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基于美国 2010 版《SAT官方指南》

SAT 官方真题全频词汇

侯世军 于美玉 编著

谈留芳 副主编

邱 芬 周 林 周 林

省级精品课程

北 京

内 容 简 介

本词汇书与紫铭教育编写的另一本词汇书《SAT 官方指南词汇手册》

构成了完整的紫铭教育 SAT 词汇体系。

本词汇书以《SAT 官方指南》（2010 版）中的 10 套真题，以及今年考

过的 12 套真题为基础，以高三英语为基点独立摘词。

本书借助计算机分类统计的功能，对所有 SAT 考试考过的词汇做了分

类，词汇共分为 5 类，分别是出现 5 次及 5 次以上、出现 4 次、出现 3 次、

出现 2 次、出现 1 次的词汇。分类的结果是，出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

605 个，出现 4 次的词汇 398 个，出现 3 次的词汇 621 个，出现 2 次的词汇

1127 个，出现 1 次的词汇 3516 个。这一统计结果意义重大，它可使考生有

针对性地记词。同时，本词汇书科学的分类说明了市场中“高频词汇”、“核

心词汇”只是基础词汇，并不等同于“省时有效”的“高分词汇”；本词汇

书已充分证明，低频词汇才是 SAT 高分考试的重点。

本词汇书可作为留学美国备考 SAT 考试的培训教材与工具书，也可供

参加 TOEFL 考试及其他留学考试的学生参考。

书繁体字版名为《SolidWorks 2001 PLUS 教学范本》，由知城数位科技股份

图书在版编目(CIP)数据

SAT 官方真题全频词汇/侯世军，于美玉编著. —北京： 科学出版社，2009

ISBN 978-7-03-025666-9

Ⅰ.S… Ⅱ.①侯…②于… Ⅲ.英语–词汇–高等学校–入学考试–美

国–自学参考资料 Ⅳ. H313

中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2009）第 172255 号

责任编辑：何舒民 / 责任校对：耿 耘 责任印制：吕春珉 / 封面设计：耕者设计工作室

本书主要基本知识和广告的基础操作技 出版

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* 2009 年 10 月第 一 版 2009 年 10 月第一次印刷 印数：1—5 000

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前 言

i

前 言

紫铭教育从事美国高考 SAT考试培训始于 2004年。在过去，常有学生问我：“我买了

不少 SAT 核心词汇、SAT 高频词汇的书，也下过力气背了至少 10遍以上，为什么在 SAT

考试时，还会碰到不少的生词，阅读成绩上不去？”

这是由来已久的大问题。这一问题的解决要求我们帮助学生既要做到牢记词汇，还要

做到有针对性地记词。我也清楚，按以前的常规方法无法解决好这一问题，它需要全新的

解决方案与抛开传统的创新！任何考生若想考取 SAT 阅读 700 分以上的分数，其掌握的

词汇量应在 15 000 个以上，这对只拥有 3000 左右词汇量的高中生而言，是巨大的

挑战。

2009年 1月出版的由紫铭教育编著的《SAT官方指南词汇手册》〔该书的最新版本（2010

版）即将出版〕是解决 SAT词汇难记的开创性的、基础性的、关键性的解决方案，它很好

地解决了牢记词汇的问题。《SAT 官方指南词汇手册》以每个 SAT 考生必学的《SAT 官方

指南》中的全套真题为基础，按阅读文章的出题顺序独立摘词，而且相同的难词在不同的

文章中如果重复出现，则再次摘录。学员以该书为基础，以《SAT 官方指南》为出发点，

可以实现通过阅读强化记词，通过难词在不同的文章中重复应用与记忆再次强化记词，同

时节省了学员大量的查生词时间。但这是第一步而不是全部，这第二步的解决方案就是紫

铭教育的最新力作《SAT官方真题全频词汇》。

《SAT官方真题全频词汇》的正式出版是紫铭教育在中国 SAT教学领域中的再次创新。

它彻底颠覆了考生对当前图书市场上所谓的“SAT核心词汇、SAT高频词汇”的错误认知，

是目前中国 SAT教学领域、词汇领域中，真正拥有技术含量、确有实效的学习工具。它同

紫铭教育编著的《SAT官方指南词汇手册》共同构成了完整的紫铭教育 SAT官方真题词汇

体系。

《SAT官方真题全频词汇》的所有词条出自美国《SAT官方指南》（2010版）10套真

题和近年考过的 12套 SAT真题，即 22套真题中的阅读和填空试题中的词汇。这些词汇对

任何考生而言难度最大、且最有得分价值。考生若掌握了这些词汇，可以很容易地应对 SAT

考试中的阅读、写作、语法和填空的试题。本书词汇的摘录以高三英语为基点，每一套真

题独立摘录，借助计算机分类检索及排序的功能，列出了所有词汇在历次官方真题考试中

出现的、重复出现的次数！

《SAT官方真题全频词汇》分类统计的结果是：出现 5次及 5次以上的词汇共 605个，

出现 4次的词汇共 398个，出现 3次的词汇 621个，出现 2次的共 1127个，出现 1次的共

3516 个。在完成这一统计的过程中，我们发现，以本书 22 套真题的词汇量为基础，每一

套新的 SAT官方真题所追加的词汇量在 200个左右，这如同中国每年的英语高考也会增加

前 言

ii

100个左右新词一样。我们又进一步发现，由于本书中对每一个词条都列举了 10个左右的

同义词或反义词，这一词条词汇的扩充性，完全涵盖了新的 SAT真题中出现的生词！这一

统计结果意义重大。这说明美国大学理事会在设计新的 SAT考题时，必然会适当地增加新

词量，同时以出现频率低的词汇为考取高分的重点测试词汇！因此，本书已成为备考 SAT

的最科学的、最可靠的词汇宝典。

紫铭教育再次提醒所有的 SAT考生：你们以前所了解的“高频词汇”、“核心词汇”并

不等同于“省时有效”的“高分词汇”，那些所谓的“高频词汇”、“核心词汇”不过就是基

础词汇。紫铭教育编著的《SAT官方指南词汇手册》是考生有效积累 SAT词汇的第一阶段，

而《SAT官方真题全频词汇》是考生考前冲刺阶段的最佳词汇用书。

任何 SAT考生若想有效地大量积累 SAT词汇必须要做到：一、通过大量的阅读来积累

和巩固英语词汇；二、通过《SAT官方指南词汇手册》来学习和牢记 SAT重点词汇；三、

通过《SAT官方真题全频词汇》来实现有针对性的记词。学员做到了上述三点，其 SAT阅

读考试成绩在 700分以上，应该问题不大。需要指出的是，由于 SAT考试在阅读、写作、

词汇三个方面完全涵盖了 TOEFL 考试，因此，本书不仅适用于 SAT 考试，同样也可作为

TOEFL考试词汇书。

《SAT官方真题全频词汇》初稿完成于 2009年 2月。截止到 2009年 6月，已有几百

名北京紫铭学校的学员成为本书的第一批使用者和受益者，其中相当多的学生在今年 6 月

份的 SAT考试中成绩优异。在此之后，北京紫铭学校结合本书的教学使用经验，以及美国

教育考试中心（ETS）于 2009年 7月出版的《SAT官方指南》（2010版）增加的内容和试

题，对本书做出了进一步扩充、修订与完善的工作。本书是《SAT 官方指南》（2010 版）

公开发行后国内第一本 SAT词汇书。

《SAT 官方真题全频词汇》能最终付梓是多方人员集体智慧的结晶。在本书即将面世

之际，笔者首先要感谢曾为这本书付出辛劳的每一位北京紫铭学校的老师，是你们一次次

将不可能变为了可能；其次，还要感谢所有北京紫铭学校的学员们，你们的进步激励着北

京紫铭学校的成长。最后，本书的顺利出版离不开科学出版社的大力支持，有了你们严谨

而专业的工作，本书才得以羽翼丰满、更加完善。谢谢大家！祝福大家！

侯世军

北京紫铭学校校长

2009年 8月

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目 录

iii

目 录

前言

出现 5 次及 5次以上的词汇 ......................................................................................................... 1

出现 4 次的词汇 ........................................................................................................................... 99

出现 3 次的词汇 ......................................................................................................................... 146

出现 2 次的词汇 ......................................................................................................................... 217

出现 1 次的词汇 ......................................................................................................................... 329

出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

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出现5 次及 5次以上的词汇

A

abandon [ə'bændən] v.

1放弃 to abandon ship 弃船

同（近）义词：desert, evacuate, forsake, leave, quit, vacate, withdraw from

2遗弃 to abandon a friend 遗弃朋友

同（近）义词：desert, drop, forsake, jilt, leave behind, leave in the lurch, maroon, renounce,

repudiate, strand

3放弃 to abandon a plan 放弃计划

同（近）义词：cancel, discard, discontinue, drop, finish, forgo, give up, postpone

4放弃 to abandon a right 放弃权利

同（近）义词：cede, drop, forfeit, forgo, give up, relinquish, renounce, resign, surrender,

waive, yield

abrupt [ə'br�pt] a.

1突然的 an abrupt ending 突然终止

同（近）义词：hasty, headlong, hurried, precipitate, quick, rapid, sudden, swift, unexpected,

unforeseen, unpredicted

2陡的 an abrupt drop 陡降

同（近）义词：precipitous, sharp, sheer, steep

反义词：gradual, continuous, even, gentle, leisurely, moderate, slow, steady, unhurried,

unspectacular

3无理的 an abrupt manner 无理的态度

同（近）义词：blunt, brusque, curt, discourteous, gruff, impolite, rude, unceremonious,

uncivil, ungracious

SAT iÉvtuâÄtÜç

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出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

2

4不连贯的 an abrupt way of talking 不连贯的说话方式

同（近）义词：brisk, broken, disconnected, jerky, snappy, terse

absolute ['æbsəlu:t] a.

1绝对的 absolute silence 绝对的静寂

同（近）义词：categorical, certain, complete, conclusive, decided, definite, downright, entire,

full, genuine, implicit, inalienable, infallible, perfect, positive, pure, sheer, stark, supreme,

sure, thorough, total, unadulterated, unalloyed, unambiguous, unconditional, unequivocal,

unmitigated, unmixed, unqualified, unquestionable, unreserved, unrestricted, utter

2专制的 an absolute ruler 专制的君主

同（近）义词：almighty, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, omnipotent, sovereign, totalitarian,

tyrannical, undemocratic, unrestricted

3正好的, 恰好的 the absolute opposite 正相反

同（近）义词：diametrical, exact, precise

absorb [əb's�:b] v.

1吸收 Our bodies absorb nutrients from our food. 我们的身体从食物里吸收养料。

同（近）义词：assimilate, consume, devour, digest, drink in, fill up with, hold, imbibe,

incorporate, receive, retain, soak up, suck up, take in, utilize

反义词：emit, belch, discharge, eject, exhale, expel, give off, give out, issue, radiate, send

out, spew out, transmit

2减少 Buffers absorb the shock of impact. 缓冲器能减少冲击的震动。

同（近）义词：cushion, deaden, lessen, reduce, soften

3引得…入迷 The game totally absorbed us. 这个游戏引得我们完全入了迷。

同（近）义词：captivate, engage, engross, enthrall, fascinate, interest, involve, occupy,

preoccupy, rivet

abstract ['æbstrækt] n.& a.& v.

n. 摘要

同（近）义词：summary, digest, outline, recapitulation, resume, review, summation,

summing-up

a. 1抽象的 abstract art 抽象的艺术

同（近）义词：non-pictorial, non-representational

反义词：pictorial, graphic, illustrated, representational

2理论上的，不现实的 abstract ideas 理论上的

同（近）义词：abstruse, academic, general, hypothetical, indefinite, intangible, intellectual,

metaphysical, philosophical, theoretical, unpractical, unreal, unrealistic

反义词：concrete, actual, definite, existing, factual, firm, material, objective, palpable,

physical, real, solid, substantial, tactile, tangible, touchable, visible

v. 提取，抽取 She abstracted the main points from the argument. 她把论点概括成要点。

出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

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academic [�ækə'demik] a.

1学术的 A university is an academic institution. 大学是学术机构。

同（近）义词：educational, pedagogical, scholastic

2好学的 an academic student 好学的学生

同（近）义词：bookish, brainy, clever, erudite, highbrow, intelligent, learned, scholarly,

studious, well-read

3理论的 academic studies 理论的研究

同（近）义词：abstract, intellectual, pure, theoretical

4空谈的 Ideas about time-traveling are purely academic. 时间旅行的观念纯粹是空谈的。

同（近）义词：conjectural, hypothetical, impractical, speculative, unpractical

accessible [ək'sesəbl] a. 容易拿得到的 Make sure the first aid box is accessible. 急救药箱一定

要放在容易拿到的地方。

同（近）义词：at hand, available, convenient, handy, reachable, within reach

反义词：inaccessible, cut off, godforsaken, hard to find, inconvenient, isolated, lonely,

outlying, out of reach, out-of-the-way, remote, solitary, unfrequented

accommodate [ə'k�mədeit] v.

1供应 If you need anything, we’ll try to accommodate you. 如果你有任何需要，我们会想法

供应你。

同（近）义词：aid, assist, furnish, help, oblige, provide, serve, supply

2容纳 The hostel can accommodate thirty guests. 旅馆可以容纳三十个客人。

同（近）义词：billet, board, cater for, entertain, harbor, hold, house, lodge, provide for,

quarter, shelter, take in

3适应 We quickly accommodated ourselves to our new surroundings. 我们很快就适应了新

环境。

同（近）义词：adapt, acclimatize, accustom, adjust, attune, fit, habituate, harmonize,

orientate, reconcile, suit, tailor, turn

accomplishment [ə'k�mpliʃmənt] n. 成就

account [ə'kaunt] n.& v.

n. 1账单 The waiter gave us our account. 侍者给我们账单。

同（近）义词：bill, check, invoice, receipt, reckoning, statement, tally

2重要性 Money is of little account compared with your health. 比起你的健康来，钱的重要

性要小。

同（近）义词：advantage, benefit, concern, consequence, consideration, importance,

interest, merit, profit, significance, standing, use, value, worth

3叙述 I wrote an account of my trip. 我把我旅行的经过记载了下来。

同（近）义词：chronicle, commentary, description, diary, disquisition, explanation, history,

log, memoir, narration, narrative, portrayal, record, report, story, tale, version

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出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

4

v. 解释 Can you account for his odd behavior? 你能解释他奇怪的行为吗？

同（近）义词：clarify, elucidate, explain, give reason for, justify, make excuses for,

rationalize, vindicate

accuracy ['ækjurəsi] n. 正确，精确性

accurate ['ækjurit] a.

1正确的 an accurate description 正确的描述

同（近）义词：authentic, close, factual, faithful, faultless, reliable, right, sound, strict, true,

truthful, veracious

2准确的 accurate measurements 量得的准确尺寸

同（近）义词：careful, correct, exact, meticulous, minute, perfect, precise, scrupulous

accuse [ə'kju:z] v. 控告 to accuse someone of a crime 控告某人有某罪

同（近）义词：blame, bring charges against, censure, charge, condemn, denounce, impeach,

impugn, incriminate, indict, inform against, make allegations against, prosecute, summon,

tax

accusation [ækju:'zeiʃn] n. 罪名 She denied the accusation completely. 她完全否认被控的罪名。

同（近）义词：allegation, alleged offence, charge, complaint, indictment, summons

acknowledge [ək'n�lid�] v.

1承认 He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat. 他不愿认输。

同（近）义词：accede, accept, admit, affirm, agree, allow, concede, confess, confirm, declare,

endorse, grant, own, profess, yield

2告知已收到 Please acknowledge my letter. 收到我的信之后请即告知。

同（近）义词：answer, notice, react to, reply to, respond to, return

3对…打招呼 He acknowledged me with a smile. 他对我含笑打招呼。

同（近）义词：greet, hail, recognize, salute

acquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n. 熟人，相识，了解

acquire [ə'kwaiə] v.

1（通过努力、能力、行为表现）获得，得到 He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. 他

得到了奸诈的名声。

同（近）义词：attain, be given, buy, come into possession of, gain, get hold of, obtain,

procure, purchase, receive

2购得，获得，得到 The company has just acquired new premises. 公司刚购得新办公楼。

adapt [ə'dæpt] v.

1适应（新情况） to adapt yourself to new ways 使自己适应新情况

同（近）义词：acclimatize, accommodate, accustom, adjust, attune, fit, habituate, harmonize,

orientate, reconcile, suit, tailor, turn

2使…适应、适合（新情况、新用途） to adapt something for a new purpose 把某事物改得适

合新用途

出现 5 次及 5 次以上的词汇

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同（近）义词：alter, amend, change, convert, metamorphose, modify, process, rearrange,

rebuild, reconstruct, refashion, remake, remodel, reorganize, reshape, transform, vary

3改编 to adapt a play for TV 改编剧本以适合电视播放

同（近）义词：alter, assemble, compile, get ready, modify, organize, prepare, put together,

supervise the production of

address [ə'dres] n.& v.

n. 致词，讲话 The vicar delivered an address. 教区牧师向公众讲道。

同（近）义词：discourse, harangue, lecture, oration, sermon, speech, talk

v. 发表演说，向…讲话 A stranger addressed me. 有个生人向我讲话。

同（近）义词：accost, apostrophize, approach, engage in conversation, greet, hail, salute,

speak to, talk to

adept ['ædept, ə'dept] a. 熟练的

同（近）义词：skillful, able, accomplished, apt, artful, brilliant, capable, clever, competent,

consummate, crafty, cunning, deft, dexterous, experienced, expert, gifted, handy,

ingenious, masterly, practiced, professional, proficient, shrewd, smart, talented, versatile

反义词：unskillful, amateurish, bungled, clumsy, crude, incompetent, inept, inexpert,

maladroit, shoddy, unprofessional

advocate ['ædvəkit] n.& v.

n. 1提倡者 an advocate of reform 提倡改革的人

同（近）义词：supporter, adherent, apologist, champion, defender, seconder, upholder,

voter

2律师 an advocate in a law court 法庭上的律师

v. 拥护，提倡 Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior. 许多专家主张对

小孩的良好表现加以奖励。

同（近）义词：recommend, applaud, approve of, commend, praise, speak well of, vouch for

aesthetic [i:s'θetik] a. 审美的

同（近）义词：artistic, attractive, beautiful, creative, cultured, decorative, imaginative, orna-

mental, tasteful

反义词：crude, ugly

aggressive [ə'gresiv] a. 侵犯的，攻击性的，有进取心的 aggressive behavior 侵犯的行为

同（近）义词：antagonistic, assertive, attacking, bellicose, belligerent, bullying, contentious,

destructive, hostile, jingoistic, militant, offensive, provocative, pugnacious, pushful,

quarrelsome, violent, warlike, zealous

反义词：friendly, affable, affectionate, agreeable, approachable, attached, benevolent,

benign, civil, close, companionable, compatible, comradely, conciliatory, congenial,

convivial, cordial, expansive, familiar, favorable, genial, good-natured, gracious, helpful,

hospitable, intimate, kind, kind-hearted, likeable, neighborly, outgoing, sociable,

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sympathetic, tender, warm, welcoming, well-disposed

alienate ['eiljəneit] v. 使…疏远，离间

同（近）义词：antagonize, anger, annoy, embitter, estrange, irritate, make an enemy of,

offend, provoke, upset

allusion [ə'lu:�n] n. 暗示

同（近）义词：hint, mention, reference, suggestion

ally [ə'lai] n.& v.

n. 同盟者

同（近）义词：abettor, accessory, accomplice, associate, collaborator, colleague, companion,

confederate, friend, helper, helpmate, partner

反义词：adversary, antagonist, assailant, attacker, competitor, enemy, foe, opponent,

opposition, the other side, rival

v. 与…结盟 With which side do you ally yourself? 你跟哪一边结盟？

同（近）义词：affiliate, amalgamate, associate, band together, collaborate, combine, confe-

derate, co-operate, form an alliance, fraternize, join, join forces, league, marry, merge,

side, unite

alter ['�:ltə] v. 改变

同（近）义词：amend, change, convert, metamorphose, modify, process, rearrange, rebuild,

reconstruct, refashion, remake, remodel, reorganize, reshape, transform, vary

alternative [�:l'tə:nətiv] n.& a.

n. 可供选择的事物 We had no alternative but to fire Gibson. 我们别无它法，只有辞退吉布森。

a. 1可供替代的 Do you have an alternative solution to the problem? 你有没有别的办法来解决

这个问题？

2非传统的，另类的 alternative lifestyle 非传统的生活方式；alternative energy 替代性能源（指

太阳能、风能、水能）

ambiguous [æm'bigjuəs] a. 含糊的 an ambiguous message 含糊的音信

同（近）义词：ambivalent, confusing, enigmatic, equivocal, indefinite, indeterminate,

puzzling, uncertain, unclear, vague, wooly

反义词：assured, categorical, certain, clear-cut, confident, cut-and-dried, decided, definite,

determined, emphatic, exact, explicit, fixed, incisive, particular, precise, settled, specific,

sure, unambiguous, unequivocal

ambition [æm'biʃn] n.

1抱负 She’s got the ambition to succeed. 她有要成功的抱负。

同（近）义词：drive, enterprise, enthusiasm, pushfulness, self-assertion, thrust, zeal

2目标 Her ambition is to run in the Olympics. 她的目标是参加奥林匹克运动会的赛跑项目。

同（近）义词：aim, aspiration, desire, dream, goal, hope, ideal, intention, object, objective,

target, wish

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ambivalence [æm'bivələns] n. 正反感情并存，（喜忧参半、好坏参半等）矛盾情绪 Many people feel

some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives. 许多人以矛盾的态度对待电

视及其对生活的影响。

ambivalent [æm'bivələnt] a. （对同一人或事）有矛盾感情的 His ambivalent reply means I still

don’t know what he wants. 他自相矛盾的答复叫我仍旧不明白他要什么。

同（近）义词：ambiguous, backhanded, confusing, doubtful, equivocal, inconsistent,

indefinite, self-contradictory, two-faced, uncertain, unclear, uncommitted, unresolved,

unsettled

amusement [ə'mju:zmənt] n.

1开心的情况 We tried not to show our amusement. 我们觉得很好笑，但尽量不表现出来。

同（近）义词：hilarity, laughter, merriment, mirth

2娱乐，消遣 What’s your chief amusement? 你主要的娱乐是什么？

同（近）义词：delight, distraction, diversion, enjoyment, entertainment, fun, game, hobby,

interest, joke, leisure activity, pastime, play, pleasure, recreation, sport

amusing [ə'mju:ziŋ] a. 有趣的，引人发笑的

同（近）义词：diverting, enjoyable, entertaining, funny, pleasing

analogous [ə'næləgəs] a. 类似的

同（近）义词：similar, identical, interchangeable, the same, twin

analogy [ə'næləd�i] n. 相似，类似 To explain the circulation of the blood she used the analogy

of a central heating system. 她以中央供暖系统作比喻，解释血液循环的原理。

同（近）义词：comparison, likeness, metaphor, parallel, resemblance, similarity, simile

analysis [ə'næləsis] n. 分析，解析 What did your analysis of the figures show? 分析了这些数字，

你得出什么结论？

同（近）义词：breakdown, enquiry, evaluation, examination, interpretation, investigation,

scrutiny, study, test

analytical [�ænə'litikl] a. 分析的，解析的

analyze ['ænəlaiz] v. 分析，分解

ancestor ['ænsistə] n. 祖先

同（近）义词：antecedent, forebear, forefather, forerunner, precursor, predecessor,

progenitor

反义词：descendant, children, heir, lineage, offspring, posterity, progeny, scion, successor

anecdote ['ænik�dəut] n. 轶事，奇闻

annoyance [ə'n�iəns] n. 烦恼，可厌之事

anticipate [æn'tisipeit] v.

1预先考虑到，预见到 I anticipated his blow and fended it off. 我预知他要一拳打来，所以能

挡开他的一击。

同（近）义词：forestall, pre-empt

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2预料 I anticipate that the result will be a draw. 我预料结果会打成平局。

同（近）义词：expect, forecast, foresee, foretell, hope, predict

anxious ['æŋkʃəs] a. 忧虑的 anxious about the future 为未来忧虑

同（近）义词：afraid, agitated, alarmed, apprehensive, concerned, distressed, disturbed,

edgy, fearful, fretful, nervous, overwrought, perturbed, solicitous, tense, troubled, uneasy,

upset, worried

反义词：calm, carefree, collected, complacent, composed, cool, dispassionate, equable,

impassive, imperturbable, level-headed, moderate, pacific, patient, peaceful, quiet,

relaxed, restful, restrained, sedate, self-possessed, sensible, serene, tranquil,

unemotional, unexcitable, unhurried, unperturbed, untroubled

apparent [ə'pærənt] a. 明显的，表面上的 There was no apparent reason for the crash. 飞机坠

毁并没有明显的原因。

同（近）义词：blatant, clear, conspicuous, detectable, discernible, evident, manifest,

noticeable, observable, obvious, ostensible, overt, patent, perceptible, recognizable, self-

explanatory, unconcealed, visible

反义词：concealed, camouflaged, cloaked, disguised, hidden, invisible, secret, unobtrusive

appeal [ə'pi:l] n.& v.

n. 1呼吁 an appeal for help 请求帮助的呼吁

同（近）义词：call, cry, entreaty, petition, request, supplication

2号召力 She had a great appeal for the audience. 她对观众的号召力很大。

同（近）义词：allure, attractiveness, charisma, charm, seductiveness

v. 请求 to appeal for aid 请求援助

同（近）义词：ask earnestly, beg, beseech, call, canvass, cry out, entreat, implore, invoke,

petition, plead, pray, request, solicit, supplicate

apply [ə'plai] v.

1敷上 apply ointment to the wound 把软膏敷在伤口上

同（近）义词：administer, bring into contact, lay on, put on, spread

2适用 The rules apply to everyone. 规则适用于大家。

同（近）义词：appertain, be relevant, pertain, refer, relate

3运用 Apply your skill. 运用你的技能。

同（近）义词：bring into use, employ, exercise, implement, practice, use, utilize, wield

approach [ə'prəutʃ] n.& v.

n. 1靠近 Footsteps signaled their approach. 脚步声响，表示他们靠近了。

同（近）义词：advance, advent, arrival, coming, nearing

2通路 The easiest approach is from the west. 最容易走的通路是从西边过来。

同（近）义词：access, doorway, entrance, entry, passage, road, way in

3态度 She has a positive approach to her work. 她对自己的工作抱积极态度。

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同（近）义词：attitude, course, manner, means, method, mode, procedure, style, system,

technique, way

4接洽 I made an informal approach to the bank manager. 我跟银行经理接洽过了。

同（近）义词：appeal, application, invitation, offer, overture, proposal, proposition

v. 1靠近 The lion approached its prey. 狮子向它的猎物靠近。

同（近）义词：advance on, bear down on, catch up with, come near, draw near, gain on, move

towards, near

2处理 We approached the job cheerfully. 我们高高兴兴地处理了这件工作。

同（近）义词：begin, undertake

3向…接洽 I approached the bank manager for a loan. 我跟银行经理洽谈一笔贷款的事。

同（近）义词：contact, call, call on, communicate with, correspond with, get hold of, get in touch

with, notify, phone, ring, speak to, talk to

approval [ə'pru:vəl] n.

1赞成 We cheered to show our approval. 我们欢呼表示赞成。

同（近）义词：acclaim, acclamation, admiration, applause, appreciation, approbation,

commendation, esteem, favor, liking, plaudits, praise, regard, respect, support

反义词：disapproval, anger, censure, condemnation, criticism, disapprobation, disfavor,

dislike, displeasure, dissatisfaction, hostility, reprimand, reproach

2批准 The committee gave its approval to our plan. 委员会批准了我们的计划。

同（近）义词：acceptance, acquiescence, agreement, assent, authorization, consent, endor-

sement, license, mandate, permission, ratification, sanction, seal, stamp, support, valida-

tion

反义词：refusal, veto, denial, negative reply, rebuff, rejection, ban, embargo, prohibition

approve [ə'pru:v] v. 赞同，批准 The boss approved my request for leave. 上司批准了我的请假。

同（近）义词：accede to, accept, agree to, allow, assent to, authorize, confirm, consent to,

countenance, endorse, give in to, pass, permit, ratify, sanction, sign, subscribe to, support,

tolerate, uphold, validate

反义词：refuse, baulk at, decline, give a negative reply to, reject, say no to, spurn, turn down

arbitrary ['ɑ:bi�trəri] a.

1任意的 an arbitrary decision 任意的决定

同（近）义词：capricious, casual, chance, fanciful, illogical, indiscriminate, irrational, random,

subjective, unplanned, unpredictable, unreasonable, whimsical, willful

2霸道的 an arbitrary show of force 霸道的暴力炫耀

同（近）义词：absolute, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, highhanded, imperious, summary,

tyrannical, tyrannous

archaeologist [�ɑ:ki'�ləd�ist] n. 考古学家

architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n. 建筑师，设计师

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同（近）义词：designer, author, contriver, creator, deviser, inventor, originator

architectural [�ɑ:ki'tektʃərəl] a. 建筑的，建筑学的

architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n. 建筑学，建筑术，建筑物

aristocratic [�æristə'krætik] a. 贵族的，有贵族气派的

arouse [ə'rauz] v. 唤醒，引起 The controversial plan aroused strong feelings. 那项有争议的计

划引起了强烈的反感。

同（近）义词：cause, kindle, quicken, provoke, spark off, stimulate, stir up

arrogant ['ærəgənt] a. 傲慢的，自大的 an arrogant manner 自大的态度

同（近）义词：boastful, bumptious, cavalier, conceited, condescending, disdainful, haughty,

high-handed, imperious, insolent, lordly, overbearing, pompous, presumptuous, proud,

scornful, self-important, snobbish, supercilious, superior, vain

反义词：modest, humble, lowly, meek, quiet, reserved, reticent, unassuming, unpretentious

articulate [ɑ:'tikjulit] v.

1发音清晰地说 He was too drunk to articulate properly. 他醉的连话都说不清楚。

同（近）义词：speak, communicate, converse, deliver a speech, discourse, enunciate,

express yourself, hold a conversation, pronounce words, say something, soliloquize, talk,

tell, use your voice, utter, verbalize, vocalize

2与…合成整体 These courses are designed to articulate with university degrees. 这些课程

旨在与大学课程接轨。

3用关节连接，连接，铰接 bones that articulate with others 与其他骨骼以关节相连的骨骼

artifact ['ɑ:tifækt] n. 人工制品，制造物

aspect ['æspekt] n.

1方面 There’s an aspect of this affair I don’t understand. 这件事有一方面我不了解。

同（近）义词：angle, circumstance, detail, facet, feature, side, standpoint

2光景，神色 The place had a peaceful aspect. 这个地方有祥和的光景。

同（近）义词：air, appearance, attitude, bearing, countenance, demeanor, expression, face,

look, manner, mien, visage

3方向 The house has a southern aspect. 房子朝南。

同（近）义词：direction, orientation, outlook, position, prospect, situation, view

assert [ə'sə:t] v. 坚称，断言 The accused asserted that he was innocent. 被告坚称他没有罪。

同（近）义词：affirm, allege, argue, asseverate, attest, claim, contend, declare, emphasize,

insist, maintain, proclaim, profess, protest, state, stress, swear, testify

assertion [ə'sə:ʃn] n. 断言，主张

assess [ə'ses] v. 估定 The garage assessed the damage to the car. 修车场估定了汽车的损坏

程度。

同（近）义词：appraise, assay, calculate, compute, consider, determine, estimate, evaluate,

fix, gauge, judge, price, reckon, review, value, weigh up, work out

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associate [ə'səuʃieit] v.

1与…交往 I hope you don’t associate with that mob! 我希望你别跟那群暴徒混在一起！

同（近）义词：ally yourself, be friends, consort, fraternize, mix, side, socialize

反义词：dissociate, back away, cut off, detach, distance, isolate, separate

2联系在一起 I don’t associate sunbathing with the North Pole. 我不会把日光浴和北极联系在

一起。

同（近）义词：bracket together, connect, put together, relate

association [ə�səusi'eiʃn] n. 协会，联合，交往

assume [ə'sju:m] v.

1假定 I assume you’d like some tea. 我猜你想喝点茶吧。

同（近）义词：believe, deduce, expect, guess, have no doubt, imagine, infer, presume,

presuppose, suppose, surmise, suspect, take for granted, think, understand

2担任 The new boss assumes his duties next week. 新上司下个星期就上任了。

同（近）义词：accept, embrace, take on, undertake

3假装 She assumed a disguise. 她伪装起来。

同（近）义词：adopt, acquire, dress up in, feign, put on, wear

assumption [ə's�mpʃn] n. 假定，设想 My assumption is that we can average 40 miles an hour.

我的假设是我们每小时平均可以走 40英里。

同（近）义词：belief, conjecture, expectation, guess, hypothesis, premise, supposition,

surmise, theory

astronomer [ə'str�nəmə] n. 天文学家

atmosphere ['ætməsfiə] n.

1大气层 We still let harmful gases escape into the atmosphere. 我们还在让有害的气体泄漏

进大气层。

同（近）义词：aerospace, air, ether, heavens, ionosphere, sky, stratosphere, troposphere

2气氛 There was a happy atmosphere at the party. 聚会气氛愉快。

同（近）义词：ambience, aura, character, climate, environment, feeling, mood, spirit, tone,

undercurrent, vibrations

attempt [ə'tempt] n.& v.

n. 尝试 You made a good attempt. 你做了一个很好的尝试。

同（近）义词：assault, bid, endeavor, start, try

v. 尝试 We attempted to beat the record. 我们尝试打破纪录。

同（近）义词：aim, aspire, do your best, endeavor, essay, exert yourself, make an assault,

make a bid, make an effort, put yourself out, seek, strive, tackle, try, undertake, venture

atypical [ei'tipikəl] a. 非典型的，反常的 atypical behavior 反常行为

同（近）义词：abnormal, aberrant, anomalous, bent, bizarre, curious, deviant, eccentric,

erratic, exceptional, extraordinary, freak, funny, heretical, irregular, odd, peculiar,

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perverse, perverted, queer, singular, strange, unaccountable, uncharacteristic, uncommon,

unexpected, unnatural, unpredictable, unrepresentative, untypical, unusual, wayward,

weird

反义词：characteristic, different, distinguishing, idiosyncratic, individual, inimitable, origi-

nal, peculiar, personal, singular, special, striking, typical, uncommon, unique

authority [�:'θ�riti] n.

1许可 I have the boss’s authority to park here. 我有上司的许可把汽车停在这里。

同（近）义词：approval, authorization, consent, licence, mandate, permission, permit, sanction,

warrant

2权力 If you’re the boss, you can assert your authority. 如果你是上司，你就能确立权力。

同（近）义词：charge, command, control, domination, force, influence, jurisdiction, might,

power, prerogative, right, sovereignty, supremacy, sway, weight

3权威 He’s an authority on steam trains. 他是蒸汽机车的权威。

同（近）义词：connoisseur, expert, specialist

autobiography [��:təbai'�grəfi] n. 自传

automatic [��:tə'mætik] a.

1无意识的 an automatic reaction 无意识的反应

同（近）义词：habitual, impulsive, instinctive, involuntary, natural, reflex, spontaneous,

unconscious, unintentional, unthinking

2自动的 an automatic machine 自动机器

同（近）义词：automated, computerized, mechanical, programmed, robotic, self-regulating,

unmanned

automatically [�:tə'mætikli] ad. 自动地 The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超级市场的

门是自动关的。

同（近）义词：mechanically, naturally, spontaneously

autonomy [�:'t�nəmi] n. 自治

available [ə'veiləbl] a. 可用的 available cash 可用的现金

同（近）义词：accessible, at hand, convenient, disposable, free, handy, obtainable,

procurable, ready, to hand, uncommitted, unengaged, unused, usable

反义词：cut off, godforsaken, hard to find, inaccessible, inconvenient, isolated, lonely,

outlaying, out of reach, out-of-the-way, remove, solitary, unfrequented, unreachable

awe [�:] n. 畏惧，敬畏，惊奇 We watched in awe as the volcano erupted. 我们看见火山爆发，心

里畏惧。

同（近）义词：admiration, amazement, apprehension, dread, fear, respect, reverence,

terror, veneration, wonder

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barrier ['bæriə] n.

1栅栏 a barrier to keep spectators off the track 阻挡观众接近跑道的栅栏

同（近）义词：bar, barricade, fence, hurdle, obstacle, obstruction, railing, wall

2障碍物 a barrier across a river 横跨河面的障碍物

同（近）义词：barrage, boom, dam

beneficial [�beni'fiʃəl] a. 有益的，有利的 beneficial to health 对健康有益

同（近）义词：advantageous, benign, constructive, favorable, healthy, helpful, improving,

nourishing, nutritious, profitable, rewarding, salutary, useful, valuable, wholesome

反义词：harmful, bad, damaging, dangerous, deadly, deleterious, destructive, detrimental,

evil, hurtful, injurious, malign, noxious, pernicious, poisonous, prejudicial, unhealthy,

unpleasant, unwholesome

benign [bi'nain] a.

1善良的，和善的，慈祥的 a benign smile 和善的笑容

2（体内生长的肿瘤）良性的

betray [bi'trei] v.

1背叛 betray one’s Country to the enemy 卖国

同（近）义词：abandon, be a Judas to, be a traitor to, cheat, conspire against, deceive,

desert, double-cross, inform on, jilt, let down

2泄露, 暴露，表现 to betray a secret 泄露秘密

同（近）义词：disclose, divulge, expose, give away, indicate, let out, let slip, manifest,

reveal, show, tell

bewilder [bi'wildə] v. 使糊涂

同（近）义词：baffle, confound, confuse, daze, disorientate, distract, disconcert, bemuse,

perplex, mislead, muddle, stun, stump, mystify, flummox

bewildering [bi'wildəriŋ] a. 令人困惑的，使人混乱的

bewilderment [bi'wildəmənt] n. 困惑，迷乱，为难，慌张

blend [blend] v.& n.

v. 混合 to blend into a crowd 混到人群里面

同（近）义词：amalgamate, coalesce, combine, fuse, harmonize, integrate, intermingle,

intermix, merge, mingle, synthesize, unite

n. 混合 a blend of various ingredients 各种原料的混合

同（近）义词：alloy, amalgam, amalgamation, combination, composite, compound, conco-

ction, fusion, mélange, mix, mixture, synthesis, union

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bolster ['bəulstə] v.& n.

v. 改善，加强 Falling interest rates may help to bolster up the economy. 利率下降可能有助于

激活经济。

n. （长而厚的）垫枕

brilliant ['briljənt] a.

1巧妙的，使人印象深刻的 a brilliant performance 出色的表演

2很成功的 a brilliant career 一帆风顺的事业

3聪颖的，技艺高的 a brilliant young scientist 一位才华横溢的青年科学家

4明亮的，鲜艳的 brilliant sunshine 明媚的阳光

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callous ['kæləs] a. 冷酷无情的 a callous murder 冷酷无情的谋杀

同（近）义词：cold-blooded, cruel, dispassionate, hard-bitten, hard-hearted, heartless,

inhuman, insensitive, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, uncaring, unconcerned, unemotional,

unfeeling, unsympathetic

反义词： accommodative, benevolent, caring, considerate, constructive, co-operative,

favorable, friendly, helping, neighborly, helpful, obliging, practical, supportive, sympathetic,

thoughtful

camouflage ['kæmuflɑ:�] n.& v.

n. 伪装 They used branches of trees as camouflage. 他们用树枝作伪装。

同（近）义词：blind, cloak, concealment, cover, disguise, front, guise, mask, protective

colouring, screen, veil

v. 遮掩 We camouflaged our hide-out. 我们把躲藏的地方遮掩起来。

同（近）义词：cloak, cover up, disguise, hide, mask, obscure, screen, veil

campaign [kæm'pein] n. 战役，运动 a military campaign 战役； a campaign to save the whale

保全鲸鱼的运动

同（近）义词：action, battle, crusade, drive, fight, movement, offensive, operation, push,

struggle, war

candid ['kændid] a. 率直的 a candid opinion 率直的意见

同（近）义词：blunt, fair, forthright, frank, honest, just, no-nonsense, open, outspoken,

plain, sincere, straightforward, truthful, unbiased, undisguised, unflattering, unprejudiced

反义词：devious, deceitful, deceptive, dishonest, disingenuous, false, feigned, flattering,

hollow, hypocritical, insincere, lying, mendacious, pretended, sycophantic, untrue

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capricious [kə'priʃəs] a. 变幻莫测的 a capricious wind 变幻莫测的风； a capricious personality

变幻莫测的性格

同（近）义词：changeable, erratic, fanciful, fickle, fitful, flighty, impulsive, inconstant, mer-

curial, moody, quirky, uncertain, unpredictable, unreliable, variable, wayward, whimsical

反义词： ceaseless, certain, consistent, constant, continuous, dependable, incessant,

expected, foreseeable, non-stop, predictable, regular, reliable, steady, uninterrupted

celebrity [si'lebriti] n. 名人 a TV celebrity 电视名人

challenge ['tʃælind�] v.

1向…挑战 to challenge someone to a duel 向某人挑战要求决斗

同（近）义词：dare, defy, provoke, summon

2向…责问身份等 to challenge an intruder 向闯入者查问身份

同（近）义词：accost, confront, take on, tax

3 对…表示异议 to challenge a decision 对某决定表示异议

同（近）义词：argue against, dissent from, dispute, impugn, object to, oppose, protest

against, query, question

characteristic [�kæriktə'ristik] a.& n.

a. 有特性的 I recognized his characteristic walk. 我认得出他那独特的步姿。

同（近）义词：distinctive, distinguishing, essential, idiosyncratic, individual, particular,

peculiar, recognizable, singular, special, specific, symptomatic, unique

n. 特性 He has some odd characteristics. 他有一些古怪的特性。

同（近）义词：attribute, distinguishing feature, feature, hallmark, idiosyncrasy, peculiarity,

symptom, trait

characterize ['kæriktəraiz] v.

1是…的特征；以…为典型 the rolling hills that characterize this part of England 成为英格兰

这一地区特征的绵延起伏的丘陵地

2使…具有特点 （最引人注目的特征） The city is characterized by tall modern buildings in

steel and glass. 这座城市的特点是钢铁和玻璃建造的现代化高楼大厦林立。

3描述，刻画，表现（…的特征、特点） How would you characterize the mood of the 1990s ?

你将怎样描述 20世纪 90年代人们的心态？

chore [tʃ�:] n. 杂活 chores around the house 家务

同（近）义词：boring work, burden, drudgery, duty, errand, job, task, work

citation [sai'teiʃn] n. 引用，引证，引用文

同（近）义词：quotation, reference, specification

cite [sait] v. 举出 She cited several authorities to support her case. 她列举几个案例来支持她的

论据。

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同（近）义词：adduce, advance, enumerate, mention, name, quote, refer to, specify

claim [kleim] v.

1要求（应得的权利或财物） I claimed my reward. 我要求应得的报酬。

同（近）义词：ask for, collect, demand, exact, insist on, request, require, take

2声称 He claims that he’s an expert. 他自称是专家。

同（近）义词：affirm, allege, argue, assert, attest, contend, declare, insist, maintain,

pretend, profess, state

clarify ['klærifai] v.

1澄清 Clarify what you want us to do. 把你们要我们做的事讲清楚。

同（近）义词：define, elucidate, explain, gloss, illuminate, make clear, throw light on

反义词：confuse, disarrange, disorder, jumble, mingle, mix up, muddle, tangle, agitate,

baffle, bemuse, bewilder, confound, disconcert, disorientate, distract, flummox, fluster,

mislead, mystify, perplex, puzzle, rattle, fail to distinguish, muddle

2除去…中的杂质 I passed the wine through a filter to clarify it. 我把葡萄酒放在滤器里滤过，

除去杂质。

同（近）义词：cleanse, clear, filter, purify, refine

cloak [kləuk] n.

1斗篷 She wrapped a cloak around her. 她身上裹了件斗篷。

同（近）义词：cape, coat, cope, mantle, wrap

2遮掩 The thief operated under the cloak of darkness. 那个贼趁黑行动。

a tall cloaked figure (=a person wearing a cloak) 一个披着披风、身材很高的人

cohesive [kəu'hi:siv] a. 有结合力的，结成一个整体的 a cohesive group 一个紧密团结的整体； the

cohesive power of shared suffering 共患难的内聚力

collaborative [kə'læbəreitiv] a. 合作的，协作的，协力完成的 collaborative effort 共同的努力

colonial [kə'ləunjəl] a. 殖民地的

comet ['k�mit] n. 彗星

comical ['k�mikəl] a. 好笑的，滑稽的

comment ['k�ment] n.& v.

n. 1评语 I heard several comments about the way we played. 我听到几句关于我们的演出方式

的评语。

同（近）义词：animadversion, criticism, mention, observation, opinion, reference, remark,

statement

2评注 Teachers write comments on pupils’ work. 教师常在学生的作业上写评注。

同（近）义词：annotation, footnote, gloss, note

v. 提意见 I commented that the weather had been bad. 我说天气一直不好。

同（近）义词：explain, interject, interpose, mention, note, observe, remark, say

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commentary ['k�məntəri] n.

1实况报道 a commentary on a football match 对足球比赛的实况报道

同（近）义词：account, broadcast, description, report

2评论文章 We wrote a commentary on the novel we were studying. 我们就我们正在研究的

小说写了评论文章。

同（近）义词：analysis, criticism, critique, discourse, elucidation, explanation, interpretation,

notes, review, treatise

commentator ['k�menteitə] n. 广播员，解说员，新闻广播员 a radio commentator 电台的广播员

同（近）义词：announcer, broadcaster, journalist, reporter

commercial [kə'mə:ʃəl] a.

1贸易的，商业的 the commercial heart of the city 城市的商业中心

2营利的，以获利为目的的 The movie was not a commercial success. 这部电影票房不佳。

3偏重利润和声望的，商业化的 Their more recent music is far too commercial. 他们最近的音

乐过分商业化了。

4（电视或电台）由广告收入支付的，商业性的 a commercial radio station 商业电台

commitment [kə'mitmənt] n.

1许诺 The builder had a commitment to finish the work on time. 那个承建商答应过准时

完工。

同（近）义词：assurance, duty, guarantee, liability, pledge, promise, undertaking, vow, word

2献身 The Green party has a commitment to conservation. 绿党致力保护自然资源。

同（近）义词：adherence, dedication, determination, involvement, loyalty

3约会 I checked my diary to see if I had any commitments. 我查了查日记，看看有没有约会。

同（近）义词：appointment, arrangement, engagement

community [kə'mju:niti] n. 社会 Most people like to live in a community. 多数人喜欢群居。

同（近）义词：colony, commonwealth, commune, country, kibbutz, nation, society, state

comparison [kəm'pærisn] n. 比较 The education system bears no comparison with that in

many Eastern European countries. 这种教育制度比不上许多东欧国家的教育制度。

同（近）义词：analogy, contrast, correlation, difference, distinction, juxtaposition, likeness,

parallel, resemblance, similarity

complex ['k�mpleks] a. 复合的，复杂的 a complex substance 复合的物质； a complex task 复

杂的任务

同（近）义词：complicated, composite, compound, convoluted, elaborate, heterogeneous,

intricate, involved, manifold, mixed, multifarious, multiple, multiplex, sophisticated

compromise ['k�mprəmaiz] v.

1妥协 The two sides compromised. 双方妥协了。

同（近）义词：concede a point, go to arbitration, make concessions, meet halfway, negotiate

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settlement, reach a formula, settle

2损害 He compromised his reputation by getting involved in a scandal. 他牵扯在丑闻里，

使自己名誉受损。

同（近）义词：discredit, dishonor, imperil, jeopardize, prejudice, risk, undermine, weaken

conceive [kən'si:v] v.

1构思，想出 to conceive an idea 想出一个主意

同（近）义词：conjure up, create, design, devise, envisage, form, formulate, germinate,

hatch, imagine, invent, make-up, originate, plan, produce, realize, suggest, think up,

visualize, work out

2怀孕 to conceive a baby

同（近）义词：become pregnant

concept ['k�nsept] n. 观念，概念

同（近）义词：idea, apprehension, belief, fancy, hypothesis, idea, impression, notion,

opinion, sentiment, theory, thought, understanding, view

concern [kən'sə:n] n.& v.

n. 1关心 concern for others 对别人的关心

同（近）义词：attention, care, consideration, heed, interest, involvement, responsibility,

solicitude

2与…有关的事 It’s no concern of theirs. 这事与他们无关。

同（近）义词：affair, business, matter

3担心，忧虑 a matter of great concern to us all 我们大家都极为担心的事

同（近）义词：anxiety, burden, cause of distress, fear, worry

4商行 a business concern 商行

同（近）义词：company, corporation, enterprise, establishment, firm, organization

v. 与…有关 Road safety concerns us all. 道路的安全与我们大家都有关。

同（近）义词：affect, be important to, be relevant to, interest, involve, matter to, pertain to,

refer to, relate to

conciliatory [kən'siliətəri] a. 调和的，安抚的 a conciliating tone 安抚的语气

同（近）义词：compromising, flexible

concise [kən'sais] a. 简明的 a concise dictionary 简明的字典

同（近）义词：abbreviated, abridged, brief, compact, compendious, compressed,

concentrated, condensed, laconic, pithy, short, small, succinct, terse

反义词：diffuse, digressive, discursive, long-winded, loose, meandering, prolix, rambling,

vague, verbose, wandering, wordy

conduct ['k�nd�kt] n.

1行为，举动，品行 good conduct 良好的行为

同（近）义词：actions, attitude, hearing, behavior, demeanor, manner, ways

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2管理的方式 the conduct of the nation’s affairs 管理国务的方式

同（近）义词：administration, control, direction, discharge, handling, leading, management,

organization, running, supervision

conduct [kən'd�kt] v.

1带领 The curator conducted us round the museum. 馆长带领我们在博物馆各处参观。

同（近）义词：accompany, convey, escort, guide, lead, pilot, steer, take, usher

2主持 The chairman conducted the meeting well. 主席主持会议得法。

同（近）义词：administer, be in charge of, chair, command, control, direct, govern, handle,

head, lead, look after, manage, organize, oversee, preside over, regulate, rule, run,

superintend, supervise

confess [kən'fes] a. 供认 to confess guilt 认罪

同（近）义词：acknowledge, admit (to), be truthful (about), come clean (about), concede,

make a clean breast (of), own up (to), reveal, unbosom yourself, unburden yourself

confirm [kən'fə:m] v.

1证实，巩固 The strange events confirmed his belief in the supernatural. 发生了种种奇怪

的事之后，他就更相信超自然的事物确实存在了。

同（近）义词：authenticate, back up, bear out, corroborate, demonstrate, endorse, establish,

fortify, give credence to, justify, lend force to, prove, reinforce, settle, show, strengthen,

substantiate, support, underline, vindicate, witness to

2确定 We shook hands to confirm the deal. 我们握手，以确定这宗交易。

同（近）义词：formalize, guarantee, make legal, make official, ratify, validate, verify

conflict ['k�nflikt] n.

1冲突 conflict between rivals 竞争者之间的冲突

同（近）义词：antagonism, antipathy, contention, difference, disagreement, discord,

dissention, friction, hostility, opposition, strife, unrest, variance

2斗争，战斗 conflict on the battlefield 战场上的战斗

同（近）义词：action, battle, brawl, brush, clash, combat, confrontation, contest, encounter,

engagement, feud, fight, quarrel, skirmish, struggle, war, warfare

confront [kən'fr�nt] v.

1对抗 to confront your enemies 对抗敌人

同（近）义词：accost, argue with, attack, brave, challenge, defy, face up to, oppose, resist,

stand up to, take on, withstand

反义词：avoid, abstain from, be absent from, beg the question, bypass, circumvent, dodge,

evade, elude, escape from, eschew, get out of the way of, ignore, keep away from, keep

clear of, refrain from, run away from, shirk, shun, sidestep, skirt round, skive, steer clear of

2碰到 to confront someone unexpectedly 无意中碰到某人

同（近）义词：encounter, face, meet

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confusion [kən'fju:�n] n.

1混乱 To avoid confusion, please write the children’s names clearly on all their school

clothes. 为避免搞错，请在孩子所有的校服上写清楚他们各自的姓名。

同（近）义词：ado, anarchy, bedlam, bother, chaos, clutter, commotion, din, disorder,

disorganization, disturbance, fuss, hubbub, hullabaloo, jumble, maelstrom, mayhem,

melee, mess, mix-up, muddle, pandemonium, racket, riot, rumpus, shambles, tumult,

turbulence, turmoil, upheaval, uproar, welter, whirl

2困惑 I saw the confusion on their faces. 我看出他们脸上茫然的样子。

同（近）义词：bemusement, bewilderment, disorientation, distraction, mystification,

perplexity, puzzlement

connoisseur [�k�ni'sə:] n. 鉴赏家，鉴定家，内行 a connoisseur of antique furniture古家具行家

同（近）义词：expert, specialist, authority, genius, master, professional, pundit, virtuoso

（演奏家）, wiseacre (含贬义)

反义词：amateur, ignoramus, dabbler, dilettante, enthusiast, layman, non-professional

conscientious [�k�nʃi'enʃəs] a. 认真的 a conscientious worker 工作认真的人

同（近）义词：accurate, attentive, careful, diligent, dutiful, exact, hard-working, honest,

meticulous, painstaking, particular, punctilious, responsible, scrupulous, serious,

thorough

反义词：absent-minded, careless, casual, confused, cursory, disorganized, hasty, heedless,

ill-considered, imprecise, imprudent, inaccurate, inattentive, incautious, inconsiderate,

irresponsible, jumbled, messy, negligent, perfunctory, rash, reckless, scatterbrained,

shoddy, slapdash, slipshod, sloppy, slovenly, thoughtless, uncaring, unguarded,

unthinking, untidy, unwary

consensus [kən'sensəs] n. 一致，合意，交感

consequence ['k�nsikwəns] n.

1结果，影响 The flood was a consequence of all that snow. 水灾全是受那些雪的影响。

同（近）义词：aftermath, by-product, corollary, effect, end, issue, outcome, repercussion,

result, sequel, side-effect, upshot

2重要性 The loss of one penny is of no consequence. 丢了一个便士，无所谓。

同（近）义词：account, concern, importance, moment, note, significance, value, weight

consistency [kən'sistənsi] n. 一致性，相容性

constant ['k�nstənt] a. 不变的，持续不断的 a constant cough 继续不断的咳嗽

同（近）义词：ceaseless, chronic, continual, continuous, durable, enduring, everlasting, fixed,

immutable, incessant, indestructible, ineradicable, irreparable, irreversible, lasting, lifelong,

long-lasting, never-ending, perennial, perpetual, persistent, stable, steady, unalterable,

unchanging, unending, uninterrupted, unremitting, unvarying, unwavering

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反义词：changeable, irregular, capricious, fickle, fitful, fluctuating, inconsistent, shifting,

spasmodic, sporadic, uneven, unpredictable, unreliable, unstable, variable, wandering,

wayward

contact ['k�ntækt] n.& v.

n. 1接触 an electrical contact 电插头

同（近）义词：connection, join, touch, union

2联系 contact between people 人与人之间的联系

同（近）义词：communication, meeting

v. 和…联系 I’ll contact you when I have some news. 我一有消息就和你联络。

同（近）义词：approach, call, call on, communicate with, correspond with, get hold of, get

in touch with, notify, phone, ring, speak to, talk to

contemporary [kən'tempərəri] a.

1同时代的 contemporary events 同时代发生的事件

同（近）义词：coinciding, concurrent, contemporaneous, simultaneous, synchronous, topical

2当代的 contemporary music 当代音乐

同（近）义词：current, fashionable, the fastest, modern, newest, present-day, up-to-date

contempt [kən'tempt] n. 轻视，轻蔑 Our contempt for their bad behavior was obvious. 我们鄙

视他们劣行的态度很明显。

同（近）义词：derision, detestation, disdain, disgust, dislike, disparagement, disrespect,

hatred, loathing, ridicule, scorn

反义词：admiration, appreciation, approval, commendation, esteem, hero-worship, high

regard, honor, praise, respect

contend [kən'tend] v.

1竞争，争夺 We had to contend with strong opposition. 我们要与强大的对手竞争。

同（近）义词：compete, contest, dispute, fight, grapple, oppose, quarrel, rival, strive,

struggle, vie

2声称 He contended that she was right. 他声称她是对的。

同（近）义词：affirm, allege, argue, assert, claim, declare

content [kən'tent] n. 满足 She smiled with content. 她满足地一笑。

同（近）义词：contentment, comfort, contentedness, ease, fulfillment, happiness, relaxat-

ion, satisfaction, serenity, smugness, tranquility, well-being

反义词： annoyance, chagrin, disappointment, discontentment, dismay, displeasure,

disquiet, dissatisfaction, exasperation, frustration, irritation, mortification, regret,

unhappiness

context ['k�ntekst] n. 上下文 Words only have meaning if you put them in a context. 词语要放

在上下文里才有意义。

同（近）义词：background, frame of reference, framework, milieu, position, situation,

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surroundings

contradict [k�ntrə'dikt] v. 反驳，顶触，矛盾 It’s considered rude to contradict other people’s

views. 反驳别人的看法是公认为无理的。

同（近）义词：challenge, confute, controvert, disagree with, dispute, gainsay, impugn,

oppose, speak against

反义词：authenticate, back up, bear out, confirm, corroborate, demonstrate, endorse,

establish, fortify, give credence to, justify, lend force to, prove, reinforce, settle, show,

strengthen, substantiate, support, underline, vindicate, witness to

contradiction [�k�ntrə'dikʃn] n. 反驳，矛盾

contrary ['k�ntrəri] a.

1相反的 She spoke for the motion, and I put the contrary view. 她发言赞成，而我则提出相

反的见解。

同（近）义词：contradictory, conflicting, converse, different, opposed, opposite, reverse

2逆向的 contrary winds 逆风

同（近）义词：adverse, hostile, inimical, opposing, unfavorable, unhelpful

反义词：favorable, advantageous, approving, auspicious, beneficial, benign, complimentary,

encouraging, following, friendly, generous, helpful, kind, positive, promising, propitious,

reassuring, supportive, sympathetic, understanding, well-disposed

3不听话的，好与人作对的 a contrary child 不听话的孩子

同（近）义词：awkward, cantankerous, defiant, difficult, disobedient, disobliging, intrac-

table, obstinate, perverse, rebellious, stubborn, uncooperative, wayward, willful

反义词：cooperative, accommodating, comradely, constructive, hard-working, helpful to

each other, keen, obliging, supportive, united, willing, working as a team

contrast ['k�ntræst] n.& v.

n. 差别，对比 a contrast between two things 两件东西的差异

同（近）义词：antithesis, comparison, difference, differentiation, disparity, dissimilarity,

distinction, divergence, foil, opposition

反义词：similarity, affinity, closeness, congruity, correspondence, likeness, resemblance,

sameness, similitude, uniformity

v. 1对比 The teacher contrasted the work of the two students. 教师拿两个学生的作业来对比。

同（近）义词：compare, differentiate between, discriminate between, distinguish between,

emphasize differences between, make a distinction between, set one against the other

2形成对照 His style contrasts with mine. 他的风格和我的形成对照。

同（近）义词：be set off, clash, deviate, differ

controversial [�k�ntrə'və:ʃəl] a. 有争论的 a controversial decision 有争论的决定

同（近）义词：arguable, contentious, controvertible, debatable, disputable, doubtful, pole-

mical, problematical, questionable

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反义词：blunt, candid, direct, forthright, frank, genuine, honest, intelligible, lucid, open,

plain, simple, sincere, straight, straightforward, truthful, uncomplicated

controversy ['k�ntrəvə:si] n. 争论 controversy about the building of a motorway 关于高速公路

应否建造的争论

同（近）义词：altercation, argument, contention, debate, disagreement, dispute, dissension,

issue, polemic, quarrel, war of words, wrangle

convention [kən'venʃn] n.

1会议 a convention of business people 商人的会议

同（近）义词：assembly, conclave, conference, congregation, congress, convocation, council,

gathering, meeting, parliament, rally, synod

2协定 a human rights convention 人权协定

同（近）义词：agreement, acceptance, alliance, armistice, arrangement, bargain, bond,

compact, concordat, contract, covenant, deal, entente, pact, pledge, protocol, settlement,

treaty, truce, understanding

3习俗 It’s a convention to give presents at Christmas. 圣诞节送礼是习俗。

同（近）义词：custom, etiquette, formality, matter of form, practice, rule, tradition

conventional [kən'venʃənl] a. 习惯的，传统的 conventional behavior 惯常的行为；conventional

ideas 传统的观念

同（近）义词：accepted, accustomed, common, commonplace, correct, customary, deco-

rous, everyday, expected, habitual, mainstream, normal, ordinary, orthodox, prevalent,

regular, routine, standard, straight, traditional, unsurprising, usual

反义词：abnormal, atypical, eccentric, exotic, futuristic, idiosyncratic, inventive, non-

conforming, non-standard, odd, off-beat, original, peculiar, progressive, revolutionary,

strange, surprising, unaccustomed, unconventional, unorthodox, wayward, weird, zany

convey [kən'vei] v.

1输送 to convey goods 输送货物

同（近）义词：bear, bring, carry, conduct, deliver, export, ferry, fetch, forward, import,

move, send, shift, ship, take, transfer, transport

2传达 What does his message convey to you? 你看他的信息表达的是什么意思？

同（近）义词：communicate, disclose, impart, imply, indicate, mean, reveal, signify, tell

conviction [kən'vikʃn] n.

1可信性 He spoke with conviction. 他说的话令人相信。

同（近）义词：assurance, certainty, confidence, firmness

2信仰 She has strong religious convictions. 她有坚定的宗教信仰。

同（近）义词：belief, creed, faith, opinion, persuasion, principle, tenet, view

convincing [kən'vinsiŋ] a. 有说服力的 convincing evidence有说服力的证据

同（近）义词：conclusive, decisive, definite, persuasive, unambiguous, unarguable, un-

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equivocal

反义词：ambiguous, equivocal, inconclusive, indecisive, open, uncertain, unconvincing

convoluted ['k�nvəlju:tid] a. 复杂的

同（近）义词：complex, complicated, difficult, elaborate, entangled, hard, intricate, involved,

knotty, perplexing, problematical, sophisticated, tangled, tortuous, twisted, twisting

cosmopolitan [�k�zmə'p�litən] a. 世界性的 Big cities usually have a cosmopolitan atmosphere.

大城市总有四海一家的气氛。

同（近）义词：international, multicultural, sophisticated, urban

反义词：local, provincial, regional

critic ['kritik] n.

1批评家，评论家 a music critic 音乐评论家

同（近）义词：analyst, authority, commentator, judge, pundit, reviewer

2指责…的人 a critic of the government 指责政府的人

同（近）义词：attacker, detractor

critical ['kritikəl] a.

1批评的，挑剔的

同（近）义词：captious, censorious, criticizing, deprecatory, derogatory, hypercritical, sca-

thing, slighting, uncomplimentary, unfavorable

反义词：complimentary, admiring, appreciative, approving, commendatory, congratulatory,

eulogistic, favorable, flattering, fulsome, generous, laudatory, rapturous, supportive

2决定性的，危险的 a critical decision 关键的决定

同（近）义词：crucial, dangerous, decisive, important, key, momentous, vital

反义词： ephemeral, immaterial, inconsequential, inessential, insignificant, irrelevant,

light-weight, minor, negligible, peripheral, petty, secondary, slight, small, trifling, trivial,

unimportant, uninteresting, unremarkable, worthless

criticism ['kritisizəm] n.

1指责 unfair criticism of our behavior 对我们的行为做出的不公正指责

同（近）义词：censure, diatribe, disapproval, disparagement, judgement, reprimand, re-

proach, stricture, tirade, verbal attack

2（文艺）批评 literary criticism 文学批评

同（近）义词：analysis, appraisal, appreciation, assessment, commentary, critique, eluci-

dation, evaluation, notice, review

criticize ['kritisaiz] v.

1指责，挑剔 She criticized us for being noisy. 她指责我们吵闹。 She criticized our efforts.

她挑剔我们努力的成果。

同（近）义词：belittle, berate, blame, carp, cast aspersions on, castigate, censure, chide,

condemn, decry, disapprove of, disparage, fault, find fault with, flay, impugn, lash, pan,

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rate, rebuke, reprimand, satirize, scold, slam, slate, snipe at

反义词：acclaim, admire, applaud, cheer, clap, commend, compliment, congratulate,

eulogize, exalt, extol, give a good review of, marvel at, offer praise to, pay tribute to, praise,

rave about, recommend, show approval of

2评论 to criticize an author’s work 评论某作家的作品

同（近）义词：analyse, appraise, assess, evaluate, judge, review

critique [kri'ti:k] n. 评论

同（近）义词：criticism, analysis, appraisal, appreciation, assessment, commentary, eluci-

dation, evaluation, notice, review

crucial ['kru:ʃəl] a. 关键性的 a crucial decision 关键性的决定

同（近）义词：central, critical, decisive, important, major, momentous, pivotal, serious

反义词：peripheral, borderline, inessential, irrelevant, marginal, minor, secondary, unim-

portant, unnecessary

crude [kru:d] a.

1未加工的 crude oil 原油

同（近）义词：natural, raw, unprocessed, unrefined

反义词：refined, distilled, processed, purified, treated

2粗陋的 crude workmanship 粗陋的手工

同（近）义词：amateurish, awkward, bungling, clumsy, inartistic, incompetent, inelegant,

inept, makeshift, primitive, rough, rudimentary, unpolished, unrefined, unworkmanlike

反义词：dainty, skillful

3不雅的 crude language 不雅的语言

同（近）义词：indecent

cryptic ['kriptik] a. 秘密的 a cryptic message 秘密的信息

同（近）义词：coded, concealed, hidden, mysterious, obscure, occult, puzzling, secret,

unclear, veiled

cultivate ['k�ltiveit] v.

1耕 to cultivate land 耕田

同（近）义词：dig, farm, fertilize, hoe, manure, mulch, plough, prepare, rake, till, turn, work

2栽培 to cultivate crops 栽培庄稼

同（近）义词：grow, plant, produce, raise, sow, take cuttings, tend

3建立，发展 to cultivate good relations with your neighbors 建设和睦的邻居关系

同（近）义词：court, develop, encourage, foster, further, improve, promote, pursue, try to

achieve

curative ['kjuərətiv] a. 治病的，有治病效力的

curiosity [kjuəri'�siti] n. 好奇心 I couldn’t restrain my curiosity. 我抑制不住好奇心。

同（近）义词：inquisitiveness, interest, meddling, nosiness, prying

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cynical ['sinikəl] a. 愤世嫉俗的 a cynical outlook 愤世嫉俗的观点

同（近）义词：doubting, questioning, skeptical, sneering

反义词：optimistic, buoyant, cheerful, confident, expectant, hopeful, positive, sanguine

cynicism ['sinisizəm] n. 愤世嫉俗

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debate [di'beit] n.& v.

n. 辩论，讨论 a debate about animal rights 关于动物权利的辩论

同（近）义词：argument, conference, consultation, controversy, deliberation, discussion,

disputation, dispute, polemic

v．辩论，讨论，考虑 We debated the pros and cons of the matter. 我们讨论了这件事情的利弊。

同（近）义词：argue, consider, deliberate, discuss, dispute, question, reflect on, weigh up

debilitate [di'biliteit] v.

1（使身心）衰弱，虚弱 The troops were severely debilitated by hunger and disease. 饥饿

和疾病严重削弱了部队的战斗力。

同（近）义词：weaken, destroy, diminish, emasculate, enervate, enfeeble, erode, impair,

lessen, lower, make weaker, reduce, ruin, sap, soften, undermine

2削弱（国家、机构）的力量，使软弱无力 Prolonged strike action debilitated the industry. 长

时间的罢工削弱了这个行业的活力。

decline [di'klain] n.& v.

n. 衰减 a decline in productivity 生产率下降

同（近）义词：decrease, degeneration, deterioration, downturn, drop, fall, falling off, loss,

recession, reduction, slump, worsening

v. 1谢绝 to decline an invitation 谢绝邀请

同（近）义词：forgo, refuse, reject, turn down

2衰退 His health declined. 他的健康变差了。

同（近）义词：decrease, degenerate, deteriorate, die away, diminish, drop away, dwindle,

ebb, fail, fall off, flag, lessen, sink, wane, weaken, wilt, worsen

反义词：improve, advance, augment, bolster, boost, build up, buoy up, encourage, enhance,

enlarge, expand, foster, further, give an impetus to, heighten, help, increase, inspire, lift,

promote, push up, raise, sustain

decrease [di:'kri:s] n.& v.

n. 减少 a decrease in wages 工资的减少

同（近）义词：contraction, cut, cut-back, decline, diminuendo, downturn, drop, fall, falling

off, reduction

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反义词： increase, addition, amplification, augmentation, boost, build-up, crescendo,

development, enlargement, escalation, expansion, extension, gain, growth, increment,

inflation, intensification, proliferation, rise, upsurge, upturn

v. 1减低 We decreased speed. 我们减低了速度。

同（近）义词：abate, curtail, cut, lessen, lower, reduce, slacken

2降低 Our speed decreased. 我们的速度降低了。

同（近）义词：contract, decline, die away, diminish, dwindle, fall off, lessen, peter out,

shrink, slim down, subside, taper off, wane

反义词：add to, amplify, augment, boost, build up, develop, enlarge, expand, extend,

increase, lengthen, magnify, make greater, maximize, multiply, prolong, put up, raise,

strengthen, stretch, swell

defense [di'fens] n.

1防卫，保护，保卫 soldiers who died in defense of their country 为保卫祖国而献身的战士

2防御物，防御能力 The body has natural defense mechanisms to protect it from disease.

人体具有先天性防御能力。

3国防机构 the Department of Defense 国防部

4辩解，辩白 a defense of Marxism 为马克思主义辩解

5防守队员，后卫 He plays on defense. 他打防守。

6卫冕赛 Milan’s defense of the European Cup 欧洲杯米兰队冠军卫冕赛

defiance [di'faiəns] n. 蔑视，挑战，挑衅 set the court at defiance 蔑视法庭

同（近）义词：disobedience, insubordination, insurgency, insurrection, mutiny, rebellious-

ness, resistance, revolt, revolution, rising, schism, sedition, uprising

define [di'fain] v.

1下定义，解释 A thesaurus simply lists words, whereas a dictionary defines them. 同义词

词典只把词罗列出来，而词典却要替词下定义。

同（近）义词：clarify, explain, formulate, give the meaning of, interpret

2划出（界线） The fence defines the extent of our land. 这道篱笆划出我们的土地范围。

同（近）义词：bound, be the boundary of, circumscribe, demarcate, determine, limit,

mark out, outline

definition [�defi'niʃn] n. 定义，准确度，清晰度

deflect [di'flekt] v. （使）改变方向 to deflect a blow 挡开一击

同（近）义词：avert, divert, fend off, head off, intercept, parry, prevent, turn aside, ward off

defy [di'fai] v.

1违抗 to defy someone in authority 藐视当权的人

同（近）义词：confront, disobey, face up to, flout, refuse to obey, resist, stand up to,

withstand

反义词：obey, acquiesce, be obedient, conform, do what you are told, submit, take orders

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2敢说…不能 I defy you to produce evidence. 我敢说你拿不出证据来。

同（近）义词：challenge, dare

3使不可能 The jammed door defied my attempts to open it. 卡紧的门我想尽办法都打不开。

同（近）义词：baffle, beat, defeat, elude, foil, frustrate, repel, resist, thwart, withstand

deliberate [di'libəreit] a.& v.

a. 1故意的，蓄意的 deliberate insults 蓄意的侮辱

同（近）义词：calculated, conscious, contrived, culpable, intended, intentional, knowing,

organized, planned, pre-arranged, premeditated, prepared, studied, willful

2深思熟虑的，不慌不忙的 deliberate movements 深思熟虑的行动

同（近）义词：careful, cautious, circumspect, considered, methodical, painstaking, slow,

thoughtful, unhurried

v. 仔细考虑

同（近）义词：discuss, think

demeanor [di'mi:nə] n. 行为，态度，举止

同（近）义词：attitude, behavior

demise [di'maiz] n. 死亡

democracy [di'm�krəsi] n. 民主，民主制

demolition [�demə'liʃn] n. 破坏，毁坏，毁坏之遗迹

demonstrate ['demənstreit] v.

1示范，证明，表示 to demonstrate how to do something 示范怎样做某事

同（近）义词：describe, display, embody, establish, exemplify, exhibit, explain, expound,

illustrate, indicate, manifest, prove, represent, show, substantiate, teach, typify

2示威 to demonstrate in the street 上街示威游行

同（近）义词：lobby, march, parade, picket, protest

denounce [di'nauns] v. 告发，指责 to denounce a traitor 告发某人是叛徒； to denounce

wickedness 指责邪恶的行为

同（近）义词：accuse, attack verbally, blame, brand, censure, complain about, condemn,

declaim against, decry, fulminate against, inform against, inveigh against, report, reveal,

stigmatize

反义词：praise, acclaim, acclamation, admiration, applause, appreciation, approbation,

commendation, esteem, favor, liking, plaudits, praise, regard, respect, support

dense [dens] a.

1浓的 dense fog 浓雾

同（近）义词：concentrated, heavy, opaque, thick, viscous

反义词：thin, rarefied

2稠密的 a dense crowd 密集的人群

同（近）义词：compact, close, impenetrable, lush, massed, packed, solid

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3愚笨的 a dense pupil 笨学生

同（近）义词：crass, dim, dull, foolish, obtuse, slow, stupid, unintelligent

反义词：clever, able, academic, accomplished, acute, adroit, artful, artistic, astute, brainy,

bright, brilliant, canny, capable, crafty, cunning, deep, deft, dexterous, discerning, expert,

gifted, imaginative, ingenious, intellectual, intelligent, inventive, judicious, keen, knowing,

knowledgeable, precocious, quick, quick-witted, rational, resourceful, sagacious, sensible,

sharp, shrewd, skillful, skilled, talented, wise, witty

depict [di'pikt] v. 描绘，描写 to depict a scene 描绘景色

同（近）义词：delineate, describe, draw, illustrate, narrate, outline, paint, picture, portray,

represent, reproduce, show, sketch

depiction [di�pikʃn] n. 描写，叙述

derive [di'raiv] v. 得自，起源，引申于 He derived great pleasure from playing piano. 他从弹钢

琴中得到极大的乐趣。

deserve [di'zə:v] v. 应得 to deserve a reward 应该得到报酬

同（近）义词：be good enough for, be worthy of, earn, justify, merit, rate, warrant

despise [dis'paiz] v. 轻视，瞧不起

同（近）义词：be contemptuous of, condemn, deride, disapprove of, disdain, feel contempt

for, hate, have a low opinion of, look down on, put down, scorn, sneer at, spurn,

undervalue

反义词：admire, applaud, approve of, esteem, have a high opinion of , hero-worship, laud,

look up to, marvel at, praise, respect, revere, think highly of, value, wonder at

detachment [di'tætʃmənt] n. 分离，分遣，分遣队

detect [di'tekt] v. 发觉 to detect a fault 发觉有错

同（近）义词：become aware of, diagnose, discern, discover, expose, feel, ferret out, hear,

identify, note, notice, observe, perceive, recognize, reveal, scent, sense, sight, smell, sniff

out, spot, spy, taste, track down, uncover, unearth, unmask

devote [di'vəut] v. 投入于，献身 He devoted himself to his career. 他全力倾注于自己的事业。

digression [dai'greʃn] n. 离题，脱轨 After several digressions, he finally got to the point. 说了

几句题外话后，他终于言归正传。

dilemma [di'lemə] n. 陷入进退两难的境地

同（近）义词：difficulty, doubt, embarrassment, plight, predicament, problem, quandary

dim [dim] a.& v.

a. 朦胧的 a dim outline in the mist 雾里朦胧的轮廓

同（近）义词：bleary, blurred, cloudy, dark, dingy, dull, faint, foggy, fuzzy, gloomy, grey,

hazy, indistinct, misty, murky, obscure, pale, shadowy, unclear, vague

反义词：bright, clear

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v. 1使变暗 Cloud dimmed the sky. 云使天变暗了。

同（近）义词：blacken, cloud, darken, dull, make dim, mask, obscure

2变暗 The lights dimmed. 灯光变暗了。

同（近）义词：become dim, fade, go out, lose brightness, lower

diminish [di'miniʃ] v.

1减少 Our enthusiasm diminished as time went on. 时间一天天过去，我们的热情也逐渐减退。

同（近）义词：become less, contract, decline, decrease, depreciate, dwindle, lessen, better

out, reduce, shrink, shrivel, subside, wane

反义词：increase, advance, augment, bolster, boost, build up, buoy up, encourage, enhance,

enlarge, expand, foster, further, give an impetus to, heighten, help, improve, inspire, lift,

promote, push up, raise, sustain

2贬低 Don’t diminish the importance of his contribution. 别贬低他的贡献。

同（近）义词：belittle, demean, devalue, minimize, undervalue

反义词：exaggerate, inflate, overestimate, overstate

discern [di'sə:n] v. 看出 We discerned a change in the weather. 我看出天气有变化。

同（近）义词：become aware of, be sensitive to, detect, discover, discriminate, distinguish,

make out, mark, notice, observe, perceive, recognize, spy

disdain [dis'dein] n.& v.

n. 轻蔑 They viewed my cooking with disdain. 对我的厨艺，他们嗤之以鼻。

同（近）义词：contempt, derision, detestation, disgust, dislike, disparagement, disrespect,

mockery, ridicule, scorn

反义词：admiration, appreciation, approval, esteem, hero-worship, high regard, honor,

praise, respect

v. 轻视 They disdained my efforts. 他们鄙视我的努力。

同（近）义词：be scornful about, deride, despise, disapprove of, dislike, dismiss, hate, insult,

jeer at, laugh at, look down on, make fun of, mock, reject, ridicule, scorn, scoff at, sneer at,

spurn, taunt

反义词：admire, applaud, approve of, esteem, have a high opinion of , hero-worship, laud,

look up to, marvel at, praise, respect, revere, think highly of, value, wonder at

disingenuous [�disin'd�enjuəs] a. 不真诚的，虚伪的

同（近）义词：insincere, deceitful, deceptive, devious, dishonest, false, feigned, flattering,

hollow, hypocritical, lying, mendacious, pretended, untrue

反义词：sincere, candid, earnest, frank, genuine, guileless, heartfelt, honest, serious, simple,

straightforward, true, truthful, unaffected, wholehearted

dismay [dis'mei] v. 使惊愕，使气馁 The bad news dismayed us. 坏消息叫我们感到惊愕。

同（近）义词：alarm, daunt, depress, devastate, disappoint, discourage, disgust, dishearten,

dispirit, distress, horrify, scare, shock, unnerve

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反义词：encourage, abet, animate, applaud, cheer, inspire, reassure

dismiss [dis'mis] v.

1让…离开 to dismiss a class 下课

同（近）义词：free, let go, release, send away

2开除 to dismiss employees 开除雇员

同（近）义词：disband, discharge, give notice to, lay off, make redundant, sack

3排除 to dismiss an idea 断念头

同（近）义词：discard, discount, disregard, drop, get rid of, give up, reject, repudiate, set

aside, shelve, wave aside

dismissal [dis'misəl] n.

1免职，解雇 He still hopes to win his claim against unfair dismissal. 他遭到无理解雇，仍然

希望赢得申诉的胜利。

2不予考虑，不予理会，摒弃 Her casual dismissal of the threats seemed irresponsible. 她对

这些威胁毫不在乎而不予理会，似乎不负责任。

disparage [dis'pærid�] v. 贬低

同（近）义词：berate, blame, carp, castigate, censure, condemn, criticize, decry, disapprove

of, fault, find fault with, impugn, rate, rebuke, reprimand, satirize, scold, snipe at

反义词：praise, acclaim, admire, applaud, cheer, clap, commend, compliment, congratulate,

eulogize, exalt, extol, give a good review of, marvel at, offer praise to, pay tribute to,

recommend, show approval of

display [di'splei] n.& v.

n. 表演，展示 a gymnastics display 体操表演

同（近）义词：demonstration, exhibition, pageant, parade, presentation, show, spectacle

v. 显示 to display your knowledge 显示知识

同（近）义词：air, demonstrate, disclose, exhibit, flaunt, flourish, give evidence of, parade,

present, produce, put on show, reveal, show, show off, vaunt

反义词：hide, blot out, bury, camouflage, censor, cloak, conceal, cover, curtain, disguise,

eclipse, enclose, mask, obscure, put away, put out of sight, screen, secrete, shelter, shroud,

suppress, veil, withhold

dispute [dis'pju:t] n.& v.

n. 争论 His honesty is beyond dispute. 他的诚实是无可争议的。

同（近）义词：argument, debate, conference, consultation, controversy, deliberation, dialectic,

discussion, disputation, polemic, quarrel

v. 1辩论 We disputed the rights and wrongs of the affair. 我们辩论这件事的是与非。

同（近）义词：debate, argue, consider, deliberate, discuss, question, reflect on, weigh up

2质疑 No one disputed the referee’s decision. 谁也不质疑裁判的判决。

同（近）义词：argue against, challenge, contest, contradict, controvert, deny, doubt,

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impugn, oppose, quarrel with, question

反义词：accept, abide by, accede to, acquiesce in, adopt, agree to, approve, believe in, be

reconciled to, consent to, defer to, grant, recognize, resign yourself to, submit to, take in,

tolerate, yield to

disregard [�disri'gɑ:d] v.

1忽视，不顾 to disregard advice 不顾劝告

同（近）义词：brush aside, despise, discount, dismiss, disobey, disparage, forget, ignore,

neglect, overlook, pay no attention to, reject, shrug off, slight, snub, turn a blind eye to

2略过 I disregarded the boring parts of the book. 我略过了书里那些沉闷的部分。

同（近）义词：exclude, leave out, miss out, omit, pass over, skip

distaste ['dis'teist] n.& v.

n. 不喜欢，厌恶 She looked at his shabby clothes with distaste. 她厌恶地看着他褴褛的衣衫。

同（近）义词：antipathy, aversion

v. 憎恨，轻视

distinct [dis'tiŋkt] a.

1清楚的 distinct footprints in the mud 烂泥里清楚的脚印

同（近）义词：apparent, clear, clear-cut, definite, evident, noticeable, obvious, patent, plain,

recognizable, sharp, unambiguous, unmistakable, visible, well-defined

2不同的 organize your ideas into distinct sections 把你的意见分门别类组织起来

同（近）义词：contrasting, detached, different, discrete, dissimilar, distinguishable, indi-

vidual, separate, special, unconnected

distinction [dis'tiŋkʃn] n.

1差别 I can’t see any distinction between the twins. 我看不出这对双胞胎有什么区别。

同（近）义词：contrast, difference, differentiation, discrimination, dissimilarity, distinc-

tiveness, individuality, particularity, peculiarity

反义词：similarity, affinity, closeness, congruity, correspondence, likeness, resemblance,

sameness, similitude, uniformity

2出色的地方 I had the distinction of being first home. 我表现出色，是第一个跑到终点的人。

同（近）义词：celebrity, credit, eminence, excellence, fame, glory, greatness, honor, impor-

tance, merit, prestige, renown, reputation, superiority

distinguished [dis'tiŋgwiʃt] a.

1出色的 distinguished work 出色的工作表现

同（近）义词：acclaimed, conspicuously good, excellent, exceptional, first-rate, outstanding

反义词：ordinary, conventional, accepted, accustomed, common, commonplace, correct,

customary, decorous, everyday, expected, habitual, mainstream, normal, orthodox, pre-

valent, regular, routine, standard, straight, traditional, unsurprising, usual

2出名的 a distinguished actor 出名的演员

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同（近）义词：celebrated, eminent, famed, famous, foremost, great, illustrious, important,

leading, notable, noted, prominent, renowned, well-known

反义词：forgotten, minor, undistinguished, unheard of, unimportant, unknown

distort [dis't�:t] v.

1扭歪 to distort a shape 使变形

同（近）义词：bend, buckle, contort, deform, twist, warp, wrench

2歪曲 to distort the truth 歪曲真相

同（近）义词：exaggerate, falsify, garble, misrepresent, pervert, slant, twist

distortion [dis't�:ʃn] n. 扭曲，变形，曲解 a distortion of the facts 对事实的歪曲； modern alloys

that are resistant to wear and distortion 耐磨、防变形的新型合金

diverse [dai'və:s] a. 形形色色的

同（近）义词：assorted, contrasting, differing, dissimilar, heterogeneous, miscellaneous,

mixed, multifarious, several, sundry, varied, varying, various

diversity [dai'və:siti] n. 多样性

同（近）义词：variety, alteration, change, difference, unpredictability, variation

domestic [də'mestik] a.

1家庭的 domestic arrangement 家务的安排

同（近）义词：family, household, in the home, private

2国内的 domestic air services 国内的航空运输

同（近）义词：inland, internal, national

反义词：foreign, alien, external, immigrant, incoming, international, outside, overseas,

visiting

3驯养的 domestic animals 家畜

同（近）义词：domesticated, house-trained, tame, tamed, trained

dramatic [drə'mætik] a.

1戏剧的 a dramatic performance 戏剧表演

同（近）义词：theatrical, histrionic

2激动人心的 a dramatic rescue 激动人心的救援行动

同（近）义词：amazing, cliff-hanging, electrifying, enthralling, eventful, exciting, exhila-

rating, fast-moving, gripping, hair-raising, inspiring, interesting, intoxicating, moving,

provocative, rousing, sensational, stimulating, stirring, suspenseful, thrilling, titillating

反义词：arid, boring, commonplace, dreary, dry, dull, flat, humdrum, long-winded, mono-

tonous, repetitious, repetitive, stale, tedious, tiresome, trite, uneventful, unexciting,

uninspiring, uninteresting, vapid, wearisome, wordy

dramatize ['dræmətaiz] v. 使戏剧化

dubious ['dju:bjəs] a.

1怀疑的 I was dubious about her honesty. 我怀疑她不诚实。

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同（近）义词：doubtful, inadequate, questionable, unconvincing, unreliable, unsatisfactory

反义词：acceptable, adequate, competent, fair, passable, pleasing, satisfactory, satisfying,

sufficient, suitable, tolerable

2不大可靠的 a dubious character 不太可靠的人

同（近）义词：shady, suspect, suspicious, unreliable, untrustworthy

durability [�djuərə'biliti] n. 耐久性 the durability of gold 金子的耐久性

E

eccentric [ik'sentrik] a. 反常的 eccentric behavior 反常的行为

同（近）义词：aberrant, abnormal, absurd, bizarre, cranky, curious, freakish, grotesque,

idiosyncratic, ludicrous, mad, odd, outlandish, out of the ordinary, peculiar, preposterous,

queer, quirky, ridiculous, singular, strange, unconventional, unusual

反义词：accepted, accustomed, common, commonplace, conventional, correct, customary,

decorous, everyday, expected, habitual, mainstream, normal, ordinary, orthodox,

prevalent, regular, routine, standard, straight, traditional, unsurprising, usual

eccentricity [eksen'trisiti] n. 古怪

editorial [edi't�:riəl] n. 社论，评论

elaborate [i'læbərət] v. 详述 to elaborate a simple story 详述一个简单的故事

同（近）义词：add to, amplify, complicate, decorate, develop, embellish, expand, expatiate

on, fill out, give details of, improve on, ornament

反义词：clarify, make simple, prune, simplify, streamline

electron [i'lektr�n] n. 电子

element ['elimənt] n.

1痕迹，成分 an element of truth in her story 她话里的一点道理

同（近）义词：component, constituent, factor, feature, fragment, hint, ingredient, part, small

amount, trace

2适宜的环境 Ducks are in their element swimming in a pond. 鸭子在池子里游泳，洋洋自得。

同（近）义词：domain, environment, habitat, sphere

3要素，元素 chemical elements 化学元素

4基础 the elements of a subject 学科的基础

同（近）义词：rudiments, basic principles, basics, essentials, foundations, fundamentals,

principles

elicit [i'lisit] v. 引出，抽出 to elicit information 探出消息

同（近）义词：derive, draw out, extort, extract, obtain

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eliminate [i'limineit] v.

1除去，消灭 to eliminate mistakes 除掉错误； to eliminate ants from your garden 消灭花

园里的蚂蚁

同（近）义词：abolish, annihilate, delete, destroy, dispense with, do away with, eject, end,

eradicate, exterminate, finish off, get rid of, kill, put an end to, remove, stamp out

2淘汰 Our team was eliminated from the competition. 我们队在竞赛中被淘汰了。

同（近）义词：cut out, drop, exclude, knock out, leave out, omit, reject

elite [ei'li:t] n. 精英 These experienced workers are the elite of their profession. 这些有经验的

工作人员是他们这一行里的精英。

同（近）义词：aristocracy, the best, first-class people, flower, meritocracy, nobility, top

people

elitist [ei'li:tist] a. 有优越感的 She accused him of being elitist. 她指责他自以为高人一等。

同（近）义词：snobbish, condescending, disdainful, haughty, patronizing, pompous, presump-

tuous, pretentious, superior

反义词：humble, modest, plain, simple, straightforward, unaffected, unassuming,

unostentatious, unpretentious, unsophisticated

eloquent ['eləkwənt] a. 雄辩的，有口才的 an eloquent speaker 雄辩的演讲者

同（近）义词：articulate, expressive, fluent, forceful

反义词：inarticulate, dumb, faltering, halting, hesitant

embarrassment [im'bærəsmənt] n. 困难，困窘

embellish [im'beliʃ] v. 装饰

同（近）义词：adorn, beautify, deck, decorate, dress up, emblazon, emboss, embroider,

festoon, garnish, ornament, trim

embrace [im'breis] v.

1拥抱 They embraced and wept and promised to keep in touch. 他们抱在一起哭，并答应要

保持联系。

2欣然接受，乐意采纳（思想、建议等），信奉（宗教、信仰等） It is unlikely that such countries

will embrace capitalist ideas. 这样的国家是不大可能接受资本主义思想的。

3包含，包括 The talks embraced a wide range of issues. 这些谈话涉及的问题非常广泛。

emotion [i'məuʃən] n. 情感 His voice was full of emotion. 他声音里充满情感。

同（近）义词：agitation, excitement, feeling, fervour, passion, sentiment, warmth

emotional [i'məuʃənl] a. 激发感情的 an emotional farewell 感人的送别场面

同（近）义词：demonstrative, emotive, fervent, fiery, heated, impassioned, intense, moving,

passionate, romantic, touching, warm-hearted

反义词：unemotional, apathetic, cold, frigid, hard-hearted, heartless, indifferent, unfeeling,

unmoved, unresponsive

emphasis ['emfəsis] n. 强调，重视，重要性 There has been a shift of emphasis from

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manufacturing to service industry. 重点已经从制造业向服务行业转变。

emphasize ['emfəsaiz] v. 强调 She emphasized the important points. 她强调各重点。

同（近）义词：accent, accentuate, dwell on, focus on, foreground, give emphasis to,

highlight, impress, insist on, press home, spotlight, stress, underline

encounter [in'kauntə] v. 遭遇 I encountered fierce opposition. 我遭到猛烈的反对。

同（近）义词：clash with, come upon, confront, contend with, face, grapple with, happen

upon, have an encounter with, meet

endorse [in'd�:s] v.

1背书 to endorse a check 背书支票

同（近）义词：sigh, autograph, inscribe, write

2赞成 to endorse someone’s opinion 赞成某人的意见

同（近）义词：agree with, approve of, condone, confirm

endure [in'djuə] v.

1忍受 to endure pain 忍受痛苦； to endure a storm 忍受风吹雨打

同（近）义词：bear, cope with, experience, go through, put up with, stand, submit to, suffer,

tolerate, undergo, weather, withstand

2持续 Life on earth will endure for a long time yet. 地球上的生物还能生存一段很长的时期。

同（近）义词：carry on, continue, exist, last, live on, persevere, persist, prevail, remain, stay,

survive

enduring [in'djuəriŋ] a. 持久的 an enduring friendship 永恒的友谊

同（近）义词：abiding, continuing, durable, indestructible, indissoluble, lasting, life-long,

long-lasting, long-lived, long-standing, permanent, stable, unchanging, undying, un-

ending

engage [in'geid�] v.

1雇佣 to engage workers 雇佣工人

同（近）义词：employ, give work to, have on your payroll, hire, pay, take on, use the services

of

2答应 to engage to do something 答应做某事

同（近）义词：promise, agree, assure, consent, contract, give a promise, give your word,

guarantee, pledge, swear, take an oath, undertake, vow

3占用时间等 to engage someone in conversation 与某人谈话

同（近）义词： occupy, absorb, engross, fill, monopolize, preoccupy, take up, take place

4啮合 Cog-wheels engage. 嵌齿轮是互相啮合的。

同（近）义词：bite, fit together, interlock

enhance [in'hɑ:ns] v. 提高 This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.

这是提高公司声誉的机会。

同（近）义词：improve, ameliorate, better, enrich, make better

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enigma [i'nigmə] n. 谜

同（近）义词：puzzle, brainteaser, difficulty, dilemma, mystery, problem, quandary, question

enthusiasm [in'θju:ziæzəm] n.

1热忱 To be successful you need enthusiasm. 要成功就要热心工作。

同（近）义词：ambition, commitment, drive, eagerness, excitement, keenness, panache, spirit,

verve, zeal

2热衷的事物 Her current enthusiasm is judo. 她目前热衷的是柔道。

同（近）义词：craze, fad, diversion, hobby, interest, passion, pastime

enthusiastic [inθju:zi'æstik] a. 热情的 an enthusiastic supporter 热情的支持者

同（近）义词：ardent, avid, crazy, delight, devoted, eager, earnest, ebullient, energetic,

excited, exuberant, fervent, fervid, hearty, impassioned, keen, lively, mad keen, optimistic,

passionate, positive, rapturous, raring, spirited, unstinting, vigorous, wholehearted,

zealous

反义词：apathetic, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, inactive, indifferent,

lethargic, listless, passive, phlegmatic, sluggish, tepid, torpid, unambitious, uncommitted,

unconcerned, unenthusiastic, unfeeling, uninterested, uninvolved, unmotivated

entire [in'taiə] a. 全部的，整个的

entrench [in'trentʃ] v. 牢固地确立 Sexism is deeply entrenched in our society. 性别歧视在我们

这个社会根深蒂固。

同（近）义词：establish, confirm, ensconce, install, secure, settle

epidemic [�epi'demik] n. 流行病的流行，流行病 an epidemic of measles 麻疹的流行

同（近）义词：outbreak, plague

equation [i'kweiʃn] n. 相等，平衡，等式

era ['iərə] a. 时代

eradicate [i'rædikeit] v. 除掉 Polio has been virtually eradicated in Brazil. 在巴西脊髓灰质炎实

际上已经根除。

同（近）义词：abolish, abstract, amputate, clear away, cut out, delete, depose, detach,

disconnect, dismiss, dispense with, displace, eject, eliminate, erase, evict, excise, exile,

expel, expunge, kill, oust, purge, remove, root out, rub out, send away, separate, strike out,

take out, throw out, turn out, uproot, wash off, wipe, wipe out

erratic [i'rætik] a. 不稳定的 an erratic performance 不稳定的工作表现

同（近）义词：capricious, changeable, fickle, fitful, fluctuating, inconsistent, irregular,

shifting, spasmodic, sporadic, uneven, unpredictable, unreliable, unstable, unsteady,

variable, wandering, wayward

反义词：consistent, constant, dependable, faithful, predictable, regular, reliable, stable,

steady, unchanging, unfailing, uniform, unvarying

erroneous [i'rəunjəs] a. 错误的

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同（近）义词：fallacious, false, imprecise, improper, inaccurate, incorrect, inexact, mis-

informed, mistaken, unacceptable, unfair, unjust, untrue, wrong, wrongful

esoteric [�esəu'terik] a. 深奥的 Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary. 有些单词

实在太生僻了，未收入在本词典内。

同（近）义词：arcane, complex, cryptic, enigmatic, incomprehensible, obscure, puzzling,

recherché, recondite, specialized

反义词：blatant, clear, conspicuous, distinct, evident, eye-catching, flagrant, glaring,

inescapable, intrusive, notable, noticeable, obtrusive, obvious, open, patent, perceptible,

plain, prominent, pronounced, recognizable, self-evident, unconcealed, undisguised,

undisputed, unmistakable, visible

essence ['esens] n.

1本质，精髓 the essence of a problem 问题的核心

同（近）义词：center, character, core, crux, essential quality, heart, life, meaning, nature,

pitch, quintessence, soul, spirit

2香料 peppermint essence 薄荷香料

同（近）义词：concentrate, decoction, elixir, extract, fragrance, perfume, scent, tincture

essential [i'senʃəl] a.

1重要的 essential information for travelers 旅客须知

同（近）义词：basic, chief, crucial, elementary, fundamental, important, indispensable,

irreplaceable, key, main, necessary, primary, principal, requisite, vital

2本质的 essential features 基本特征

同（近）义词：characteristic, inherent, innate, intrinsic, quintessential

evaluate [i'væljueit] v. 评估，评价

同（近）义词：assess, calculate, compute, consider, determine, estimate, fix, judge, price,

reckon, review, value, weigh up, work out

evidence ['evidəns] n. 根据，证据 There wasn't enough evidence to prove his guilt. 没有充分的

证据能证明他有罪。

同（近）义词：confirmation, corroboration, data, demonstration, documentation, facts,

grounds, information, proof, sign, statistics, substantiation, testimony

evoke [i'vəuk] v. 引起 to evoke a response 引起反应

同（近）义词：arouse, awaken, call up, conjure up, elicit, excite, inspire, kindle, produce,

provoke, raise, stimulate, stir up, suggest, summon up

evolutionary [�i:və'lu:ʃənəri] a. 发展的，进化的

evolve [i'v�lv] v. 进化 Animals evolved from simple forms of life. 动物是由简单生物进化而来的。

同（近）义词：derive, descend, develop, emerge, grow, improve, mature, modify gradually,

progress

exaggerate [ig'zæd�əreit] v.

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1夸大，夸张 to exaggerate a difficulty 把困难夸张了

同（近）义词：amplify, enlarge, inflate, magnify, make too much of, maximize, overdo,

overestimate, overstate

反义词： belittle, dismiss, disparage, minimize, misjudge, underrate, underestimate,

undervalue

2以夸张手法模仿 to exaggerate someone’s mannerisms 以夸张手法模仿某人怪癖的言谈举止

同（近）义词：burlesque, caricature, overact, parody

exaggerated [ig'zæd�əreitid] a. 言过其辞的，夸张的 exaggerated mannerism 夸张了的怪癖的言

谈举止

同（近）义词：burlesque, excessive, extravagant, hyperbolical, inflated, overdone

excerpt ['eksə:pt] n. 摘录 We read excerpts from “1984”. 我们读了《1984》的摘录。

同（近）义词：citation, clip, extract, fragment, highlight, part, passage, quotation, section,

selection

excessive [ik'sesiv] a.

1过分的 excessive zeal 过分热心

同（近）义词：great, immoderate, inordinate, intemperate, needless, overdone, profuse,

undue, unnecessary

2过多的 excessive amount of food 份量过多的食物

同（近）义词：huge, prodigal, profligate, superfluous, unneeded, waste

反义词：inadequate, moderate, deficient, imperfect, ineffective, insufficient, meager, nig-

gardly

3过高的 excessive price 过高的价钱

同（近）义词：exorbitant, extortionate, unrealistic, unreasonable

exclude [iks'klu:d] v. 排斥 to exclude someone from a conversation 拒绝和某人谈话； to

exclude illegal imports 拒买非法进口货

同（近）义词：ban, banish, bar, blacklist, debar, disallow, disown, eject, except, expel,

excommunicate, forbid, interdict, keep out, leave out, lock out, omit, ostracize, oust,

outlaw, prohibit, proscribe, put an embargo on, refuse, reject, remove, repudiate, rule out,

shut out, veto

反义词：blend in, combine, comprise, consist of, contain, embody, encompass, include,

incorporate, involve, make room for, mix, subsume, take in

exclusive [iks'klu:siv] a.

1独占的 This is an exclusive white residential area. 这是一个纯粹的白人居住区。

同（近）义词：limiting, restrictive, sole, unique, unshared

2不公开的，为富人而设的 an exclusive club 只招待会员的俱乐部

同（近）义词：classy, closed, fashionable, private, select, selective, snobbish

executive [ig'zekjutiv] n. 执行者，经理，主管人员

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exemplify [ig'zemplifai] v. 举例说明

同（近）义词：demonstrate, describe, display, embody, establish, exhibit, explain, expound,

illustrate, indicate, manifest, prove, represent, show, substantiate, teach, typify

exotic [ig'z�tik] a.

1异国情调的 exotic places 有异国情调的地方

同（近）义词：alien, different, exciting, faraway, foreign, remote, romantic, unfamiliar, won-

derful

2新奇的 exotic food 新奇的食物

同（近）义词：colorful, different, extraordinary, foreign-looking, novel, outlandish, peculiar,

strange, striking, unfamiliar, unusual

反义词：familiar, accustomed, average, common, commonplace, conventional, customary,

established, frequent, habitual, humble, indifferent, mediocre, medium, middling,

moderate, modest, mundane, nondescript, normal, ordinary, orthodox, pedestrian, plain,

prosaic, quotidian, reasonable, regular, routine, satisfactory, simple, standard, stock,

typical, undistinguished, unexceptional, unexciting, unimpressive, uninteresting,

unsurprising, usual, well-known, workaday

explicit [iks'plisit] a. 明确的，详述的 explicit criticism 明确的批评

同（近）义词：clear, definite, detailed, direct, exact, express, frank, graphic, outspoken,

patent, plain, positive, precise, put into words, said, specific, spoken, unambiguous,

unconcealed, unequivocal, unhidden, unreserved

反义词：implicit, hinted at, implied, indirect, insinuated, tacit, understood, unexpressed,

unsaid, unspoken, unstated, unvoiced

expose [iks'pəuz] v. 暴露 Their scheme was exposed. 他们的阴谋被暴露了。

同（近）义词：announce, bare, betray, communicate, confess, declare, disclose, display,

divulge, exhibit, lay bare, leak, make known, proclaim, produce, publish, reveal, show,

show up, tell, uncover, unfold, unmask, unveil

反义词：hide, blot out, bury, camouflage, censor, cloak, conceal, cover, curtain, disguise,

eclipse, enclose, mask, obscure, put away, put out of sight, screen, secrete, shelter, shroud,

suppress, veil, withhold

extend [iks'tend] v.

1延长 to extend a meeting 延长会议

同（近）义词：draw out, keep going, lengthen, make longer, prolong, protract

2展缓 to extend a deadline 展缓截止时间

同（近）义词：defer, delay, postpone, put back, put off

3伸出 to extend your hand 伸出手

同（近）义词：give, hold out, offer, present, proffer, put out, raise, reach out, stick out,

stretch out

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4扩展 to extend a business 扩展业务

同（近）义词：add to, build up, develop, enlarge, expand, increase, widen the scope of

5伸展 The garden extends to the fence. 这个花园一直伸展到篱笆处。

同（近）义词：continue, go, reach, spread, stretch

extent [iks'tent] n.

1范围，程度 The map shows the extent of the estate. 地图画出了这个地区的范围。

同（近）义词：area, bounds, breadth, dimensions, distance, expanse, length, limit, measure-

ment, reach, space, spread, width

2程度 After the storm we saw the extent of the damage. 风暴过后，我们看到损坏的程度。

同（近）义词：amount, degree, magnitude, measure, proportions, quantity, range, scope,

size

external [eks'tə:nl] a. 外部的，表面的

extraterrestrial [�ekstrətə'restriəl] a. 地球外的，宇宙的

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facetious [fə'si:ʃəs] a. 滑稽的

同（近）义词：amusing, diverting, enjoyable, entertaining, funny, pleasing

faculty ['fækəlti] n.

1官能 the faculty of sight 视觉的官能

同（近）义词：capability, capacity, power

2能力 a faculty for learning languages 学习语言的能力

同（近）义词： ability, capability, capacity, chance, means, opportunity, potential, potentiality,

power, resources, scope, way, wherewithal

faint [feint] a.& v.

a. 1模糊的，暗淡的 a faint picture 模糊的画； faint colors 暗淡的颜色

同（近）义词：blurred, dim, faded, hazy, ill-defined, indistinct, misty, pale, pastel, shadowy,

unclear, vague

反义词：bold, clean, clear, definite, distinct, explicit, focused, legible, obvious, plain,

positive, recognizable, sharp, simple, unambiguous, unmistakable, visible, well-defined

2微弱的 a faint smell 微弱的气味

同（近）义词：delicate, slight

3低微的 a faint sound 微弱的声音

同（近）义词：distant, hushed, low, muffled, muted, soft, subdued, thin, weak

反义词：audible, clarion, clear, distinct, penetrating, sharp

4昏晕 to feel faint 觉得昏晕

同（近）义词：dizzy, exhausted, feeble, giddy, light-hearted, unsteady, weak, woozy

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v. 晕厥 to faint from hunger 饿昏过去

同（近）义词：become unconscious, black out, collapse, flake out, pass out, swoon

fantasy ['fæntəsi] n. 幻想 a fantasy about the future 关于未来的幻想

同（近）义词：daydream, delusion, dream, fancy, hallucination, illusion, invention, make-

believe, reverie, vision

反义词：reality, actuality, certainty, fact, the real world, truth, verity

fascination [fæsi'neiʃn] n. 魔力，魅力

fatal ['feitl] a. 致命的，毁灭性的 a fatal illness 不治之症

同（近）义词：final, incurable, malignant, mortal, terminal, deadly, lethal

figurative ['figjurətiv] a. 比喻的 figurative language 比喻的修辞方式

同（近）义词：allegorical, metaphorical, poetic, symbolic

flaw [fl�:] n. 缺点，裂纹，瑕疵 a flaw in someone’s work 瓷器上的瑕疵

同（近）义词：blemish, break, chip, crack, error, fallacy, imperfection, inaccuracy, mistake,

shortcoming, slip, split, weakness

flawed [fl�:d] a. 有瑕疵的，有缺陷的

同（近）义词：broken, damaged, defective, deficient, faulty, flawed, imperfect, incomplete,

incorrect, marred, partial, shop-soiled, spoilt, unfinished, with imperfections

flippant ['flipənt] a. 轻率的

同（近）义词：facetious, flighty, frivolous, foolish, jocular, joking, petty, pointless, ridicu-

lous, shallow, silly, stupid, superficial, trifling, trivial, unimportant, unserious, vacuous,

worthless

flourish ['fl�riʃ] v.

1茂盛，兴旺 The plants flourished after the rain. 雨后花草都长得很茂盛。 Trade flourished

in the sales. 大减价期间的生意很好。

同（近）义词：be fruitful, be successful, bloom, blossom, boom, burgeon, develop, do well,

flower, grow, increase

反义词：fail, wilt, become limp, droop, fade, flag, flop, languish, sag, shrivel, weaken, wither

2挥舞 He flourished his umbrella. 他挥舞着雨伞。

同义词：brandish, flaunt, gesture with, shake, swing, twirl, wag, wave

folly ['f�li] n. 愚蠢 He bitterly repented his folly. 他对自己干的蠢事后悔至极。

同（近）义词：absurdity, crassness, denseness, dullness, fatuousness, foolishness, idiocy,

imbecility, inanity, lack of intelligence, lunacy, madness, naivety, silliness, slowness,

stupidity

反义词：acumen, brightness, brilliance, capacity, cleverness, discernment, genius, insight,

intellect, intelligence, judgement, mind, perceptiveness, quickness, reason, sense,

understanding, wisdom, wit

foreshadow [f�:'ʃædəu] v. 预示，预兆

同（近）义词：foretell, augur, forebode, forecast, forewarn, give a foretaste of, herald,

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portend, presage, prognosticate, prophesy, signify

formula ['f�:mjulə] n.

1惯用语 a verbal formula 口头惯用的词语

同（近）义词：form of words, ritual, rubric, spell, wording

2方法 a formula for success 成功之道

同（近）义词：blueprint, method, prescription, procedure, recipe, rule, way

foster ['f�stə] v.

1培养 to foster a happy atmosphere 培养幸福的气氛

同（近）义词：cultivate, encourage, promote, stimulate

2领养 to foster a child 领养孩子

同（近）义词：adopt, bring up, care for, look after, nourish, nurse, raise, rear, take care of

frantic ['frætik] a. 狂乱的，发狂的 frantic activity 忙乱的活动； frantic with worry 担心得要命

同（近）义词：berserk, delirious, demented, deranged, desperate, distraught, excitable,

feverish, fraught, frenetic, frenzied, furious, hectic, hysterical, mad, overwrought, rabid,

raving, uncontrollable, violent, wild

反义词：calm, collected, complacent, composed, dispassionate, equable, impassive, imper-

turbable, level-headed, moderate, pacific, passionless, patient, peaceful, relaxed, restful,

restrained, sedate, self-possessed, sensible, serene, tranquil, unemotional, unexcitable,

unhurried, unperturbed, untroubled

frivolous ['frivələs] a. 无意义的，肤浅的，轻浮的 frivolous questions 无意义的问题； frivolous

behavior 轻浮的举止

同（近）义词：facetious, flighty, flippant, foolish, jocular, joking, petty, pointless, ridiculous,

shallow, silly, stupid, superficial, trifling, trivial, unimportant, unserious, vacuous,

worthless

反义词：deep, earnest, heavy, important, intellectual, profound, serious, sincere, weighty

function ['f�ŋkʃn] n.

1功能 the function of the police 警察的功能

2盛大的聚会 an official function 官方的盛大聚会

同（近）义词：event, activity, ceremony, entertainment, occasion

fundamental [�f�ndə'mentl] a. 基本的，根本的 fundamental principles 基本的原则

同（近）义词：axiomatic, basic, elementary, essential, important, key, main, necessary,

primary, prime, principal, underlying

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galaxy ['gæləksi] n.

1星系，银河系

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同（近）义词：milk way, solar system, universe

2一群出色的人物 a galaxy of famous people 一群名人

gaze [geiz] v. 注视，凝视

同（近）义词：look, behold, consider, contemplate, examine, eye, gape at, glance at, glimpse,

goggle at, inspect, observe, ogle, peek at, peep at, read, regard, scan, scrutinize, see, skim

through, squint at, stare at, study, survey, take a look at, take note of, view, watch

gender ['d�endə] n. 性别 The male and female genders are equal. 男性和女性是平等的。

genetic [d�i'netik] a. 遗传的，起源的

genius ['d�i:njəs] n.

1天才 He has a genius for maths. 他有数学天才。

同（近）义词：aptitude, bent, flair, gift, intellect, knack, talent

2天才人物 He is an mathematical genius. 他是数学天才。

同（近）义词：academic, egg-head, expert, intellectual, know-all, mastermind, thinker

genre ['�ɑ:nrə] n. 类型，流派

genuine ['d�enjuin] a.

1真正的 a genuine antique 真正的古物

同（近）义词：actual, authentic, authenticated, bona fide, legitimate, original, real, sterling

反义词：fake, artificial, bogus, counterfeit, ersatz, false, fictitious, forged, imitation, sham,

simulated, synthetic, unreal

2真诚的 genuine feelings 真诚的情感

同（近）义词：devout, earnest, frank, heartfelt, honest, sincere, true, unaffected, unfeigned

反义词：insincere, deceitful, deceptive, devious, dishonest, disingenuous, false, feigned,

flattering, hollow, hypocritical, lying, mendacious, pretended, sycophantic, untrue

glorify ['gl�:rifɑi] v. 颂扬，崇拜（上帝）

同（近）义词：praise, acclamation, accolade, admiration, adulation, applause, approval,

commendation, compliment, congratulation, homage, honor, ovation, panegyric, plaudit,

testimonial, tribute

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habitat ['hæbitæt] n. 栖息地，居留地

harmony ['hɑ:məni] n.

1和睦，调和 living in harmony 相处融洽

同（近）义词：accord, agreement, amity, compatibility, conformity, cooperation, friendliness,

goodwill, like-mindedness, peace, rapport, sympathy, understanding

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反义词： argument, clash, conflict, contention, difference of opinion, disagreement,

disharmony, dispute, friction, quarrel

2和谐 musical harmony 音乐的和谐

同（近）义词：assonance, chords, concord, consonance, euphony, tunefulness

反义词：discord, cacophony, discordant sound, jangle, noise

harsh [hɑ:ʃ] a. 刺耳的 a harsh voice 刺耳的嗓音

同（近）义词：croaking, disagreeable, discordant, dissonant, grating, guttural, irritating,

jarring, rasping, raucous rough, shrill, strident, unpleasant

highlight ['hailait] v.& n.

v. 加亮，以强光照射，使显著

同（近）义词：emphasize, accent, accentuate, dwell on, focus on, foreground, give emphasis

to, insist on, spotlight, stress, underline

n. 最美妙的一刻，最精彩的部分 the highlight of the evening 晚会的高潮

同（近）义词：best moment, climax, high spot, peak, top point

hostile ['h�stail] a.

1怀有敌意的 a hostile crowd 怀有敌意的群众

同（近）义词：aggressive, antagonistic, antipathetic, attacking, averse, bellicose, belligerent,

confrontational, ill–disposed, inhospitable, inimical, malevolent, unfriendly, unwelcoming,

warlike

反义词：friendly, affable, affectionate, agreeable, amiable, benevolent, benign, chummy,

civil, close, companionable, compatible, comradely, conciliatory, congenial, convivial,

cordial, expansive

2恶劣的 hostile weather conditions 恶劣的天气

同（近）义词：adverse, bad, contrary, opposing, unhelpful, unpropitious

hostility [h�s'tiliti] n. 敌意 hostility between enemies 仇敌彼此之间的敌意

同（近）义词：aggression, animosity, antagonism, antipathy, aversion, bad feeling, belli-

gerence, confrontation, detestation, dislike, enmity, estrangement, hate, hatred, ill will,

incompatibility, malevolence, malice, opposition, pugnacity, resentment, unfriendliness

humanity [hju:'mæniti] n. 人类，仁慈

humble ['h�mbl] a.& v.

a.1谦逊的 humble behavior 谦逊的行为

同（近）义词：deferential, docile, meek, obsequious, polite, respectful, self-effacing, servile,

submissive, unassertive, unassuming, unpretentious

反义词：arrogant, boastful, bumptious, cocky, conceited, disdainful, egotistic, grand, haughty,

lordly, proud, self-important, snobbish, snooty, stuck-up, vain

2简朴的，卑微的 a humble life-style 简朴的生活方式； humble origins 卑微的出身

同（近）义词：commonplace, insignificant, low, lowly, mean, modest, obscure, ordinary,

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plebeian, poor, simple, undistinguished, unimportant, unremarkable

反义词：celebrated, distinguished, eminent, famous, great, high-ranking, influential,

important, known, leading, notable, powerful, pre-eminent, prominent, renowned, striking,

well-known

v. 1降低…的地位，感到卑微 He was humbled by her generosity. 她的大度使他觉得自己渺小。

同（近）义词：abase, abash, break (someone’s) spirit, bring down, chagrin, chasten, crush,

deflate, degrade, demean, discredit, disgrace, embarrass, humiliate, make ashamed, make

(someone) feel humble, mortify, put (someone) in their place, shame, take down a peg

2轻松打败（尤指强大的对手） The world champion was humbled last night in three rounds.

这位世界冠军昨晚三个回合就被轻松击败了。

hypothesis [hai'p�θisis] n. 假设 an unproved hypothesis 未经证实的假设

hypothetical [�haipə'θetikəl] a. 假设的 a hypothetical problem 假设的问题

同（近）义词：academic, conjectural, imaginary, putative, speculative, supposed,

suppositional, theoretical, unreal

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icon ['aik�n] n. 图标，肖像

idealistic [ai�diə'listik] a. 理想主义的，空想的 I don’t think her idealistic plans will ever

materialize. 我认为她那些空想的计划永远不会实现。

同（近）义词：high-minded, over-optimistic, quixotic, romantic, starry-eyed, unrealistic

反义词：realistic, businesslike, clear-sighted, common sense, down-to-earth, feasible,

level-headed, logical, objective, possible, practicable, practical, pragmatic, rational,

sensible, unemotional

identify [ai'dentifai] v.

1认出 to identify a suspect 认出嫌疑犯

同（近）义词：name, pick out, recognize, single out

2查出 to identify an illness 查出是什么疾病

同（近）义词：detect, diagnose, discover, distinguish, pinpoint, spot

identity [ai'dentiti] n.

1身份 Can you prove your identity? 你能证明自己的身份吗？

同（近）义词：name, nature

2个人的特征 Prisoners sometimes lose their sense of identity. 犯人有时会失去认同感。

同（近）义词：character, individuality, personality, selfhood, uniqueness

idiosyncratic [�idiəsiŋ'krætik] a. 独特的 idiosyncratic behavior 独特的行为

同（近）义词：characteristic, distinctive, eccentric, individual, odd, peculiar, personal, quirky,

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singular, unique

反义词：average, common, commonplace, conventional, customary, familiar, frequent,

habitual, normal, ordinary, popular, prevalent, regular, routine, standard, traditional,

typical, unsurprising, usual, well-known, widespread

ignorance ['ignərəns] n. 无知 We are in complete ignorance of his plans. 我们对他的计划一无

所知。

同（近）义词：inexperience, innocence, lack of information, unawareness, unconsciousness,

unfamiliarity

反义词：knowledge, ability, awareness, background, competence, education, experience,

familiarity, grasp, learning, lore, skill, talent, technique, training, understanding, wisdom

ignore [ig'n�:] v. 不顾，不理，忽视 to ignore a warning 不理会警告； to ignore your friends 不

理睬朋友

同（近）义词：disobey, disregard, leave out, miss out, neglect, omit, overlook, pass over,

skip, slight, take no notice of

illusion [i'lu:�n] n. 幻影，幻想，错觉

同（近）义词：apparition, conjuring trick, day-dream, deception, delusion, dream, fancy,

fantasy, figment of the imagination, hallucination, mirage

illustrate ['iləstreit] v.

1替…作插图 to illustrate a book 替书作插图

同（近）义词：adorn, decorate

2用图说明 to illustrate a story 用图说明某事

同（近）义词：depict, draw pictures of, portray

3说明 to illustrate how to do something 说明如何做某事

同（近）义词：demonstrate, elucidate, show, explain

illustration [�iləs'treiʃn] n. 插图，例证，说明

image ['imid�] n. 图像，影像 an image in a mirror 镜子里的影像

同（近）义词：imitation, likeness, picture, projection, reflection

imagery ['imid�əri] n. 肖像，比喻 fantastic imagery as represented in art 艺术中所体现的虚幻的

想像

imitation [imi'teiʃn] a.& n.

a. 仿制的 The actors carried imitation guns. 演员带着假枪。

同（近）义词：artificial, copied, counterfeit, dummy, ersatz, mock, model, sham, simulated

n. 模仿，效法，仿制品 an imitation of the real thing 真东西的仿制品

同（近）义词：copy, counterfeit, dummy, duplicate, duplication, fake, forgery, impersonation,

impression, likeness, parody, model, reflection, replica, reproduction, sham, simulation,

toy, travesty

immense [i'mens] a. 巨大的 There is still an immense amount of work to be done. 还有非常非

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常多的工作没有做。

同（近）义词：big, colossal, enormous, giant, gigantic, great, huge, immeasurable, impo-

sing, impressive, incalculable, large, majestic, mammoth, mighty, monstrous, monumental,

mountainous, prodigious, stupendous, titanic, towering, vast, weighty

反义词：compact, concise, diminutive, dwarf, exiguous, fractional, infinitesimal, micro-

scopic, midget, miniature, minuscule, minute, petite, portable, pygmy, short, small, tiny,

toy, undersized

immensely [i'mensli] ad. 极端地，非常，极大地 immensely popular 非常受欢迎

immoral [i'm�rəl] a. 不道德的 immoral behavior 不道德的行为

同（近）义词：abandoned, bad, base, conscienceless, corrupt, debauched, degenerate,

depraved, dishonest, dissipated, dissolute, evil, impure, indecent, licentious, loose, low,

profligate, promiscuous, sinful, unchaste, unethical, unprincipled, unscrupulous, vicious,

villainous, wanton, wicked, wrong

反义词：moral, blameless, chaste, decent, ethical, high-minded, honest, honorable, incor-

ruptible, innocent, irreproachable, just, law-abiding, noble, principled, pure, responsible,

right, righteous, sinless, trustworthy, truthful, upright, virtuous

impact ['impækt] n.

1碰撞 Was the car damaged in the impact? 那辆汽车经碰撞后有没有损坏？

同（近）义词：bang, blow, bump, collision, concussion, contact, crash, knock, smash

2影响 The tragedy had a strong impact on us. 这场惨祸对我们的影响很大。

同（近）义词：effect, force, impression, influence, repercussion, shock

impetuous [im'petjuəs] a. 急躁的 an impetuous dash for freedom 急切要争取自由

同（近）义词：careless, eager, hasty, head-long, hot-headed, impulsive, incautious, preci-

pitate, quick, rash, reckless, speedy, thoughtless, spontaneous, unplanned, unpremeditated,

unthinking, violent

反义词：cagey, calculating, cautious, chary, circumspect, discreet, gingerly, grudging,

guarded, hesitant, judicious, restrained, suspicious, tactful, tentative, wary

implement ['implimənt] n.& v.

n. 工具 gardening implements 园艺工具

同（近）义词：appliance, device, gadget, instrument, tool, utensil

v. 贯彻 to implement a plan 贯彻计划

同（近）义词：bring about, carry out, effect, enforce, execute, perform, put into practice,

realize, try out

implicit [im'plisit] a.

1含蓄的 implicit criticism 含蓄的批评

同（近）义词：hinted at, implied, indirect, insinuated, tacit, understood, unexpressed,

unsaid, unspoken, unstated, unvoiced

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反义词：explicit, clear, definite, detailed, direct, exact, express, frank, graphic, open,

outspoken, patent, plain, positive, precise, put into words, said, specific, spelt out, spoken,

straightforward, unambiguous, unconcealed, unequivocal, unhidden, unreserved

2绝对的 implicit faith in her competence 对她的能力绝对有信心

同（近）义词：absolute, categorical, certain, complete, conclusive, decided, definite, downright,

entire, full, genuine, inalienable, infallible, perfect, positive, pure, sheer, stark, supreme,

sure, thorough, total, unadulterated, unalloyed, unambiguous, unconditional, unequivocal,

unmitigated, unmixed, unqualified, unquestionable, unreserved, unrestricted, utter

imply [im'plai] v. 暗指 to imply something without saying it directly 暗指某事而不明言

同（近）义词：hint, indicate, insinuate, intimate, mean, point out, suggest

impose [im'pəuz] v.

1使（别人）接受自己的意见 She didn’t want to impose her values on her family. 她并不想

勉强家人接受自己的价值观。

同（近）义词：charge with, decree, dictate, enforce, exact, fix, inflict, insist on, introduce,

lay, levy, prescribe, set

2推行，采用（规章制度），强制施行 A new tax was imposed on fuel. 当局开始对燃油增加一

项新税。

3迫使，把…强加于 This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people. 这

个制度给很多人增加了额外的经济负担。

impression [im'preʃn] n. 印象

impulse ['imp�ls] n.

1推动 What was the impulse behind your decision? 是什么促使你做出这个决定？

同（近）义词：drive, force, impetus, motive, pressure, push, stimulus, thrust

2冲动 a sudden impulse to do something 突然想做某事的冲动

同（近）义词：caprice, desire, instinct, urge, whim

impulsive [im'p�lsiv] a. 冲动的 an impulsive action 冲动的行为

同（近）义词：automatic, hare-brained, hasty, headlong, hotheaded, impetuous, impromptu,

instinctive, intuitive, involuntary, madcap, precipitate, rash, reckless, spontaneous, sudden,

thoughtless, unconscious, unplanned, unpremeditated, unthinking, wild

inadequacy [in'ædikwəsi] n. 不适当，不充分

inadequate [in'ædikwit] a. 不充分的

同（近）义词：deficient, imperfect, ineffective, insufficient, little, meager, moderate,

niggardly

反义词：huge, prodigal, profligate, superfluous, unneeded, waste

inappropriate [inə'prəupriit] a. 不相宜的 an inappropriate gift 不相宜的礼物； inappropriate

comments 不相宜的评论

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同（近）义词：ill-judged, ill-suited, ill-timed, improper, inapplicable, inapposite, incon-

gruous, incorrect, inopportune, irrelevant, out of place, tactless, tasteless, unbecoming,

unfit, unseasonable, unseemly, unsuitable, untimely, wrong

反义词：appropriate, applicable, apposite, apropos, apt, becoming, befitting, correct,

deserved, due, felicitous, fit, fitting, germane, happy, just, meet, opportune, pertinent,

proper, relevant, right, seasonable, seemly, suitable, tactful, tasteful, timely, well-judged,

well-suited, well-timed

incline [in'klain] n.& v.

n. 斜坡

同（近）义词：ascent, bank, camber, cant, declivity, descent, dip, fall, gradient, hill, rake,

ramp, rise, scarp, slant, slope, tilt

v. 倾斜 to incline at an angle 以某角度倾斜

同（近）义词：bent, lean, slant, slope, tilt, tip, veer

incompatible [inkəm'pætəbl ] a. 不一致的 The two accounts are incompatible. 两份报道所说的

并不一致。

同（近）义词：at variance, clashing, conflicting, contradictory, contrasting, different,

inconsistent, irreconcilable

inconsistency [�inkən'sistənsi] n. 不一致，不调和，矛盾

同（近）义词：incompatibility, mutual exclusiveness, repugnance

increase [in'kri:s] n.& v.

n. 增加 an increase in the size 某物尺寸的增加

同（近）义词：addition, amplification, augmentation, boost, build-up, crescendo, develop-

ment, enlargement, escalation, expansion, extension, gain, growth, increment, inflation,

intensification, proliferation, rise, upsurge, upturn

反义词：decrease, contraction, cut, cut-back, decline, diminuendo, downturn, drop, fall,

falling off, reduction

v. 1增加 to increase the size 增加某物的尺寸

同（近）义词：add to, amplify, augment, boost, build up, develop, enlarge, expand, extend,

lengthen, magnify, make greater, maximize, multiply, prolong, put up, raise, strengthen,

stretch, swell

2增多 My responsibilities have increased. 我的责任增多了。

同（近）义词：escalate, gain, get greater, grow, intensify, proliferate, spread

反义词：decrease, contract, decline, die away, diminish, dwindle, fall off, lessen, peter out,

shrink, slim down, subside, taper off, wane

increasingly [in'kri:siŋli] ad. 逐渐地, 渐增地

indicate ['indikeit] v.

1指出 Indicate where you are going. 指出你往哪里去。

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同（近）义词：describe, display, give an indication of, intimate, make known, manifest, point

out, reveal, say, show, specify

2表示 A red light indicates danger. 红灯表示危险。

同（近）义词：be an indication of, betoken, communicate, convey, denote, express, mean,

register, signal, signify, spell, stand for, symbolize

indispensable [�indis'pensəbl] a. 必不可少的 indispensable equipment 必不可少的设备

同（近）义词：basic, central, crucial, essential, imperative, key, necessary, needed, required,

requisite, vital

反义词：dispensable, excessive, expendable, extra, inessential, needless, nonessential,

redundant, superfluous, surplus, uncalled for, unjustified, unneeded, unnecessary,

unwanted, useless

individual [�indi'vidjuəl] a.& n.

a. 独特的 an individual style 独特的风格

同（近）义词：characteristic, different, distinct, distinctive, exclusive, idiosyncratic, parti-

cular, peculiar, personal, private, separate, singular, special, specific, unique

反义词：collective, combined, common, composite, co-operative, corporate, democratic,

group, joint, shared, unified, united

n. 个人，个体，人 Who was that odd individual? 那个怪人是谁？

同（近）义词：adolescent, adult, baby, being, character, child, customer, figure, human,

human being, infant, man, person, personage, soul, woman, people

indulge [in'd�ld�] v. 纵容 Older people sometimes indulge children. 年长的人有时候纵容孩子。

同（近）义词：cosset, favor, give in to, gratify the whims of, humor, mollycoddle, pamper,

pander to, spoil, treat

反义词：deprive, deny, dispossess of, prevent from using, refuse, rob of, starve of, strip of,

take away

inequality [�ini:'kw�liti] n. 不平等，不同，不平均 Inequalities in wealth cause social unrest. 贫

富不均可造成社会动荡。

inevitable [in'evitəbl] a. 不可避免的 inevitable disaster 无法避免的灾难

同（近）义词：certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure, unavoidable

inexorable [in'eksərəbl] a. 无情的

同（近）义词： continual, cruel, fierce, hard-hearted, implacable, incessant, merciless,

pitiless, relentless, remorseless, ruthless, unceasing, uncompromising, unfeeling, unfor-

giving, unmerciful, unrelieved, unremitting

infer [in'fə:] v. 推论，推断 I infer from what you say that you are unhappy? 我从你的话推断出你

不快乐吧?

同（近）义词：assume, conclude, deduce, extrapolate, gather, guess, reach the conclusion,

understand, work out

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inherent [in'hiərənt] a. 内在的 inherent qualities 内在的特质

同（近）义词：congenital, essential, fundamental, hereditary, immanent, inborn, inbred,

ingrained, intrinsic, native, natural

initial [i'niʃəl] a. 最初的 an initial payment 首期付款； an initial reaction 最初的反应

同（近）义词：beginning, commencing, earliest, first, inaugural, introductory, opening,

original, preliminary, starting

反义词：final, clinching, closing, concluding, conclusive, decisive, dying, eventual, last,

terminal, terminating, ultimate

innovation [�inəu'veiʃn] n. 创新，革新 We propose to introduce some innovations next year. 我

们建议明年有些改革。

同（近）义词：change, departure, new feature, novelty, reform, revolution

innovative ['inəuveitiv] a. 革新的，创新的

inquiry [in'kwaiəri] n. 打听，询问

同（近）义词：investigation, enquiry, examination, research, scrutiny, study, survey

insect ['insekt] n. 昆虫

insecurity [�insi'kjuəriti] n. 不安全，局促不安，心神不定

insight ['insait] n. 洞察力

同（近）义词：intelligence, acumen, brightness, brilliance, capacity, cleverness, discernment,

genius, intellect, judgement, mind, perceptiveness, quickness, sense, understanding, wisdom,

wit

insightful ['in�saitful] a. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的

inspire [in'spaiə] v. 鼓舞，激发，启示 The crowd inspired us to play well. 群众鼓舞我们，所以我

们表演得好。

同（近）义词：animate, arouse, encourage, enthuse, galvanize, influence, motivate, prompt,

reassure, spur, stimulate, stir, support

instinct ['instiŋkt] n. 本能，直觉 People do some things by instinct. 有些人凭借直觉做事。

同（近）义词：feel, feeling, guesswork, hunch, impulse, inclination, instinctive urge

insult ['ins�lt] n.& v.

n. 侮辱 I was offended by his insults. 他侮辱我，叫我生气。

同（近）义词：abuse, cheek, contumely, impudence, insulting behavior, rudeness, slander,

slight, snub

反义词： compliment, accolade, admiration, appreciation, approval, commendation,

congratulations, encomium, eulogy, felicitation, flattery, honor, panegyric, plaudit, praise,

testimonial, tribute

v. 侮辱 I have never been so insulted in my life. 我一生中从未被如此侮辱过。

同（近）义词：abuse, affront, be insulting to, mock, offend, outrage, patronize, revile,

slander, slight, sneer at, snub, vilify

反义词：compliment, applaud, commend, congratulate, eulogize, extol, give credit, laud,

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praise, salute, speak highly of

integrate ['intigreit] v. 使结合起来 We tried to integrate the two groups. 我们设法使两组结合

起来。

同（近）义词：amalgamate, blend, bring together, combine, consolidate, desegregate, fuse,

harmonize, join, merge, mix, put together, unify, unite, weld

integrity [in'tegriti] n. 正直 You can trust his integrity. 他为人正直，你大可放心。

同（近）义词：fidelity, goodness, honesty, honor, incorruptibility, loyalty, morality, principle,

reliability, righteousness, sincerity, uprightness, virtue

反义词：dishonesty, corruption, crookedness, deceit, deviousness, falsity, immorality,

insincerity, mendacity, perfidy, speciousness

intellectual [inti'lektjuəl] a.& n.

a. 1好学的 an intellectual student 好学的学生

同（近）义词：academic, bookish, cerebral, cultured, highbrow, scholarly, studious,

thoughtful

2需用脑力的 an intellectual book 需用脑的书

同（近）义词：cultural, deep, difficult, educational, highbrow, improving, thought-provoking

n. 知识分子 The professor is a true intellectual. 教授是真正的知识分子。

同（近）义词：egg-head, genius, highbrow, member of the intelligentsia, thinker

intend [in'tend] v.

1打算 What do you intend to do? 你打算干什么呢？

同（近）义词：aim, aspire, contemplate, design, have in mind, mean, plan, plot, propose,

purpose, scheme

2用意在 The gift was intended to please you. 那份礼物是买来讨你喜欢的。

同（近）义词：design, destine, put forward, set up

intense [in'tens] a.

1剧烈的 intense pain 剧痛

同（近）义词：acute, agonizing, extreme, fierce, great, keen, severe, sharp, strong, violent

反义词: slight, imperceptible, insignificant, minor, negligible, slim, superficial, tiny, trifling,

trivial, unimportant

2强烈的 intense emotions 强烈的感情

同（近）义词：ardent, burning, deep, eager, earnest, fanatical, impassioned, passionate,

powerful, profound, serious, towering, vehement

反义词：aloof, apathetic, blasé, bored, casual, detached, disinterested, dispassionate,

half-hearted, incurious, neutral, nonchalant, not bothered, uncaring, unconcerned, unemo-

tional, unenthusiastic, unexcited, unimpressed, uninterested, uninvolved, unmoved

3热情的 an intense person 热情的人

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同（近）义词：emotional, demonstrative, emotive, fervent, fiery, heated, impassioned, mov-

ing, passionate, romantic, touching, warm-hearted

反义词：unemotional, apathetic, cold, frigid, hard-hearted, heartless, indifferent, unfeeling,

unmoved, unresponsive

intensity [in'tensiti] n. 激烈，强度，强烈，剧烈

interact [�intər'ækt] v. 相互作用，相互影响 Perfume interacts with the skin’s natural chemicals.

香水和皮肤的天然化学物质相互作用。

interaction [�intər'ækʃn] n. 相互作用 the interaction of two influences 两股势力的相互作用

同（近）义词：effect on each other, exchange, interplay, reciprocal effect

interior [in'tiəriə] a.& n.

a. 内部的

同（近）义词：indoor, inner, innermost, internal

反义词：exterior, outside, external, outer, outward, superficial, surface, visible

n. 内部 the interior of a building 楼房的内部

同（近）义词：inside, center, contents, core, bowels, heart, indoors, middle

反义词：exterior, outside, façade, shell, skin, surface

internal [in'tə:nl] a. 国内的，内部的 The driver received internal injuries in the accident. 司机在

事故中受了内伤。

同（近）义词：inner, inside, interior, intimate, private

反义词：external, exterior, façade, shell, skin, surface

interpret [in'tə:prit] v. 解释，理解，口译 Can you interpret this old writing? 你能解释这些古文字

吗？

同（近）义词：clarify, construe, decipher, decode, elucidate, explain, expound, gloss, make

clear, paraphrase, render, rephrase, reword, translate, understand

interpretation [in�tə:pri'teiʃn] n. 解释，理解 What’s your interpretation of her behavior? 你对她

的举动有什么解释？

同（近）义词：definition, explanation, gloss, reading, understanding, version

intimate ['intimit] a.& v.

a. 1亲密的 an intimate relationship 亲密的关系

同（近）义词：affectionate, close, familiar, friendly, informal, loving, sexual

2私人的 intimate details 隐私

同（近）义词：confidential, detailed, exhaustive, personal, private, secret

v. 暗示，通知，告诉

同（近）义词：betoken, communicate, convey, denote, express, indicate, mean, register,

signal, signify, spell, stand for, symbolize

intimidate [in'timideit] v. 恫吓 The strong often intimidate the weak. 强者常常恫吓弱者。

同（近）义词：browbeat, bully, coerce, cow, daunt, frighten, hector, make afraid, menace,

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persecute, scare, terrify, terrorize, threaten

intricacy ['intrikəsi] n. 纷乱，复杂，错综

intricate ['intrikit] a. 复杂的 intricate machinery 复杂的机器； intricate negotiations 复杂的

谈判

同（近）义词：complex, complicated, convoluted, delicate, detailed, elaborate

反义词：simple, artless, guileless, homely, honest, innocent

intriguing [in'tri:giŋ] a. 迷人的，有迷惑力的，引起兴趣（或好奇心）的

intrinsic [in'trinsik] a. 本质的 The brooch has little intrinsic value. 这枚胸针没有一点实质的

价值。

同（近）义词：basic, essential, fundamental, inborn, in-built, inherent, native, natural,

proper, real

intuition [intju:'iʃn] n. 直觉 Intuition told her that he had spoken the truth. 她凭直觉知道他说

了实话。

同（近）义词：feel, feeling, guesswork, impulse, inclination, instinct, instinctive urge, pre-

sentiment, sixth-sense, tendency, urge

involve [in'v�lv] v.

1包括 What does your job involve? 你的工作包括什么？

同（近）义词：comprise, contain, embrace, entail, hold, include, incorporate, take in

2和…相关 Conserving resources involves us all. 保存资源和我们大家都有关。

同（近）义词：affect, concern, interest, touch

3牵连 Don’t involve me in your dubious activities. 别把我牵连到你暧昧的活动里面。

同（近）义词：embroil, implicate, include, incriminate, inculpate, mix up

involvement [in'v�lvmənt] n.

1参加 involvement in sport 参加运动

同（近）义词：activity, interest, participation

2牵连 involvement with criminals 和罪犯有牵连

同（近）义词：association, complicity, entanglement, partnership

ironic [aiə'r�nik] a. 冷嘲的，讽刺的 I was being ironic when I said their dreamful play was

brilliant. 我说他们糟透了的戏剧了不起，是在讽刺他们。

同（近）义词：derisive, double meaning, hidden meaning, sarcasm, satire

irony ['aiərəni] n. 讽刺 I don’t think they saw the irony in my comments. 我想他们不懂我话里的

讽刺意味。

同（近）义词：double meaning, hidden meaning, sarcasm, satire

isolation [�aisəu'leiʃn] n. 隔离，孤立

issue ['isju:] n.& v.

n. 1争论点 political issues 政治上的争论点

同（近）义词：affair, argument, controversy, dispute, matter, point, problem, question,

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subject, topic

2期号 an issue of a magazine 杂志的一期

同（近）义词：copy, edition, number, printing, publication

3结果 We awaited the issue of the election. 我们等候选举的结果。

同（近）义词：consequence, effect, end, impact, outcome, repercussion, result, upshot

4子女 The duke died without issue. 公爵死了，没有子女。

同（近）义词：offspring, baby, child, descendant, heir, successor

v. 1出来 Smoke issued from the chimney. 烟从烟囱里冒出。

同（近）义词：appear, come out, emerge, erupt, flow out, gush, leak, rise, spring

2发表 He issued a formal statement. 他发表正式的声明。

同（近）义词：bring out, circulate, distribute, give out, print, produce, promulgate, publicize,

publish, put out, release, send out, supply

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jocular ['d��kjulə] a. 好笑的，滑稽的

同（近）义词：merry, bright, carefree, loving, gay, glad, happy, hilarious, jolly, jovial, joyful,

light-hearted, lively, rollicking, spirited, vivacious

justify ['d��stifai] v. 证明…有道理 Don’t try to justify his wickedness. 别想证明他的邪恶行为有

道理。

同（近）义词： condone, defend, exculpate, excuse, exonerate, explain, explain away,

forgive, pardon, support, uphold, vindicate, warrant

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keen [ki:n] a.

1锐利的 a keen cutting-edge 锐利的切削刃

同（近）义词：piercing, pointed, razor-sharp, sharp, sharpened

反义词：blunt, dull, rounded, thick, unsharpened

2 敏捷的 a keen wit 敏捷的头脑

同（近）义词：biting, cutting, incisive, lively, mordant, satirical, scathing, shrewd,

sophisticated

反义词：dense, dim, dim-witted, dull, obtuse, slow, stupid, thick, unimaginative,

unintelligent, unresponsive

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3 敏锐的 keen eyesight 敏锐的视力

同（近）义词：acute, clear, perceptive, sensitive

反义词：bleary, blurred, cloudy, dark, dim, dingy, dull, faint, foggy, fuzzy, gloomy, grey,

hazy, indistinct, misty, murky, obscure, pale, shadowy, unclear, vague

4刺骨的 a keen wind 刺骨的寒风

同（近）义词：bitter, cold, extreme, icy, intense, penetrating, severe

反义词：balmy, calm, clement, mild, peaceful, pleasant, temperate, warm

5低廉的，竞争力强的 keen prices 低廉的价格

同（近）义词：competitive, low, rock-bottom

反义词：excessive, exorbitant, expensive, extortionate, extravagant, high, outrageous,

over-priced, prohibitive, top, unrealistic, unreasonable

6用功的 a keen pupil 用功的学生

同（近）义词：ambitious, anxious, assiduous, avid, bright, committed, diligent, eager, enthu-

siastic, fervent, industrious, intelligent, intent, interested, motivated, zealous

反义词：apathetic, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, inactive, indifferent, lethargic,

listless, passive, phlegmatic, sluggish, tepid, torpid, uncommitted, unconcerned, unenthu-

siastic, unfeeling, uninterested, uninvolved, unmotivated

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label ['leibl] n.& v.

n. 标签 a label on a parcel 包裹上的标签

同（近）义词：docket, marker, sticker, tag, ticket

v. 把…列为 We labeled him as a trouble-maker. 我们把他列为惹事生非的人。

同（近）义词：brand, call, categorize, class, classify, define, describe, identify, mark, name,

stamp

lament [lə'ment] n.& v.

n. 挽歌，悲痛 a lament for the dead 挽歌

同（近）义词：dirge, elegy, lamentation, monody, requiem, threnody

v. 为…感到悲痛，抱怨 to lament the passing of someone or something 为某人去世而感到悲痛

或为某景况的消逝而悲叹

同（近）义词：bemoan, bewail, complain about, deplore, express your sorrow about, grieve

about, mourn, regret, shed tears for, wail, weep

landscape ['lændskeip] n. 风景 a painting of a landscape 风景画

同（近）义词：countryside, outlook, panorama, prospect, rural scene, scene, scenery, view,

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launch [l�:ntʃ] n.& v.

n. 1汽艇 a sea-going launch 远洋航艇

同（近）义词：vessel

2发射 the launch of a rocket 火箭发射

同（近）义词：blast-off, launching

v. 1使（船）下水 to launch a ship 使船下水

2发射 to launch a rocket 发射火箭

同（近）义词：blast-off, fire, propel, send off, set off

3开创 to launch a new business 开创新业务

同（近）义词：begin, embark on, establish, found, inaugurate, initiate, open, set up, start

lavish ['læviʃ] a. 大量的，慷慨的 a lavish supply of food 大量的食物供应

同（近）义词：abundant, bountiful, copious, extravagant, exuberant, generous, liberal,

luxuriant, luxurious, munificent, opulent, plentiful, prodigal, sumptuous, unstinting,

wasteful

反义词：careful, cost-effective, parsimonious, prudent, sparing, thrifty

legacy ['legəsi] n. 遗产 a legacy bequeathed in a will 依遗嘱给的遗产

同（近）义词：bequest, endowment, estate, inheritance

literal ['litərəl] a. 字面的，逐字的，无想像力的 the literal meaning of something 某文句字面的

意义

同（近）义词：close, plain, prosaic, strict, unimaginative, word for word

loom [lu:m] v. 朦胧出现，赫然出现 A castle loomed on the skyline. 城堡在天边朦胧出现。

同（近）义词：appear, arise, dominate, emerge, materialize, rise, stand out, stick up, tower

loyalty ['l�iəlti] n. 忠诚

同（近）义词：allegiance, constancy, dependability, devotion, faithfulness, fealty, fidelity,

honesty, patriotic, reliable, sincere, staunch, steadfastness, trustworthiness

反义词：disloyalty, betrayal, double-dealing, duplicity, faithlessness, falseness, inconstancy,

infidelity, perfidy, treachery, treason, unfaithfulness

ludicrous ['lu:dikrəs] a. 荒唐可笑的

同（近）义词：ridiculous, absurd, amusing, comic, eccentric, farcical, foolish, funny, gro-

tesque, hilarious, illogical, irrational, laughable, mad, nonsensical, preposterous,

senseless, silly, stupid, unbelievable, unreasonable, weird

luxury ['l�kʃəri] n. 奢侈，豪华 a life of luxury 奢侈的生活

同（近）义词：affluence, comfort, ease, enjoyment, extravagance, hedonism, high living,

indulgence, relaxation, self-indulgence, splendor, sumptuousness, voluptuousness

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maintain [men'tein] v.

1保持 to maintain a constant speed 保持速度不变

同（近）义词：carry on, continue, hold to, keep up, retain, stick to

2维修，保养 to maintain a car in good order 保养汽车

同（近）义词：keep in good condition, look after, preserve, service, take care of

3抚养 to maintain a family 养家

同（近）义词：feed, keep, pay for, provide for, support

4断言 to maintain that you are innocent 坚称自己无辜

同（近）义词：affirm, allege, argue, assert, aver, claim, contend, declare, insist, proclaim,

profess, state, uphold

mammal ['mæml] n. 哺乳动物

mandate ['mændeit] n.& v.

n. 1（政府或组织等经选举而获得的）授权 The election victory gave the party a clear mandate to

continue its program of reform. 选举获胜使得这个政党拥有了明确的继续推行改革的权利。

同（近）义词：authority, approval, authorization, consent, licence, permission, permit,

sanction, warrant

2（政府的）任期 The presidential mandate is limited to two terms of four years each. 总统

的任期不得超过四年，每年两期。

v. 1强制执行，委托办理 The law mandates that imported goods should be identified as such.

法律规定进口物品必须如实标明。

2授权 The assembly was mandated to draft a constitution. 大会被授权起草一份章程。

manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] v.

1操纵，操作 to manipulate a crowd 操纵群众； to manipulate election results 操纵选举的

结果

同（近）义词：control, engineer, guide, handle, manage, steer

2用推拿的方法治疗 to manipulate an injured person’s leg 用推拿的方法治疗伤者的腿

同（近）义词：feel, massage, rub

manipulation [mə�nipju'leiʃn] n. 处理，操作，操纵

marble ['mɑ:bl] a.& n.

a. 大理石的，冷酷的

n. 大理石 a slab of marble 一块大理石板

marbled ['mɑ:bld] a. 有大理石颜色（或花纹）的 marbled wallpaper 有大理石花纹的墙纸

maverick ['mævərik] n. 特立独行者，闹独立的人

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medieval [�medi'i:vəl] a. 中世纪的

mediocrity [�mi:di'�kriti] n. 平常，平庸之才

melancholy ['melənkəli] a. 忧沉的，使人悲伤的

merely ['miəli] adv. 仅仅，只不过 Pretending to faint was merely (an) artifice. 假装昏迷只不过是

个诡计。

同（近）义词：simply, just, only, but

merit ['merit] n.

1优点 Your work has some merit. 你的作品有些优点。

同（近）义词：asset, excellence, goodness, quality, strength, talent, value, virtue, worth

2奖赏 a certificate of merit 奖状

同（近）义词：credit, distinction

messy ['mesi] a. 混乱的，肮脏的 a messy appearance 污秽的外表

同（近）义词：blowzy, careless, chaotic, cluttered, dirty, disorderly, filthy, grubby, mucky,

muddled, slapdash, sloppy, slovenly, unkempt, untidy

反义词：neat, clean, orderly, straight, tidy, uncluttered, well-kept

metaphor ['metəfə] n. 隐喻

metaphorical [�metə'f�rikəl] a. 隐喻性的，比喻性的

methodology [meθə'd�ləd�i] n. 方法学，方法论

mingle ['miŋgl] v.

1使与…结合，使混合，使联合 The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening

air. 笑声和歌声交织在夜空中。

2（尤指在社交场所）相交往，交际 People mingled happily at the carnival. 大家在狂欢节交往

得很愉快。

同（近）义词：associate, blend, circulate, combine, get together, intermingle, merge, mix,

move about, socialize

miraculous [mi'rækjuləsli] a. 奇迹般的 a miraculous cure 奇迹般的痊愈

同（近）义词：amazing, astonishing, extraordinary, incredible, inexplicable, magic, marve-

lous, mysterious, preternatural, supernatural

misconception ['miskən'sepʃn] n. 误解，错误想法 a misconception of the problem 对问题的

误解

同（近）义词：error, failure of understanding, misapprehension, misunderstanding, misinter-

pretation, misjudgment, mistake

mock [m�k] a.& v.

a. 仿造的 mock cream 仿造的乳脂

同（近）义词：imitation, copy, counterfeit, dummy, duplicate, duplication, fake, forgery,

impersonation, impression, likeness, model, parody, reflection, replica, reproduction,

sham, simulation, toy, travesty

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v. 嘲弄，嘲笑 They mocked my pathetic attempts. 我多次尝试都表现差劲，被他们取笑。

同（近）义词：deride, disparage, insult, jeer at, lampoon, laugh at, make fun of, parody, poke

fun at, ridicule, satirize, scoff at, scorn, sneer at, taunt, tease, travesty

monument ['m�njumənt] n. 纪念碑

moral ['m�rəl] a.& n.

a. 1有道德的 a moral person 有道德的人； moral principles 道义

同（近）义词：blameless, chaste, decent, ethical, high-minded, honest, honorable, incor-

ruptible, innocent, irreproachable, just, law-abiding, noble, principled, pure, responsible,

right, righteous, sinless, trustworthy, truthful, upright, virtuous

2讲道德的 a moral tale 讲道德的故事

同（近）义词：cautionary, didactic, moralistic, moralizing

反义词：immoral, abandoned, bad, base, conscienceless, corrupt, debauched, degenerate,

evil, impure, indecent, licentious, loose, low, profligate, promiscuous, sinful, unchaste,

unethical, unprincipled, unscrupulous, vicious, villainous, wanton, wicked, wrong

n. 教训 What’s the moral of the story? 这个故事的教训是什么？

同（近）义词：lesson, meaning, message, precept, principle, morality

motion ['məuʃn] n.& v.

n. 运动

同（近）义词：movement, action, activity, gesture, move

v. 以姿势示意 She motioned him to sit down. 她示意他坐下。

同（近）义词：gesture, make a gesture, sign, signal

motivate ['məutiveit] v. 激发 What motivated her to do such a thing? 什么激发她做这种事呢？

同（近）义词：actuate, arouse, be the motivation of, encourage, incite, induce, inspire,

move, persuade, prompt, provoke, push, spur, stimulate, stir, urge

motivation [�məuti'veiʃn] n. 动机，推动，刺激

同（近）义词：aim, cause, grounds, intention, motive, object, purpose, rationale, reason,

thinking

motive ['məutiv] n. 动机 motive for a crime 犯罪的动机

同（近）义词：aim, cause, grounds, intention, motivation, object, purpose, rationale, reason,

thinking

mundane ['m�ndein] a. 日常例行的，平凡的 It was hard to return to mundane matters after such

excitement. 经历过这种紧张的情形，很难再回来做例行的事务。

同（近）义词：banal, common, commonplace, down-to-earth, dull, everyday, familiar, human,

material, ordinary, physical, practical, quotidian, routine, worldly

反义词：extraordinary, abnormal, astonishing, atypical, bizarre, curious, eerie, exceptional,

extraordinary, irregular, odd, out of the ordinary, peculiar, queer, rare, remarkable,

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singular, surprising, uncommon, unexpected, unheard of, unique, unnatural, untypical,

unusual

mutual ['mju:tjuəl] a. 共同的，相互的 friends with mutual interests 有共同爱好的朋友

同（近）义词：common, joint, reciprocal, reciprocated, shared

mysterious [mis'tiəriəs] a. 神秘的 a mysterious illness 神秘的病； mysterious powers 神秘的

力量

同（近）义词：arcane, baffling, curious, enigmatic, incomprehensible, inexplicable, insolu-

ble, magical, miraculous, mystifying, obscure, perplexing, puzzling, secret, strange,

uncanny, unexplained, unfathomable, unknown, weird

反义词：straightforward, blunt, candid, direct, easy, forthright, frank, genuine, honest,

intelligible, lucid, open, plain, simple, sincere, straight, truthful, uncomplicated

mystery ['mistəri] n. 神秘，神秘的事物

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naive [nɑ:'i:v] a. 天真的，幼稚的 She's surely not so naive as to believe his story. 她肯定不会轻

信他编造的故事。

同（近）义词：artless, childlike, credulous, guileless, gullible, inexperienced, ingenuous,

innocent, open, simple, simple-minded, stupid, unsophisticated, unwary

反义词：knowing, artful, astute, aware, clever, crafty, cunning, discerning, experienced,

expressive, intelligent, meaningful, perceptive, shrewd, sly, well-informed, wily

narrative ['nærətiv] n. 叙述，故事 a narrative of events 事件的叙述

同（近）义词：account, chronicle, history, story, tale

narrator [næ'reitə] n. 叙述者，讲解员，播音员 He is the narrator of the documentary. 他是这部

纪录片的解说员。

neglect [ni'glekt] n.& v.

n. 疏忽 guilty of neglect 犯疏忽罪

同（近）义词：carelessness, dereliction of duty, inattention, indifference, negligence,

slackness

v. 玩忽 Don’t neglect your work. 别玩忽工作。

同（近）义词：disregard, forget, ignore, leave alone, let slide, miss, omit, overlook, pay no

attention to, shirk, skip

nostalgia [n�s'tæld�iə] n. 怀旧 nostalgia for the past 怀旧

同（近）义词：longing, memory, nostalgic, feeling, pining, regret, reminiscence, sentiment,

sentimentality, yearning

nostalgic [n�'stæld�ik] a. 怀旧的 nostalgic feelings about your childhood 对童年往事怀念之情

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同（近）义词：emotional, maudlin, regretful, romantic, sentimental, wistful, yearning

noteworthy ['nəutwə:ði] a. 值得注意的

同（近）义词：remarkable, amazing, conspicuous, distinguished, exceptional, extraordinary,

important, impressive, notable, out of the ordinary, outstanding, phenomenal, prominent,

singular, special, strange, striking, surprising, uncommon, unusual, wonderful

反义词：average, cautious, deliberate, fair, medium, middle, modest, normal, ordinary,

rational, reasonable, respectable, sensible, sober, steady, temperate, usual

notion ['nəuʃn] n. 想法 I had a notion that you were on holiday. 我想，你在休假。

同（近）义词：apprehension, belief, concept, fancy, hypothesis, idea, impression, opinion,

sentiment, theory, thought, understanding, view

nuance [nju:'ɑ:ns] n. 细微差别

同（近）义词：difference, contrast, differentiation, discrimination, dissimilarity, distinc-

tiveness, individuality, particularity, peculiarity

反义词：affinity, closeness, congruity, correspondence, likeness, resemblance, sameness,

similarity, similitude, uniformity

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objective [əb'd�ektiv] a.& n.

a. 真实的，客观的 objective evidence 真实的证据

同（近）义词：detached, disinterested, dispassionate, empirical, existing, factual, impartial,

impersonal, observable, outward-looking, rational, real, scientific, unbiased, unemotional,

unprejudiced

反义词：subjective

n. 目标 Our objective was the top of the hill. 我们的目标是山顶。

同（近）义词：aim, ambition, aspiration, design, destination, end, goal, intent, intention,

object, point, purpose, target

objectivity [�bd�ek'tivəti] n. 客观性

obligation [��bli'geiʃn] n. 义务，责任 an obligation to pay taxes 纳税的义务

同（近）义词：commitment, compulsion, duty, liability, need, requirement, responsibility

反义词：option, alternative, choice, possibility

obscure [əb'skjuə] a.& v.

a. 1不清晰的 an obscure shape in the mist 雾里不清晰的形状

同（近）义词：blurred, clouded, concealed, covered, dark, dim, hidden, inconspicuous,

indefinable, indistinct, masked, misty, murky, shadowy, shady, shrouded, unclear, unlit,

unrecognizable, vague, veiled

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反义词：clear, bold, clean, definite, distinct, explicit, focused, legible, obvious, plain,

positive, recognizable, sharp, simple, unambiguous, unmistakable, visible, well-defined

2无名的 an obscure poet 无名诗人

同（近）义词：forgotten, minor, undistinguished, unheard of, unimportant, unknown

反义词：famous, acclaimed, celebrated, distinguished, eminent, famed, historic, honored,

illustrious, important, legendary, lionized, notable, noted, outstanding, prominent,

proverbial, renowned, time-honored, well-known, world-famous

3难解的 an obscure joke 难解的笑话

同（近）义词：arcane, complex, cryptic, enigmatic, esoteric, incomprehensible, puzzling,

recherché, recondite

反义词：obvious, blatant, conspicuous, distinct, evident, eye-catching, flagrant, glaring,

inescapable, intrusive, notable, noticeable, obtrusive, open, patent, perceptible, plain,

prominent, pronounced, recognizable, self-evident, unconcealed, undisguised,

undisputed, unmistakable, visible

v. 使模糊 Mist obscured the view. 雾把景色弄模糊了。

同（近）义词：block out, blur, cloud, conceal, cover, darken, disguise, eclipse, envelop, hide,

make obscure, mask, screen, shade, shroud, veil

反义词：clarify, define, elucidate, explain, gloss, illuminate, make clear, throw light on

observation [�əbzə:'veiʃn] n. 观察

observe [əb'zə:v] v.

1观测，观察 to observe an eclipse 观测日食； to observe someone’s behavior观察某人的

行为

同（近）义词：contemplate, detect, discern, monitor, note, notice, perceive, scrutinize, spot,

spy, stare at, study, view, watch, witness

2遵守 to observe the rules 遵守规则

同（近）义词：abide by, adhere to, comply with, conform to, follow, heed, honor, keep, obey,

pay attention to, respect

3庆祝 to observe Christmas 庆祝圣诞节

同（近）义词：celebrate, commemorate, keep, remember, solemnize

4说 I observe that it was a nice day. 我说，是个好天。

同（近）义词：comment, declare, explain, make an observation, mention, reflect, remark, say

observer [əb'zə:və] n. 观察者 He is an acute observer. 他是个敏锐的观察家。

同（近）义词：bystander, commentator, eye-witness, onlooker, spectator, viewer, watcher,

witness

obsession [əb'seʃn] n. 着迷 Don’t let your hobby become an obsession. 别沉迷于你的嗜好。

同（近）义词：addiction, fetish, fixation, infatuation, mania, passion, preoccupation

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obsolete ['�bsəli:t] a. 过时的，已经不用的 an obsolete design 过时的设计

同（近）义词：anachronistic, antiquated, antique, archaic, dated, dead, discarded, disused,

extinct, old-fashioned, outdated, out-of-date, outmoded, primitive, superannuated,

superseded, unfashionable

反义词：current, contemporary, fashionable, modern, prevailing, prevalent, trendy,

up-to-date

obvious ['�bviəs] a. 明显的，显而易见的 an obvious accent 明显的口音； an obvious landmark

明显的标界

同（近）义词：blatant, clear, conspicuous, distinct, evident, eye-catching, flagrant, glaring,

gross, inescapable, intrusive, notable, noticeable, obtrusive, open, patent, perceptible,

plain, prominent, pronounced, recognizable, self-evident, unconcealed, undisguised,

undisputed, unmistakable, visible

反义词：abstruse, coded, covert, cryptic, dark, hidden, implicit, mysterious, mystical,

obscure, occult, recondite, secret, unclear

obviously ['�bviəsli] adv. 显然地 Obviously his wife's left him. 显然他的妻子离开了他。

同（近）义词：evidently, manifestly, patently, apparently

occurrence [ə'k�rəns] n. 发生，事件

odd [�d] a.

1奇数的 odd numbers 奇数

2单只的，剩余的 an odd sock 单只的袜子

同（近）义词：left over, remaining, single, spare, unmatched

3非经常的，各样的 odd jobs 零工

同（近）义词：casual, irregular, miscellaneous, occasional, random, varied, various

4古怪的 odd behavior 古怪的行为

同（近）义词：abnormal, atypical, bizarre, curious, eccentric, freak, funny, incongruous,

inexplicable, peculiar, puzzling, queer, singular, strange, uncharacteristic, uncommon,

unconventional, unusual, weird

反义词：accepted, accustomed, average, common, commonplace, conventional, customary,

established, everyday, familiar, habitual, natural, normal, ordinary, predictable, prosaic,

quotidian, regular, routine, standard, typical, unsurprising, usual

opponent [ə'pəunənt] n. 对手，反对者 an opponent in a debate 辩论的对手

同（近）义词：adversary, antagonist, challenger, enemy, foe

反义词：ally, affiliate, amalgamate, associate, band, together, collaborate, combine, confe-

derate, co-operate, from an alliance

oppose [ə'pəuz] v. 反对，使对抗 to oppose someone’s ideas 反对某人的意见

同（近）义词：argue with, attack, be opposed to, challenge, combat, compete against,

confront, contest, contradict, controvert, counter, defy, disapprove of, face, fight, obstruct,

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quarrel with, resist, rival, stand up to, withstand

oppressive [ə'presiv] a.

1暴虐的 an oppressive ruler 暴虐的统治者

同（近）义词：brutal, cruel, despotic, harsh, repressive, severe, tyrannical, unjust

2闷热的 oppressive weather 闷热的天气

同（近）义词：airless, close, heavy, hot, humid, muggy, stifling, stuffy, sultry

optimism ['�ptimizəm] n. 乐观

同（近）义词：cheerfulness, confidence, hope, positiveness

反义词：cynicism, despair, despondency, fatalism, gloom, hopelessness, negativeness,

pessimism, resignation, unhappiness

optimistic [��pti'mistik] a. 乐观的 optimistic about our chances 对我们的运气感到乐观

同（近）义词：buoyant, cheerful, confident, expectant, hopeful, positive, sanguine

ordinary ['�:dinəri] a. 普通的

同（近）义词：familiar, accustomed, average, common, commonplace, conventional, custo-

mary, established, everyday, frequent, habitual, humble, indifferent, mediocre, medium,

middling, moderate, modest, mundane, nondescript, normal, orthodox, pedestrian, plain,

prosaic, quotidian, reasonable, regular, routine, satisfactory, simple, standard, stock,

typical, undistinguished, unexceptional, unexciting, unimpressive, uninteresting,

unsurprising, usual, well-known, workaday

反义词：abnormal, astonishing, atypical, bizarre, curious, eerie, exceptional, extraordinary,

irregular, odd, out of the ordinary, peculiar, queer, rare, remarkable, singular, surprising,

uncommon, unexpected, unheard of, unique, unnatural, untypical, unusual

organism ['�:gənizəm] n. 生物体，有机体

original [ə'rid�ənəl] a.

1原始的，最早的 the original inhabitants of a country 某国最早的居民

同（近）义词：aboriginal, archetypal, earliest, first, initial, native, primal, primitive, primordial

反义词： contemporary, current, fresh, modern, novel, present-day, recent, up-to-date

2独创的，创作的 an original idea 创新的构想；an original story 创作的小说

同（近）义词：creative, first-hand, fresh, imaginative, innovative, inspired, inventive, novel,

resourceful, thoughtful, unconventional, unfamiliar, unique, unusual

反义词：banal, borrowed, conventional, copied, corny, derivative, hackneyed, orthodox,

second-hand, stale, traditional, unimaginative, uninspired, ininventive, unoriginal

3真迹的 an original work of art 艺术品真迹

同（近）义词：authentic, genuine, real, unique

反义词：artificial, bogus, counterfeit, ersatz, fake, false, fictitious, forged, imitation, sham,

simulated, synthetic, unreal

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originality [�ərid�i'næliti] n. 创意，新奇

outrage ['autreid�] n.

1暴行 The way he treat his pets is an outrage. 他那样对待宠物真残忍。

同（近）义词：atrocity, crime, disgrace

2义愤 You can imagine our outrage when we heard what he’d done. 你可以想像我们听到

他干的事情后有多愤怒。

同（近）义词：anger, disgust, fury, horror, indignation

outright ['aut'rait] a. 完全的，彻头彻尾的 an outright villain 彻头彻尾的坏人

同（近）义词：complete, absolute, errant, downright, extreme, pure, rank, sheer, thorough,

thoroughgoing, total, unmitigated, unmixed, unqualified, utter

overlook [�əuvə�luk] v.

1宽容，忽略，未看到 to overlook someone’s wrongdoing 宽容某人的不正当行为

同（近）义词：condone, disregard, excuse, forget, ignore, leave out, let pass, miss, neglect,

omit, pardon, pass over, pay no attention to

2俯瞰，俯视 My window overlooks the pie factory. 我的窗子俯视馅饼厂。

同（近）义词：face, front, have a view of, look at, look on to

overwhelming [�əuvə'welmiŋ] a. 压倒的 an overwhelming victory 压倒性的胜利

同（近）义词：crushing, devastating, great, landslide, overpowering

P

paradox ['pærəd�ks] n. 有矛盾特点的人或事

同（近）义词：absurdity, anomaly, contradiction, self-contradiction

parallel ['pærəlel] a.& n.

a. 1平行的 parallel lines 平行线

同（近）义词：equidistant

2相同的，类似的 a parallel example 相同的例子

同（近）义词：analogous, corresponding, matching, similar

n. 相似处 I saw a parallel between her situation and mine. 我看她的情形和我的有相似之处。

同（近）义词：analogy, comparison, correspondence, likeness, match, resemblance, simi-

larity

particular [pə'tikjulə] a.

1 个人的，特别的，独有的 I recognized his particular way of talking. 我认出他独特的说话

方式。

同（近）义词：distinct, individual, peculiar, personal, singular, specific, uncommon, unique,

unmistakable

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2分外的 I made a particular effort. 我出了分外的力。

同（近）义词：exceptional, important, notable, outstanding, special, unusual

3挑剔的 The cat’s particular about food. 这只猫吃东西很挑剔。

同（近）义词：choosy, discriminating, fastidious, finicky, fussy, meticulous, nice, pernickety,

selective

particularly [pə'tikjuləli] ad. 特别，尤其 His behavior is not particularly adult. 他的举止行为还

不太成熟。

同（近）义词：peculiarly, especially, specially

partisan [pa:ti'zæn] a.& n.

a. （对个别人、团体、思想）过分支持的，偏袒的 Most newspaper are politically partisan. 大多

数报纸都有政治倾向。

同（近）义词：biased, bigoted, chauvinist, discriminatory, illiberal, intolerant, jingoistic,

leading, loaded, narrow-minded, one-sided, partial, prejudiced, racist, sexist, tendentious,

unfair, xenophobic

n. 游击战士

passionate ['pæʃənit] a. 感情强烈的 passionate feelings 强烈的感情

同（近）义词：ardent, avid, burning, committed, excited, fervent, fiery, frenzied, hot,

impassioned, urgent, zealous

反义词：apathetic, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, inactive, indifferent, lethargic,

listless, passive, phlegmatic, sluggish, tepid, torpid, uncommitted, unconcerned, unenthu-

siastic, unfeeling, uninterested

pattern ['pætən] n.

1花样 patterns on wallpaper 墙纸的花样

同（近）义词：arrangement, decoration, design, device, figuration, figure, motif,

ornamentation, shape, tessellation

2模范 a pattern to copy 仿效的模范

同（近）义词：archetype, criterion, example, guide, model, norm, original, precedent,

prototype, sample, specimen, standard

peculiar [pi'kju:ljə] a.

1奇特的 There’s a peculiar person snooping around. 有个古怪的人在附近窥探。

同（近）义词：abnormal, bizarre, curious, eccentric, funny, odd, outlandish, out of the

ordinary, quaint, queer, quirky, surprising, strange, uncommon, unconventional, unusual,

weird

反义词：conventional, accepted, accustomed, common, commonplace, correct, customary,

decorous, expected, habitual, mainstream, normal, ordinary, orthodox, prevalent, regular,

routine, standard, straight, traditional, unsurprising, usual

2特有的 I recognized her peculiar way of writing. 我认出她特有的写法。

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同（近）义词：characteristic, different, distinctive, identifiable, idiosyncratic, individual,

particular, personal, private, special, singular, unique

反义词：common, average, commonplace, conventional, customary, popular, prevalent,

regular, familiar, frequent, habitual, normal, ordinary, routine, standard, traditional,

typical, unsurprising, usual, well-known, widespread

pedestrian [pe'destriən] a.& n.

a. 1行人的 a pedestrian precinct 行人专用区

同（近）义词：pedestrianized, traffic-free

2平凡的 a pedestrian performance 平凡的表演

同（近）义词：accustomed, average, common, commonplace, conventional, customary,

established, familiar, frequent, habitual, humble, indifferent, mediocre, medium, middling,

moderate, modest, mundane, nondescript, normal, ordinary, orthodox, plain, prosaic,

quotidian, reasonable, regular, routine, satisfactory, simple, standard, stock, typical,

undistinguished, unexceptional, unexciting, unimpressive, uninteresting, usual,

unsurprising, well-known, workaday

n. 行人

perceive [pə'si:v] v.

1发觉，观察到 I perceived a shape on the horizon. 我发觉地平线上有个朦胧的形象。

同（近）义词：become aware of, catch sight of, detect, discern, distinguish, make out, notice,

observe, recognize, see, spot

2明白 I began to perceive what she meant. 我渐渐明白她的意思了。

同（近）义词：apprehend, comprehend, deduce, feel, gather, grasp, know, realize, sense,

understand

perception [pə'sepʃn] n. 感觉 What is your perception of the problem? 你觉得这个问题怎么样?

Ears and eyes are organs of perception. 耳目是感觉器官。

同（近）义词：apprehension, awareness, cognition, comprehension, consciousness, discern-

ment, insight, observation, recognition, sensation, sense, understanding, view

permanent ['pə:mənənt] a. 永久的，持久的

同（近）义词：abiding, chronic, constant, continual, continuous, durable, enduring, ever-

lasting, fixed, immutable, incessant, incurable, indestructible, ineradicable, irreparable,

irreversible, lasting, lifelong, long-lasting, never-ending, perennial, perpetual, persistent,

stable, steady, unalterable, unchanging, unending

反义词：brief, ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, impermanent, interim, makeshift, passing,

provisional, short, short-lived, short-term, stop-gap, momentary, temporary, transient,

transitory

perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 观点 Birds see a garden from a different perspective. 鸟看花园的视

角跟人不同。

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同（近）义词：angle, outlook, point of view, slant, view, viewpoint

phenomena [fi'n�minə] n. 现象

phenomenon [fi'n�minən] n.

1现象 Snow is a common phenomenon in winter. 冬天下雪是普通的现象。

同（近）义词：circumstance, event, fact, happening, incident, occurrence, sight

2非凡的人或事物 They said the six-year old pianist was quite a phenomenon. 他们说那个

弹钢琴的六岁小孩子着实是个天才。

同（近）义词：curiosity, marvel, phenomenal person or thing, prodigy, wonder

philosopher [fi'l�səfə] n. 哲学家，哲人

philosophical [�filə's�fikl] a. 哲学的，哲学上的，冷静的

philosophy [fi'l�səfi] n. 哲学，哲理

phrase [freiz] n.& v.

n. 短语，习语，惯用语

同（近）义词：cliche, formula, phraseology, remark, saying, statement, term, turn of phrase,

wording

v. 措辞，推敲 I agree with what he says, but I’d have phrased it differently. 我赞同他所说的，

但我会以不同的方式表达。

同（近）义词：communicate, express, give vent to, put into words, release, vent, ventilate,

word

physicist ['fizisist] n. 物理学家

plausibility [�pl�:zə'biləti] n. 似有道理，善装门面，善辩

plausible ['pl�:zəbl] a. 似乎有理的 the plausible talk of a crafty salesperson 诡计多端的推销员

的花言巧语

同（近）义词：acceptable, believable, conceivable, credible, persuasive, possible, probable,

reasonable, tenable

反义词： implausible, far-fetched, feeble, improbable, suspect, unconvincing, unlikely,

unreasonable, weak

plea [pli:] n. 请求 a plea for mercy 请求宽恕

同（近）义词：appeal, entreaty, invocation, petition, prayer, request, supplication

plight [plait] n. 境况，困境 the plight of homeless 无家可归者的艰难困苦

poetry ['pəuitri] n. 诗歌

同（近）义词：poem, rhyme, verse

portrait ['p�:trit] n. 肖像 a portrait of a famous person 名人的肖像

同（近）义词：depiction, image, likeness, picture, portrayal, profile, representation, self-

portrait

portray [p�:'trei] v. 描绘 The book portrays what life was like 1000 years ago. 这本书描绘了

1000年前生活的情形。

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同（近）义词：delineate, depict, describe, evoke, illustrate, picture, represent, show

portrayal [p�:'treiəl] n. 描绘，肖像

potential [pə'tenʃəl] a.

1有潜力的 a potential champion 可能成为优胜者的人

同（近）义词：budding, embryonic, promising, prospective

2潜在的 a potential disaster 潜在的灾难

同（近）义词：imminent, impending, latent, looming, threatening

practical ['præktikəl] a.

1实用的 practical science 实用科学

同（近）义词：applied, empirical, experimental

2实事求是 a practical approach 实事求是的态度

同（近）义词：businesslike, efficient, down-to-earth, hard-hearted, matter-of-fact,

pragmatic, realistic, sensible, utilitarian

反义词： theoretical, abstract, academic, conjectural, doctrinaire, hypothetical, ideal,

notional, pure, speculative, unproven, untested

3能干的 a practical worker 做事能干的人

同（近）义词：accomplished, capable, competent, expert, proficient, skilled

4便于应用的 a practical tool 便于应用的工具

同（近）义词：convenient, functional, handy, usable, useful

反义词： impractical, academic, idealistic, impossible, impracticable, inconvenient, not

feasible, romantic, theoretical, unachievable, unrealistic, unworkable

5切实可行的 a practical plan 切实可行的计划

practicality [�prækti'kæliti] n. 实际，实例，实用性

pragmatic [præg'mætik] a. 实际的

同（近）义词：practical, businesslike, efficient, down-to-earth, hard-headed, matter-of-fact,

realistic, sensible, utilitarian

precise [pri'sais] a. 精确的，准确的

同（近）义词：definite, assured, categorical, certain, clear-cut, confident, cut-and-dried,

decided, determined, emphatic, exact, explicit, fixed, incisive, particular, settled, specific,

sure, unambiguous, unequivocal

反义词：ambivalent, confusing, enigmatic, equivocal, indefinite, indeterminate, puzzling,

uncertain, unclear, vague, wooly

predator ['predətə] n. 食肉动物

predecessor ['pri:disesə] n. 前任，被取代的事物

同（近）义词：ancestor, antecedent, forebear, forefather, forerunner, precursor

predict [pri'dikt] v. 预知，预测 to predict the future 预测未来

同（近）义词：forebode, forecast, foresee, foretell, forewarn, prognosticate, prophesy, tell

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fortunes

predictable [pri'diktəbl] a. 可以预言的 a predictable disaster 可以预言的灾祸

同（近）义词：certain, expected, foreseeable, likely, probable

反义词：unpredictable, changeable, uncertain, unexpected, unforeseeable

prediction [pri'dikʃn] n. 预言，预报

prejudice ['pred�udis] n.& v.

n. 偏见 racial prejudice 种族偏见； sexual prejudice 性别偏见

同（近）义词：bias, bigotry, chauvinism, discrimination, dogmatism, fanaticism, favoritism,

intolerance, jingoism, narrow-mindedness, partisanship, predisposition, racialism, racism,

sexism, unfairness, xenophobia

v. 1使抱有偏见 His dirty appearance prejudiced me against him. 他外貌丑陋，我对他生厌。

同（近）义词：bias, incline, predispose, sway

2影响 Publicity might prejudice the result of the trial. 经过公开宣扬，审判的结果可能受到

影响。

同（近）义词：influence, interfere with, prejudge, sway

3损害 Will a criminal record prejudice your chances of a job? 有犯罪记录会妨碍就业机会

吗？

同（近）义词：damage, ruin, harm, injure, spoil, undermine

preoccupation [pri��kju'peiʃn] n. 先取，先入成见，偏见

presence ['prezns] n.

1出席，在场 The boss requires your presence. 上司要求你在场。

同（近）义词：attendance

2接近 I value the presence of friends when I’m sad. 悲哀的时候有朋友在身边对我很重要。

同（近）义词：closeness, companionship, company, nearness, propinquity, proximity

3风度 an actor with a commanding presence 台风深深吸引观众的演员

同（近）义词：air, appearance, bearing, demeanor, impressiveness, personality

preservation [�prezə:'veiʃn] n. 保存 The paintings were in an excellent state of preservation.

这些画保存得非常好。

同（近）义词：storage

preserve [pri'zə:v] n.& v.

n. 1防腐剂

2果酱 strawberry preserve 草莓果酱

同（近）义词：conserve, jam

3禁猎地 a wildlife preserve 野生动物的禁猎地

同（近）义词：enclave, game park, protected area, reservation, reserve, safari-park,

sanctuary

v. 1维持 to preserve peace 维持和平

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同（近）义词：defend, guard, maintain, perpetuate, protect, retain, safeguard, secure, sus-

tain, uphold

2保藏 to preserve food 保藏食物； to preserve resources 保存资源

同（近）义词：conserve, keep, lay up, look after, save, stockpile, store

previous ['pri:vjəs] a. 在…之前，先前的 looking back on previous events 回顾往事

同（近）义词：antecedent, earlier, foregoing, former, preceding, prior

反义词：following, coming, consequent, ensuing, future, later, next, resulting, subsequent,

succeeding

prey [prei] n.& v.

n. 被掠食的动物 The lion killed its prey. 狮子咬死了猎物。

同（近）义词：quarry, victim

v. 捕食 Owls prey on small animals. 猎头鹰捕食小动物。

同（近）义词：eat, feed on, hunt, kill

primarily ['praimərili] ad. 首要地, 主要地

同（近）义词：basically, chiefly, especially, firstly, fundamentally, generally, mainly, mostly,

predominantly, principally

primary ['praiməri] a. 主要的，初期的，根本的 Our primary aim was to win. 我们主要的目标是

获胜。

同（近）义词：basic, chief, dominant, first, foremost, fundamental, greatest, important,

initial, leading, main, major, outstanding, paramount, prime, principal, supreme, top

principle ['prinsəpl] n.

1行为准则，原则 moral principles 道德标准

同（近）义词：assumption, axiom, belief, doctrine, dogma, ethic, ideal, maxim, precept,

proposition, rule, tenet, theory, values

2（plural 复数）原理 the basic principles of a subject 某学科的基本原理

同（近）义词：basics, elements, essentials, fundamentals, laws

3节操 a person of principle 有节操的人

同（近）义词：high-mindedness, honesty, honor, ideals, integrity, morality, probity, scru-

ples, standards, uprightness, virtue

private ['praivit] a.

1私人的 He's a rather private person. 他不太喜欢和别人交流思想感情。

同（近）义词：individual, personal, privately owned

2秘密的 private information 秘密的消息

同（近）义词：classified, confidential, intimate, secret

反义词：public, accessible, common, communal, familiar, general, known, national, open,

popular, shared, universal, unrestricted, well-known

3不公开的 a private meeting 不公开的会晤

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同（近）义词：clandestine, closed, restricted

反义词：open, accessible, available, exposed, public, revealed

4隐蔽的 a private hideaway 隐蔽的藏身处

同（近）义词： concealed, hidden, isolated, little-known, quiet, secluded, sequestered,

solitary, unknown

反义词：popular, accepted, celebrated, famous, fashionable, favored, favorite, liked,

lionized, loved, renowned, sought-after, well-known, well-liked

privilege ['privilid�] n. 优惠，特权 Club members enjoy special privileges. 俱乐部会员享有特别

优惠。

同（近）义词：advantage, benefit, concession, entitlement, license, right

process [prə'ses] n.& v.

n. 1方法 a manufacturing process 制造方法

同（近）义词：method, operation, procedure, system, technique

2过程 the process of growing up 成长的过程

同（近）义词：course, development, evolution, experience, progression

v. 加工 to process crude oil 原油加工

同（近）义词：alter, change, convert, deal with, make usable, prepare, refine, transform, treat

prodigious [prə'did�əs] a. 惊人的

同（近）义词：amazing, awe-inspiring, breathtaking, exceptional, extraordinary, fantastic,

incredible, miraculous, notable, phenomenal, remarkable, sensational, special, staggering,

stunning, stupendous, unusual, wonderful

profitable ['pr�fitəbəl] a. 有益的，有用的 profitable employment 有报酬的工作

同（近）义词：advantageous, beneficial, commercial, fruitful, gainful, lucrative, moneymak-

ing, paying, productive, profit-making, remunerative, rewarding, useful, valuable, worthwhile

反义词：unprofitable, loss-making, uneconomic, unproductive, unrewarding

profound [prə'faund] a.

1深切的 profound sympathy 深切的同情

同（近）义词：deep, heartfelt, intense, sincere

2见解深刻的 a profound discussion 深刻的讨论

同（近）义词：abstruse, erudite, imponderable, intellectual, knowledgeable, learned,

philosophical, serious, thoughtful, wise

progress ['prəugres] n.& v.

n. 1进步 scientific progress 科学的进步

同（近）义词：advance, breakthrough, development, gain, headway, improvement, march,

movement, progression

2行进 I traced their progress on a map. 我在地图上画出他们前进的路线。

同（近）义词：journey, route, travels, way

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v. 进展 Our plans are progressing. 我们的计划不断有进展。

同（近）义词：advance, develop, improve, make progress, move forward, proceed, prosper

反义词：regress, backslide, degenerate, deteriorate, fall back, go back, move backwards,

retreat, retrogress, revert, slip back

prolong [prə'l�ŋ] v. 延长，拖延 The game was prolonged by injuries. 因为有人受伤，比赛延长了。

同（近）义词：delay, draw out, extend, increase, lengthen, make longer, protract, stretch out

promote [prə'məut] v.

1提升 to promote someone to a higher rank 提升某人

同（近）义词：advance, elevate, exalt, give promotion, move up, prefer, raise, upgrade

2支持 A local firm promoted our festival. 本地某公司支持我们定期举行的艺术节。

同（近）义词：back, boost, encourage, help, sponsor, support

proof [pru:f] n. 证明，证据 proof of guilt 罪证

同（近）义词：confirmation, corroboration, demonstration, evidence, facts, grounds,

testimony, verification

property ['pr�pəti] n.

1财产 I don’t own much property. 我没有许多财产。

同（近）义词：assets, belongings, effects, fortune, goods, patrimony, possessions, riches,

wealth

2房屋 Keep off! Private property. 私人房屋，闲人免进！

同（近）义词：building, estate, land, premises

3性质 This chemical has unusual properties. 这种化学品有异常的性质。

同（近）义词：attribute, characteristic, feature, idiosyncrasy, peculiarity, quality, trait

proposal [prə'pəuzəl] n. 求婚，提议，计划

propose [prə'pəuz] v.

1建议 I propose a change in the rules. 我建议更改规则。

同（近）义词：ask for, present, put forward, recommend, submit, suggest

2打算 Our friends propose to visit us. 我们的朋友打算来看我们。

同（近）义词：aim, have in mind, intend, mean, offer, plan, purpose

3提名 They proposed me as a candidate in the election. 他们提名我为候选人。

同（近）义词：nominate, put up

prose [prəuz] n. 散文

prove [pru:v] v. 证明，证实 to prove a theory 证实一个理论

同（近）义词：ascertain, attest, authenticate, confirm, corroborate, demonstrate, establish,

explain, justify, show to be true, substantiate, test, verify

provocative [prə'v�kətiv] a. 气人的，刺激的，挑拨的

provoke [prə'vəuk] v. 触怒 If you provoke the dog, it’ll bite. 要是你惹狗发怒，狗就会咬你。

同（近）义词：anger, annoy, arouse, encourage, enrage, exasperate, goad, incense, incite,

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inflame, infuriate, insult, irk, irritate, offend, pique, rile, tease, torment, upset, urge on, vex,

worry

psychological [�saikə'l�d�ikəl] a. 心理（学）的

psychologist [sai'k�ləd�ist] n. 心理学家

pursue [pə'sju:] v.

1追捕，追 Hounds pursue the fox. 猎狗追捕狐狸。

同（近）义词：chase, follow, go in pursuit of, hound, hunt, run after, seek, shadow, tail, track

down

2努力 She’s pursuing a career in engineering. 她努力要干工程这一行。

同（近）义词：aim for, aspire to, strive for, try for

3从事，忙于 I pursue my hobbies at weekends. 周末我忙于自己的消遣。

同（近）义词：carry on, conduct, continue, engage in, follow up, inquire into, investigate,

keep up with, persevere in, proceed with

pursuit [pə'sju:t] n.

1追捕 The hounds were in pursuit of the fox. 猎狗在追捕狐狸。

同（近）义词：chase, hunt, tracking down, trail

2事务，职业，消遣，研究 What are your favorite pursuits? 你喜欢什么消遣？

同（近）义词：activity, hobby, interest, occupation, pastime, pleasure

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quantum ['kw�ntəm] n. 量，额，量子，量子论

quotation [kwəu'teiʃn] n.

1引文 a quotation from a book 由某书引来的文字

同（近）义词：citation, clip, cutting, excerpt, extract, passage, piece, reference

2估价单 The garage gave us a quotation for repairing the car. 汽车修理厂给了我们修车的估

价单。

同（近）义词：estimate, likely price, tender

quote [kwəut] v. 引述，报价

R

radical ['rædikəl] a.

1彻底的 a radical inquiry 彻底的调查

同（近）义词：basic, drastic, fundamental, thorough

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反义词：superficial, careless, casual, cursory, desultory, hasty, hurried, inattentive, passing,

perfunctory

2激进的 radical political views 激进的政见

同（近）义词：extreme, extremist, far-reaching, revolutionary, subversive（含贬义）

反义词：moderate, average, cautious, deliberate, fair, medium, middle, middling, modest,

normal, ordinary, rational, reasonable, respectable, sensible, sober, steady, temperate,

usual

radically ['rædikəli] ad. 根本地，完全地

range [reind�] n.& v.

n. 1一系列 a range of mountains 山脉

同（近）义词：chain, file, line, row, series, string

2范围, 种类 a wide range of goods 各种各样的货物

同（近）义词：area, compass, extent, field, gamut, limits, scope, selection, spectrum, variety

3射程 the range of a gun 炮的射程

同（近）义词：distance, limit, reach

v. 1排列 His trophies were ranged on the shelf. 他的奖品都排列在架子上。

同（近）义词：arrange, adjust, align, categorize, classify, collate, display, dispose, distribute,

grade, group, lay out, line up, marshal, order, organize, position, put in order, put out,

rank, set out, sift, sort, sort out, space out, systematize, tabulate, tidy up

2（在一定范围内）变动 Prices range from ￡10 to ￡15. 价格在 10英镑到 15英镑之间。

同（近）义词：differ, extend, fluctuate, reach, vary

3漫游 Sheep range over the hills. 羊在山上来回走动。

同（近）义词：roam, rove, stray, travel, wander

rare [rεə] a.

1稀有的 a rare visitor 稀客； a rare example of something 某事物罕有的例子

同（近）义词：abnormal, curious, exceptional, infrequent, irreplaceable, occasional, odd,

peculiar, scarce, singular, special, strange, surprising, uncommon, unusual

反义词：average, common or garden, commonplace, conventional, customary, familiar,

frequent, habitual, normal, ordinary, popular, prevalent, regular, routine, standard, tradi-

tional, typical, unsurprising, usual, well-known, widespread

2极好的 We had a rare time. 我们高兴极了。

rarely ['reəli] ad. 罕见，很少，不常 We rarely agreed on what to do. 我们很少在要做的事情上看

法一致。

rattle ['rætl] n.& v.

n. 格格声 From the kitchen came a rattling of cups and saucers. 从厨房传来叮叮当当杯盘碰撞

的声音。

v. 1发出格格声 Every time a bus went past, the windows rattled. 每逢公共汽车经过这里，窗户

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都咯咯作响。

2使紧张，使恐惧 He was clearly rattled by the question. 这个问题显然令他感到紧张。

realm [relm] n. 王国，领域

同（近）义词：country, domain, empire, kingdom, monarchy

recognition [�rekəg'niʃn] n. 认出，承认

reconcile ['rekənsail] v. 使和解 I managed to reconcile them after their quarrel. 他们吵了架，

我想法使他们和解。

同（近）义词：bring together, conciliate, harmonize, placate, reunite

recount [ri'kaunt] v. 详述，叙述，重新计算

reference ['refrəns] n.

1引文，参考 Which book does this reference come from? 这段引文摘录自哪一本书的？

同（近）义词：allusion, citation, example, illustration, instance, mention, quotation, remark

2介绍信 When you apply for jobs you need a reference. 申请职位要提出介绍信。

同（近）义词：recommendation, testimonial

reflect [ri'flekt] v.

1映出，反照 A mirror reflects your image. 镜子映出你的影像。Cat’s-eyes reflect headlight.

猫眼反光镜反照车前灯射出的光线。

同（近）义词：mirror, return, send back, shine back, throw back

2反映，表明 Their success reflects their hard work. 他们的成功反映出他们下过苦功。

同（近）义词：bear witness to, correspond to, demonstrate, echo, exhibit, indicate, match,

reveal, show

refusal [ri'fju:zəl] n. 拒绝 Our request was met with a refusal. 我们的请求遭到了拒绝。

同（近）义词：denial, negative reply, rebuff, rejection

反义词：acceptance, acquiescence, agreement, assent, authorization, consent, endor-

sement, license, mandate, permission, ratification, sanction, seal, stamp, support, valida-

tion

reinforce [ri:in'f�:s] v.

1加固 to reinforce the wall 把墙加固

同（近）义词：back up, bolster, buttress, fortify, give strength to, hold up, prop up, stiffen,

strengthen, support, toughen

2增援 to reinforce an army 增援军队

同（近）义词：add to, assist, help, increase the size of, provide reinforcements for,

supplement

reiterate [ri:'itəreit] v. 反复地说，反复地做 The captain reiterated the command to us. 上尉对我

们重申了那项命令。

reject [ri'd�ekt] v.

1拒绝接受 Good shops reject sub-standard goods. 好的店家不卖劣货。

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同（近）义词：discard, eliminate, exclude, jettison, scrap, send back, throw away, throw out

2抛弃 It’s not nice to reject your friends. 实在不该摒弃朋友。

同（近）义词：dismiss, disown, drop, jilt, rebuff, renounce, repel, repudiate, repulse, spurn

3谢绝 to reject an invitation 谢绝邀请

同（近）义词：decline, refuse, say not to, turn down, veto

反义词：accept, receive, take, welcome, jump at

reluctant [ri'l�ktənt] a. 不情愿的，勉强的 I was reluctant to pay what they demanded. 我不情愿

付他们要求的钱。

同（近）义词：disinclined, grudging, hesitant, loath, unenthusiastic, unwilling

反义词：agog, anxious, ardent, avid, bursting, committed, eager, earnest, enthusiastic,

excited, fervent, impatient, intent, interested, keen, motivated, passionate, voracious,

zealous

remark [ri'mɑ:k] n.& v.

n. 备注，评论，注意 The judge made a few remarks about our performance. 评判员就我们的

表现给了几句评语。

同（近）义词：comment, mention, observation, opinion, reflection, statement, thought,

utterance, word

v. 1评论，注意，述及 He remarked that it was a nice day. 他说天气晴朗。

同（近）义词：comment, declare, mention, note, observe, reflect, say, state

2发现 Did you remark anything unusual? 你可曾发现什么异常的情形？

同（近）义词：heed, mark, notice, observe, perceive, see

remarkable [ri'mɑ:kəbl] a. 出色的，显著的，非凡的 a remarkable achievement 非凡的成就

同（近）义词：amazing, conspicuous, distinguished, exceptional, extraordinary, important,

impressive, notable, noteworthy, out of the ordinary, outstanding, phenomenal, prominent,

singular, special, strange, striking, surprising, uncommon, unusual, wonderful

反义词：ordinary, accustomed, common, conventional, customary, expected, familiar,

fixed, frequent, natural, normal, predictable, regular, routine, standard, traditional, typical,

usual

render ['rendə] v.

1给予 to render someone a service 给某人效劳

同（近）义词：give, accord, allocate, allot, allow, apportion, assign, award, bestow, confer,

contribute, deal out, distribute, donate, endow, entrust, give away, give out, grant, hand

over, lend, offer, pass over, pay, present, provide, ration out, share out, supply

2表演 to render a song 演唱歌曲

同（近）义词：perform, act, appear, dance, enact, play, present, produce, put on, represent,

serenade, sing, take part

3使 to render someone speechless 使某人讲不出话来

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同（近）义词：make, cause to become

represent [�repri'zent] v.

1表现 Our pageant represented scenes from history. 我们的露天历史剧上演一幕幕的历史

事件。

同（近）义词：act out, delineate, depict, describe, draw, enact, exhibit, illustrate, paint,

picture, portray, show

2代表 Santa Claus represents the spirit of Christmas. 圣诞老人代表圣诞节的精神。

同（近）义词：embody, epitomize, exemplify, incarnate, personify, stand for, symbolize

representation [�reprizen'teiʃn] n. 表现，陈述

resemble [ri'zembl] v. 与…相似 Twins usually resemble each other. 双胞胎通常彼此相似。

同（近）义词：be similar to, look like, mirror, take after

resent [ri'zent] v. 怨恨 to resent someone else’s success 恨别人成功

同（近）义词：begrudge, be resentful about, dislike, envy, grudge, grumble at, object to

resentment [ri'zentmənt] n. 怨恨

reserve [ri'zə:v] n.& v.

n. 1储备 a reserve of food 食物的储备

同（近）义词：fund, hoard, reservoir, savings, stock, stockpile, store, supply

2预备队员 reserves for a game of football 足球比赛的预备队员

同（近）义词：deputy, replacement, stand-by, substitute, understudy

3保护区 a wildlife reserve 野生动物保护区

同（近）义词：enclave, game park, preserve, protected area, reservation, safari-park,

sanctuary

4拘谨 Overcome your reserve and join in. 别那么拘谨，来参加呀。

同（近）义词：aloofness, caution, modesty, reluctance, reserved behavior, reticence,

self-consciousness, self-effacement, shyness, timidity

v. 1保留 Reserve some food to eat later. 留些吃的，等回头来吃。

同（近）义词：earmark, hoard, hold back, keep, keep back, preserve, put aside, retain, save,

set aside, stockpile, store up

2预订 We reserved seats on the train. 我们预订了火车座位。

同（近）义词：book, order, pay for

resident ['rezidənt] a.& n.

a. 居住的，常驻的 The hostel has its own resident staff. 这旅馆有自己的常驻员工。

同（近）义词：in residence, living-in, permanent

n. 居民 the residents of an area 某区的居民

同（近）义词：citizen, denizen, inhabitant, native

restoration ['restə'reiʃn] n. 恢复，归还，复位

reveal [ri'vi:l] v. 揭露 to reveal the truth 揭露真相

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同（近）义词：announce, bare, betray, communicate, confess, declare, disclose, display,

divulge, exhibit, expose, lay bare, teak, make known, proclaim, produce, publish, show,

show up, tell, uncover, unfold, unmask, unveil

反义词：hide, blot out, bury, camouflage, censor, cloak, conceal, cover, curtain, disguise,

eclipse, enclose, mask, obscure, put away, put out of sight, screen, secrete, shelter, shroud,

suppress, veil, withhold

revelation [�revi'leiʃn] n. 揭露 The revelation of what he’d done amazed me. 他的作为被揭露出

来，我知道了大为诧异。

同（近）义词：announcement, confession, disclosure, discovery, expose, exposure, news,

publication, revealing, unmasking

reverence ['revərəns] n. 尊崇 reverence for our heroes 对我们英雄的尊崇

同（近）义词：admiration, adoration, awe, deference, devotion, esteem, homage, praise,

respect, veneration, worship

reward [ri'w�:d] n.& v.

n. 奖赏，报酬 a reward for bravery 因勇敢而获得的奖赏； a reward for hard work 勤劳工作的

报酬

同（近）义词：award, bonus, bounty, compensation, decoration, honour, medal, payment,

prize, recompense, remuneration, return

反义词：chastisement, correction, discipline, penalty, punishment, retribution, revenge

v. 1奖励 to reward someone for bravery 奖励某人英勇

同（近）义词：decorate, honour

2酬报 to reward someone for hard work 酬报某人工作勤劳

同（近）义词：compensate, give a reward to, recompense, remunerate, repay

反义词：chasten, chastise, correct, discipline, exact, punish, retribution (from), impose or

inflict punishment on, make an example of, pay back, penalize, teach someone a lesson

rhetoric ['retərik] n. 花言巧语，辞令 a politician’s rhetoric 政客的花言巧语

同（近）义词：eloquent, grandiloquence, magniloquence, oratory, rhetorical language

rhythm ['riðəm] n. 节奏，韵律 a steady rhythm 稳定的节律

同（近）义词：accent, beat, meter, movement, pattern, pulse, tempo, throb

rhythmic ['riðmik] a. 有规律的，有节奏的 a rhythmic beat 有规律的节奏

同（近）义词：metrical, predictable, regular, repeated, steady, throbbing

反义词：erratic, fitful, fluctuating, haphazard,intermittent, irregular, occasional, random,

spasmodic, sporadic, unequal, unpredictable, unpunctual, variable, varying, wavering

ridicule ['ridikju:l] n.& v.

n. 嘲笑 We had to put up with the ridicule of local youths. 我们得容忍本地青年的嘲笑。

同（近）义词：badinage, banter, derision, jeering, laughter, mockery, raillery, satire, scorn,

sneers, taunts, teasing

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v．嘲笑 Don’t ridicule them because of their appearance. 别因为他们的外表而嘲笑他们。

同（近）义词：be sarcastic about, be satirical about, caricature, chaff, deride, guy, jeer at,

joke about, lampoon, laugh at, make fun of, make jokes about, mock, parody, pillory, scoff

at, sneer at, subject (someone) to ridicule, taunt, tease

rigorous ['rigərəs] a.

1严格的 rigorous training 严格的训练

同（近）义词：conscientious, demanding, exacting, hard, painstaking, rigid, stringent,

structured, thorough, tough, unsparing

反义词：easygoing, calm, carefree, casual, cheerful, even-tempered, genial, indulgent,

informal, lax, lenient, liberal, nonchalant, patient, permissive, placid, relaxed, tolerant,

unexcitable, unruffled

2严酷的 a rigorous climate 严酷的气候

同（近）义词：extreme, harsh, inclement, inhospitable, severe, unfriendly, unpleasant

反义词：mild, balmy, calm, clement, peaceful, pleasant, temperate, warm

roam [rəum] v. 漫游，闲逛，徜徉 Sheep roam over the hills. 羊在山上自由自在地走动。

同（近）义词：meander, prowl, ramble, range, rove, stray, travel, walk, wander

robust [rə'b�st] a.

1强壮的，强健的 a robust physique 强壮的体格

同（近）义词：athletic, brawny, hardy, healthy, muscular, powerful, rugged, sound, strong,

vigorous

反义词：anemic, debilitated, delicate, enervated, exhausted, feeble, flabby, frail, helpless, ill,

infirm, listless, low, puny, sickly, slight, thin, wasted, weakly, weedy

2结实的 a robust machine 结实的机器

同（近）义词：durable, serviceable, sturdy, tough

反义词： brittle, decrepit, delicate, feeble, flawed, flimsy, fragile, frail, inadequate,

insubstantial, rickety, shady, slight, substandard, tender, thin, unsafe, unsound, unsteady

routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 例行公事，常规 a normal routine 例行公事

同（近）义词：course of action, custom, habit, method, pattern, practice, procedure, system,

way

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scarce [skεəs] a. 缺乏的，稀罕的 water was scarce during drought 干旱期间缺水

同（近）义词：hard to find, inadequate, in short supply, insufficient, lacking, meager, rare,

scanty, sparse

反义词：abounding, abundant, ample, bounteous, bountiful, bristling, bumper, copious,

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generous, inexhaustible, lavish, liberal, overflowing, plenteous, plentiful, profuse, prolific

scarcely ['skεəsli] adv. 几乎不，简直没有，勉强 I can scarcely hear you. 我几乎听不见你讲话。

同（近）义词：barely, hardly, only, just

schedule ['sked�jul] n.& v.

n. 时间表，一览表，计划

同（近）义词：agenda, calendar, diary, itinerary, list, plan, program, scheme, timetable

v. 安排，计划，将…列入进度表 When are we scheduled to arrive? 我们安排了几点到达？

同（近）义词：appoint, arrange, book, fix a time, organize, plan, program, timetable

scope [skəup] n. 范围 That kind of work is beyond my scope. 那种工作超出我的能力范围。

同（近）义词：ambit, capacity, compass, competence, extent, limit, range, reach, sphere,

terms of reference

segregation [�segri'geiʃn] n.

1（因歧视而有的）隔离 racial segregation 种族隔离

同（近）义词：apartheid, discrimination, separation

2（为防传染而有的）隔离 the segregation of sick animals 患病动物的隔离

同（近）义词：isolation, quarantine

sense [sens] n.& v.

n. 1意识 She has no sense of shame. 她没有羞耻心。

同（近）义词：awareness, consciousness, faculty, feeling, intuition, perception, sensation

2头脑 If you had any sense you’d stay at home. 如果你有一点头脑，就会待在家。

同（近）义词：brains, cleverness, gumption, intellect, intelligence, judgement, logic, reason,

reasoning, understanding, wisdom, wit

3意思 Did you grasp the sense of her message? 你可曾懂得她信息的意思？

同（近）义词：denotation, gist, import, interpretation, meaning, point, significance

v. 觉察得出 I sensed that he was bored. 我觉察得出他生厌了。

同（近）义词：be aware of, detect, discern, feel, guess, notice, perceive, realize, respond to,

suspect, understand

sensibility [�sensi'biliti] n. 感觉，敏感，识别力

sensitive ['sensitiv] a.

1 敏感的 sensitive to light 对光敏感

同（近）义词：affected (by), responsive, susceptible

2同情理解的 sensitive to someone’s problems 对某人的困难表示同情

同（近）义词：considerate, perceptive, sympathetic, tactful, thoughtful, understanding

3过于敏感的 Take care what you say—he’s very sensitive. 你说话小心点，他非常敏感。

同（近）义词：emotional, hypersensitive, thin-skinned, touchy

反义词：insensitive, callous, imperceptive, obtuse, tactless, thick-skinned, thoughtless,

uncaring, unfeeling, unsympathetic, anaesthetized, dead, numb, unresponsive, without

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feeling

4易受伤害的 a sensitive skin 娇嫩的皮肤

同（近）义词：delicate, fine, fragile, painful, soft, tender

5高度机密的 a sensitive subject 高度机密的题目

同（近）义词：confidential, controversial, secret

sensitivity ['sensi'tiviti] n. 敏感，多愁善感，感受性 His remarks convicted him of a lack of

sensitivity. 他的言辞显示了他缺乏敏感性。

sensory ['sensəri] a. 知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的

同（近）义词：esthetic, sensual, sensorial

sentiment ['sentimənt] n.

1意见 What are your sentiments about experiments on animals? 你对用动物做实验有什么

意见？

同（近）义词：attitude, belief, idea, judgement, opinion, thought, view

2感情 The reader communicated the sentiment of the poem most powerfully. 朗诵者把这

首诗的感情表达得极有力。

同（近）义词：emotion, feeling, agitation, excitement, fervor, passion, warmth

sentimental [�senti'mentl] a.

1感伤的 Old family photographs make me sentimental. 家里人的旧照片叫我感伤。

同（近）义词：emotional, nostalgic, romantic, soft-hearted, tearful, tender

2故作多情的 I hate sentimental words on birthday cards. 我讨厌生日贺卡上故作多情的字句。

同（近）义词：gushing, indulgent, insincere, maudlin, mawkish, overdone, over-emotional,

tear-jerking, unrealistic

significance [sig'nifikəns] n. 意义，重要性

significant [sig'nifikənt] a.

1有意义的 a significant remark 意味深长的话语

同（近）义词：eloquent, expressive, indicative, knowing, meaningful, pregnant, revealing,

symbolic

2重要的 a significant moment in history 历史上的重要时期

同（近）义词：considerate, important, influential, newsworthy, noteworthy, salient, serious,

sizeable, valuable, vital, worthwhile

simplistic [sim'plistik] a. 过分简单化的 a simplistic view of things 对事物过于简单化的看法

同（近）义词：facile, inadequate, naïve, shallow, silly, superficial

反义词：sophisticated, adult, cosmopolitan, cultivated, cultured, fashionable, mature,

pretentious, refined, stylish, urbane, worldly

simultaneous [�siməl'teiniəs] a. 同时的，同时发生的

skepticism ['skeptisizəm] n. 怀疑论，怀疑的态度

slide ['slaid] n.& v.

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n. 1滑梯 The children played on the slide. 儿童在滑梯上玩。

2幻灯片 I take slides with my camera. 我用照相机拍幻灯片。

v. 滑动 to slide over a slippery surface 在滑的地面上滑过去

同（近）义词：aquaplane, coast, glide, glissade, skate, skid, ski, skim, slip, slither, toboggan

solar ['səulə] a. 太阳的，日光的

somber ['s�mbə] a. 暗淡的，忧郁的 somber colors 暗淡的颜色； a somber expression 忧郁的

神情

同（近）义词：cheerless, dark, dim, dismal, doleful, drab, dull, gloomy, grave, lugubrious,

melancholy, mournful, sad, serious, sober

反义词：cheerful, animated, bright, buoyant, cheery, contented, convivial, delighted, elated,

festive, gay, genial, glad, gleeful, good-humored, happy, hearty, jaunty, jocund, jolly,

jovial, joyful, joyous, jubilant, laughing, light, light-hearted, lively, pleased, rapturous,

sparkling, spirited, sprightly, sunny, warm-hearted

sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] a.

1世故的 sophisticated behavior 世故的表现

同（近）义词：adult, cosmopolitan, cultivated, cultured, mature, pretentious, refined,

stylish, urbane, worldly

反义词：naïve, simple, artless, childlike, credulous, guileless, gullible, inexperienced,

ingenuous, innocent, open, simple-minded, stupid, unsophisticated, unwary

2复杂的，精良的，深奥的 sophisticated ideas 复杂的概念

同（近）义词：advanced, clever, complex, complicated, elaborate, hard to understand,

ingenious, intricate, involved, subtle

反义词：humble, homely, innocent, lowly, modest, natural, simple, sincere, straightforward,

unaffected, uncomplicated, unpretentious, unsophisticated

specie ['spi:ʃi] n. 硬币

species ['spi:ʃiz] n. 物种，种类 a species of animal 一种动物

同（近）义词：breed, class, genus, kind, race, sort, type, variety

specific [spə'sifik] a. 特殊的，明确的，确切的 I need specific information, not rumors. 我需要确

切的消息，不是谣言。

同（近）义词：clear-cut, definite, detailed, exact, explicit, particular, precise, special

反义词：general, approximate, broad, ill-defined, imprecise, indefinite, in outline, loose,

unclear, unspecific, vague

speculate ['spekju�leit] v.

1推测 We speculated as to whether they would marry. 我们推测他们会不会结婚。

同（近）义词： conjecture, hypothesize, make guesses, reflect, surmise, theorize, wonder

2投机 He speculates on the stock exchange. 他参与股票投机活动。

同（近）义词：gamble, hope to make profit, invest speculatively

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speculation [�spekju'leiʃn] n. 沉思，推测

同（近）义词：belief, conjecture, expectation, guess, hypothesis, premise or premises, suppo-

sition, surmise, theory, assumption

speculative ['spekjulətiv] a. 思索性的，冥想性的，推理的

spontaneity [�sp�ntə'ni:iti] n. 自然发生，自生，自发 There is a lack of spontaneity in her

performance. 她的表演不够自然。

同（近）义词：spontaneousness

spontaneous [sp�n'teinjəs] a.

1自发的 a spontaneous display of affection 自发的爱情表现

同（近）义词：extempore, impromptu, impulsive, unconstrained, unforced, voluntary

2自然的，自动的 a spontaneous reaction 自然的反应

同（近）义词：automatic, instinctive, involuntary, natural, reflex

反义词：calculated, conscious, considered, deliberate, intended, planned, pre-arranged,

predetermined, premeditated, pre-planned, willful

status ['steitəs] n. 身份 your status in society or in your job 在社会上或工作方面的地位

同（近）义词：class, degree, eminence, grade, importance, level, position, prestige, rank,

standing, title

stiff [stif] a.

1不易弯曲（或活动）的，硬的 I got a stiff neck. 我脖子发僵。

同（近）义词：adamant, firm, hard, inflexible, solid, unbending, wooden

2肌肉僵硬的，一动就疼得 I’m really stiff after that bike ride yesterday. 昨天骑了那趟自行车，

我觉得浑身酸痛。

3稠的，难搅动的 Whisk the egg whites until stiff. 把蛋清打成稠的。

4困难的，艰难的，严厉的，激烈的 It was a stiff climb to the top of the hill. 费了好大劲才爬

到山顶。 The company faces stiff competition from its rivals. 公司遇到对手的激烈竞争。

5不友好的，生硬的 The speech he made to welcome them was stiff and formal. 他那番欢

迎他们的话讲得生硬而刻板。

6价格高昂的，过高的 There is a stiff $60 entrance fee to the exhibition. 展览的门票高达 60

美金。

7酒烈性的，酒精度数高的 a stiff whisky 烈性威士忌

stimulate ['stimjuleit] v. 引起

同（近）义词：activate, arouse, encourage, excite, fan, fire, foment, galvanize, goad, incite,

inflame, inspire, invigorate, prompt, provoke, quicken, rouse, spur, stir up, urge

stimulus ['stimjuləs] n. 激励 a stimulus to greater effort 叫人多多卖力的激励

同（近）义词：encouragement, fillip, goad, incentive, inducement, inspiration, prompting,

provocation, spur

反义词：discouragement, constraint, damper, deterrent, disincentive, hindrance impe-

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diment, obstacle, restraint, setback

strategy ['strætid�i] n. 策略 a strategy to beat the opposition 击溃对手的策略

同（近）义词：approach, maneuver, method, plan, plot, policy, procedure, program, scheme

striking [straikiŋ] a. 惹人注目的，惊人的 a striking contrast 显著的对照

同（近）义词：arresting, conspicuous, distinctive, impressive, memorable, noticeable, obvious,

outstanding, prominent, showy, stunning, telling, unmistakable, unusual

stringent ['strind�ənt] a.

1（法律、规则、规章等）严格的，严厉的 stringent air quality regulations 严格的空气质量管

理条例

同（近）义词：austere, authoritarian, autocratic, firm, harsh, merciless, rigorous, severe,

stern, strict, tyrannical, uncompromising

反义词：lax, lenient, careless, casual, easygoing, loose, neglectful, negligent, permissive,

remiss, slack, unreliable, vague

2紧缩的，短缺的，银根紧的 the government’s stringent economic policies 政府紧缩银根的

经济政策

strip [strip] n.& v.

n. 狭长的一片 a strip of carpet 一块狭长的地毯；a strip of wood 一条木； a strip of land 一块

狭长土地

同（近）义词：band, belt, lath, line, narrow piece, ribbon, shred, slat, sliver, stripe, swathe

v. 1剥去，除去 to strip clothes, vegetation, paint, etc, off something 从某物处除去衣服、草木、

油漆等

同（近）义词：clear, defoliate, denude, divest, doff, flay, peel, remove, skin, take

反义词：blot out, bury, camouflage, cap, carpet, cloak, clothe, cloud, coat, conceal, cover,

curtain, disguise, drape, dress, encase, enclose, enshroud, envelop, face, hide, hood,

mantle, mask, obscure, overlay, overspread, plaster, protect, screen, shade, sheathe,

shield, shroud, spread over, surface, tile, veil, veneer, wrap up

2脱去（衣服） to strip to the waist 赤膊，光着膀子

同（近）义词：bare yourself, expose yourself, lay yourself bare, uncover yourself

反义词：attire, clothe, cover, dress, provide clothes for, put clothes on

subatomic ['s�bə't�mik] a. 亚原子的，次原子的

subject ['s�bd�ikt] a.& n.& v.

a. 受支配的 subject nations within an empire 帝国的附属国

同（近）义词：captive, dependent, enslaved, oppressed, ruled, subjugated

n. 1臣民，国民 a British subject 英国国民

同（近）义词：citizen, dependent, national, passport-holder

2题目 a subject for discussion 讨论的题目

同（近）义词：affair, business, issue, matter, point, question, theme, topic

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v. 1使臣服 to subject a country to your control 征服某国

同（近）义词：beat, conquer, control, crush, defeat, master, overcome, overpower, overrun,

quell, subdue, subjugate, vanquish

2使遭受 to subject something to close examination 使某事受严密检查

同（近）义词：expose, submit

submit [səb'mit] v.

1投降 to submit to an opponent 向对手投降

同（近）义词：accede, capitulate, give in, surrender, yield

2呈递 to submit work to a teacher 把作业交给老师

同（近）义词：give in, hand in, present

3提出 to submit your views 提出意见

同（近）义词：advance, offer, put forward, propound, state, suggest

subsequent ['s�bsikwənt] a. 随后的 I made a guess, but subsequent events proved me wrong.

我做了个猜测，不过随后发生的事证明我猜错了。

同（近）义词：consequent, ensuing, following, later, next, succeeding

反义词：antecedent, earlier, foregoing, former, preceding, previous, prior

substantial [səb'stænʃəl] a.

1牢固的 a substantial door 牢固的门

同（近）义词：durable, hefty, solid, sound, strong, sturdy, well-made

2相当数目的 a substantial amount of money 相当数目的钱

同（近）义词：big, considerate, generous, large, significant, sizeable, worthwhile

substantiate [s�bs'tænʃieit] v. 证实

同（近）义词：authenticate, back up, bear out, confirm, corroborate, demonstrate, endorse,

establish, fortify, give credence to, justify, lend force to, prove, reinforce, settle, show,

strengthen, support, underline, vindicate, witness to

subtle ['s�tl] a.

1清淡的，隐约的 subtle flavors清淡的味道

同（近）义词：delicate, elusive, faint, mild, slight, unobtrusive

2微妙的 a subtle hint 微妙的暗示

同（近）义词：gentle, indirect, tactful, understated

3精妙的 a subtle argument 精妙的辩论

同（近）义词：clever, cunning, ingenious, refined, shrewd, sophisticated

subtlety ['s�btlti] n. 精妙，明敏

sufficient [sə'fiʃənt] a. 足够的，充分的 sufficient money to live on 足够生活所需的钱

同（近）义词：adequate, enough, satisfactory

反义词：insufficient, deficient, inadequate, meager, poor, scanty, scarce, short, sparse,

unsatisfactory

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superficial [sju:pə'fiʃəl] a.

1表面的 a superficial wound 表皮的损伤

同（近）义词：exterior, on the surface, shallow, skin-deep, slight, surface, unimportant

2草率的 a superficial examination 草率的检查

同（近）义词：careless, casual, cursory, desultory, hasty, hurried, inattentive, passing, per-

functory

3肤浅的，浅薄的 superficial argument 肤浅的论据

同（近）义词：facile, frivolous, lightweight, simple-minded, simplistic, sweeping, trivial,

unconvincing, uncritical, unscholarly, unsophisticated

superior [sju:'piəriə] a.

1上级的 superior in rank 级别较高

同（近）义词：greater, higher, more important, senior

2优良的 superior quality 优良的品质

同（近）义词：better, choice, exclusive, fine, first-class, first-rate, select, top, unrivalled

3高傲的 a superior attitude 高傲的态度

同（近）义词：arrogant, condescending, disdainful, haughty, lofty, patronizing, snobbish,

self-important, smug, stuck-up, supercilious

反义词：inferior, junior, lesser, lower, menial, secondary, second-class, servile, subordinate,

subsidiary

suppress [sə'pres] v.

1制止 to suppress a rebellion 镇压叛乱

同（近）义词：conquer, crush, overcome, overthrow, put an end to , put down, quash, quell,

stamp out, stop, subdue

2隐瞒，抑制 to suppress your feelings 抑制情感； to suppress the truth 隐瞒真相

同（近）义词：bottle up, censor, conceal, cover up

surpass [sə:'pɑ:s] v. 超过 The success of the sale surpassed our expectations. 我们没料到销售

这样成功。

同（近）义词：beat, better, do better than, eclipse, exceed, excel, outclass, outdo, outshine,

outstrip, overshadow, top, transcend

surreptitious [�s�rəp'tiʃəs] a. 偷偷摸摸的 a surreptitious look at the answers 偷偷看一看答案

同（近）义词：concealed, covert, crafty, furtive, hidden, secretive, shifty, sly, sneaky,

stealthy, underhand

反义词：blatant, apparent, bare-faced, bold, brazen, conspicuous, evident, flagrant, glaring,

obtrusive, obvious, open, overt, shameless, stark, unconcealed, undisguised

surroundings [sə'raundiŋz] n. 环境 You work more happily in pleasant surroundings. 在舒适

的环境中，你会工作得更愉快。

同（近）义词：ambience, aura, background, context, environment, location, milieu, neigh-

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