpg
• Cooler regions on the photosphere (1000-1200ºC cooler)
• Do not emit as much light and appear darker.
• Can last a few days to a few months.
• Largest ever: 1.8*1010 km2 (36 x Earth’s surface area!!)
http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=sunspots
http://oneminuteastronomer.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/sunspots_recent_history.jpg
Solar Storms
- Gas and charged particles emitted from the sun’s surfaceCoronal Mass
Ejections• Lower energy• Ejection of gas• last several
days to several weeks
Flare:• Higher energy • Gas and charged
particles ejected• last a few minutes
to a few hours• Occur near
sunspots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFT7ATLQQx8
http://www.spaceweather.sflorg.com/space_weather/sdo_2010/sdo_02
http://www.spaceweather.sflorg.com/space_weather/sob_multimedia/flvswm_15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection
Solar Activity Affects the Earth
1. Solar winds are guided by the Earth’s magnetic field (strongest near the poles)• They interact with particles in the Earth’s
atmosphere, creating the aurora borealis and aurora australis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)
2. Solar activity/storms can…• interfere with satellites and
cellphone/TV connections • Cause increased radiation for
astronauts
3. The sun provides all of our incoming energy!• In the form of electromagnetic
radiation
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg
• Blocks (reflects) bad radiation (UV)
Role of our Atmosphere
• Lets in (absorbs) good radiation (infrared and visible)
• Insulates the Earth: keeps us warm, keeps temperatures from swinging drastically in the day and the night, the summer and winter.
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/GKAUFMAN/
EM radiation = heat
CO2 traps heat!
Reading: 320-328
Textbook questions:
#2-3 on pg. 308, #2-5, and 8-9 on pg. 312
Homework
• LG (1). Understand basic principles of the sun’s structure and function
• The sun is made up of gases (mostly hydrogen, some helium)
• The sun has 6 layers:
• Core (15 million C)
• Radiative
• Convective
• Photosphere (the surface)
• Chromosphere
• Corona
• EM radiation from nuclear fusion at the core travels outward.
• Nuclear fusion: when two atoms fuse together. in this case hydrogen turns to helium
• The photosphere is where light finally escapes (it appears to be the surface), and the EM radiation is cast into space
Summary
2. Describe the impact the sun’s energy and solar winds have on the earth
• Provides heat and light • Auroras • Radio and cell phone interference
3. Explain the role of the atmosphere in making the earth habitable
• Insulates (traps some radiation) to keep the temperature from fluctuating drastically
• Blocks harmful radiation
Sourceshttp://www.iflscience.com/space/take-virtual-tour-sun
http://www.astronomynotes.com/starsun/s2.htm#A1.3
http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2006/educators/lp_k5.php
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgpIy4tUjFI
Space…the final frontier!
• If the sun was a golf ball…• Earth would be the ball in a ball point pen and 10 ft from the sun
• 2 more feet would take you to Mars
• Neptune would be in Lakefield
• Alpha Centauri is in Winnipeg
• It takes 8.3 min for the sun’s light to reach us
• It takes 4.3 years for the light from Alpha Centauri to reach us!!
How big?
• March 16, 1926
• First rockets 13m in 3 sec
• Within a decade 1500m at 800 km/hr
Robert Goddard
Wernher Van Braun
Laika aboard Sputnik 2