earth science layers of the earth. the earth’s layers layers
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Earth Science
Layers of the Earth
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The The Earth’sEarth’s LayersLayers
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Lithosphere
• The top part of the layer is the Earth’s crust.
• The outermost layer of the earth known as the “rock sphere” that we live on.
• It is divided into pieces called tectonic plates
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Asthenosphere
• The soft layer of the mantle below the lithoshphere.
• Tectonic plates move above this layer.
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Outer Core
• The liquid layer below the earth’s mantle.
• This layer surrounds the inner core.
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Inner Core
• The solid, dense center of our planet.
• It is about 6,374 km. beneath the earth’s surface.
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“Plate tectonics” Theory:
explains motion/behavior of Earth’s lithosphere
Moves a few centimeters a year
explains volcanoes, mountain building and earthquakes
stiff lithosphere floats on top of weak asthenosphere
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Plate tectonics about a dozen or so plates
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Modernmeasurements
Supporting evidenceSupporting evidenceSupporting evidenceSupporting evidence
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What drives the plate movement?
EARTH is a Heat EngineEARTH is a Heat Engine
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Tectonic Plates
• The place where two tectonic plates meet is called a plate boundary.
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Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
transform fault boundaries
3 types
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• http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth2/content/chapter_4/animations.asp
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2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
Divergent boundaries
Mostly mid-ocean ridges (seafloor spreading)
Typical spreading rates ~ 5 cm/year
As oceanic moves away from ridge, it cools, & becomes denser
Also found where continents break apart
Example: Red Sea and East African Rift
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Mid Ocean Ridges
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/animations/
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Continents Break Apart – Rift Valley
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2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
Divergent boundaries
Also found where continents break apartExample: Red Sea
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/animations/sea_floor_spreading.htm
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Red Sea (looking southeast)
2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
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2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
Divergent boundariesContinents breaking apart Example: East African Rift
Red triangles show the active volcanoes and the Afar Triangle (shaded, center)
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Divergent Plate BoundariesDivergent Plate Boundaries
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2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
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Convergent boundaries
Subduction zones
ocean-continent
ocean-ocean
continent-continent
- VolcanoesExamples: Mount St. Helens
- Volcanic island arcs Examples: Marianas, Aleutians, Hawaii
- Mountain BuildingExamples: Himalayas, Alps, Appalachians
ConvergentConvergent Plate boundariesPlate boundaries
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continental crust and continental crust
• Mountain building
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Oceanic and oceanic crust• DEEPEST Trenches and Island Arcs
Oceanic crustOceanic crust
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Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust• Trenches and explosive volcanoes
Molten rock
Oceanic crust Continental crust
volcano
SUBDUCTION ZONE
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• Mountains
• Volcanoes, trenches & earthquakes
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Transform fault boundaries
Strike-slip faulting
Plates slide past each other: no production/destructionof material
2) Plate boundaries2) Plate boundariesPLATEPLATETECTONICSTECTONICS
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STRESS• Stress occurs at plate boundaries. Stress
causes rock to change shape or deform (deformation)
Types of Stress: Type of boundary
– Compression
– Tension
– Shearing
convergent
divergent
transform
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Stress Causes Deformation
Deformation Bends and Breaks Rock
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If you bump your bike into a large rock two things can happen.
The metal can either bend or snap.
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Stress Cause - CompressionEffect: Folding
• Folding- When rock layers bend because of stress on the earth’s crust.
The types of folding are:
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Folding
• Anticline- Arch shape folds in the earths’ crust.
• Syncline- Trough shaped fold in a rock.
pushing
pushing
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Monocline
• Monocline – simplest - involves a slight bend on one side
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Anticline
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Anticline
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Anticline
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Folding
• Syncline- Trough shaped fold in a rock.
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Syncline
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Syncline
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Syncline
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Syncline
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Syncline
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Monocline
• Monocline – simplest - involves a slight bend on one side
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Monocline
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Monocline
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Monocline
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Monocline
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Monocline
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Tectonic Plates
• The place where two tectonic plates meet is called a plate boundary. (When there is enough pressure that builds up on the rocks’ edges and earthquakes can occur).
• Earthquake Facts
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Tectonic Forces• Faulting- Stress that causes rocks to
break
• Faults slide past each other.
• The types of faulting are:
- normal fault
- reverse fault
- strike-slip fault
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Fault Type #1: Normal Fault Cause: Tension/ Divergent movement
Normal Faults- Effect: The hanging wall moves down, relative
to the footwall. Normal because of the
pull of gravity.
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Normal Fault
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NormalFault
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Normal Fault
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Fault Type #2: Reverse Fault
Cause: Compression/ Convergent MovementReverse Fault-
Effect: The hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall.
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Reverse Fault
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Reverse Fault
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Reverse Fault
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Reverse Fault
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Strike-Slip FaultCause: shearing/ crosswise movement
Strike-slip Faults-
Effect: When opposing forces cause rock to
break and move horizontally.
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Strike Slip FaultStrike Slip Fault
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Strike Slip FaultStrike Slip Fault
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Strike Slip FaultSan Andreas Fault
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Mountain BuildingCause: CompressionEffect: Uplift – crust is raised to higher
elevation
• US Geological Survey scientist Chris Newhall attaches a tape measure to a cliff on Bubuin Island. Activity from nearby Volcano Island has lifted Bubuin by 15 centimeters
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Grand Canyon
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Folded Mountains• In a folded mountain range, the rock layers are
folded up.
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Folded Mountains
• Fault-Block
• Folded
• Volcanic
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Folded Mountains
Sierra Nevada
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Folded Mountains
Appalachian
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Folded MountainsAppalachian Mountains
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Fault-BlockMountains
• Fault-Block
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Fault- Block Mountians
• Rock layers are tilted up and can have sharp jagged peaks.
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Fault-Block MountainsGrand Tetons from Jackson Lake Lodge (WY)
are examples of fault block mountains.
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Fault Block Mountain
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Fault-Block Mountains
• Big Bend Texas
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Volcanic Mountains
• Volcanic mountains are often cone shaped, and form along convergent boundaries.
• Also forms along the divergent sea floor spreading
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Volcanic Mountains
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Volcanic Mountains• Mt. Ranier, Washington
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Volcanic MountainsMt. St. Helens, Washington
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Volcanic Mountains
Mt. Shasta, California
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Volcanic Mountains• Volcanic mountains of Guatemala make up
part of the Pacific's "Ring of Fire".
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Popocatepetl, Mexico. December 12, 2007 this volcano spewed lava and ash two miles high.
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Volcanic Mountains• Mt. St. Helens- Live
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• On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens violently erupted. For 2 months the volcano showed signs that it was waking up from its 123-year sleep.
• Earthquakes beneath the mountain increased. Steam and ash erupted.
• And a "bulge" grew on the mountain's steep north side. All these warning signs signaled that magma was moving upward inside the volcano.
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US Volcanoes
• Cascade Range Volcanoes
• Major West Coast Volcanoes
• Hawaii Volcano Map
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