levels of analysis ( loa )
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Levels of Analysis ( LoA ). Biological Cognitive Sociocultural. Biological LoA. Focuses on physiology and genetics Gender differences via genetic makeup XY and XX chromosomes Gender differences from the impact of hormones testosterone and estrogen. Cognitive LoA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BIOLOGICALCOGNITIVE
SOCIOCULTURAL
Levels of Analysis (LoA)
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Biological LoA
Focuses on physiology and geneticsGender differences via genetic makeup
XY and XX chromosomesGender differences from the impact of
hormones testosterone and estrogen
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Cognitive LoA
Focuses on mental processes Memory Thinking Perception Attention
Gender differences via gender schema theory
Social cognitionGender stereotypes
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Sociocultural LoA
Focuses on how environment and culture impact behavior and thinking
Impact of cultural definitions and roles for our mental representations of each gender
Gender differences explained through social learning theory Watching individuals of the same sex for
behavior cues
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Biological LoA: Physiology & Behavior
Biology can affect cognition and cognition can affect biology…relationship is bidirectional
Physiological factors that impact behavior: Brain processes Neurotransmitters Hormones Genes
Physiology does not work alone since environmental stimuli influence our behavior Stressful experiences Attractive person passing by Brain damage caused by trauma
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Goal of IB Psychology
Taking a holistic approach to human behavior
Interactionist Approach: Both sides of nature (biology) vs. nurture (environment) argument.
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Principles of Human Behavior (Biological LoA)
1. Behavior can be innate since it is genetically based
Evolution..key role in behavior2. Animal research can provide insight to
human behaviorMuch research done with animals
3. Biology correlates with behaviorLinks between specific biological factors
and specific behaviors
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Reductionist Approach
Micro-level research; breaking down complex human behavior into simple parts.
Criticized for being over simplistic but allows us to gain detailed knowledge of human behavior
Important because it allows understanding of several factors that influence one behavior
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Impact of Neurotransmitters on Behavior
Influences mood, memory, sexual arousal, and mental illness
Acetylcholine Muscle contraction, helps with development of memory in
hippocampusDopamine
Voluntary movement, learning, feelings of pleasureNorepinephrine (noradrenalin)
Arousal, alertness, stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Serotonin Sleep, arousal levels, emotion
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Affect of Serotonin on Behavior
Tokyo University (Kasamatsu and Hirai, 1999)Aim: How sensory deprivation affects the brainBuddhist monks deprived of food, water, no
communication, and exposure to cold weather48 hours, hallucinationsBlood samples before and right after
hallucinations (serotonin levels increased which activated the frontal cortex and hypothalamus)
Conclusion: Sensory deprivation released serotonin which altered monks experience.
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Drugs
Stimulate the production of neurotransmitters
Block receptor sites if too much is produced
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Technology and the Brain & Behavior
Technology gives researchers the ability to monitor and discover the “map” of the brain’s activity
Previously, case studies were used; usually situations that would be unethical to reproduce in the lab. Case studies of brain damaged patients
carried out over a long period of time (longitudinally) Phineas Gage, Paul Broca, Carl Wernicke
Allows for observation of short-term and long-term effects
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Localization of Brain Function
The idea that specific parts of the brain are responsible for specific functions
When a behavior is localized in the brain, it is possible to trace the origin of the behavior to a specific part of the brain.
Does not explain ALL human behavior but is a major step forward in brain research
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Robert Heath (1950s) James Old (1950s)
Electrically stimulated parts o f the brain in depressed patients=experienced pleasure
One patient (B-19) electrically stimulated himself 1,500 times in 3 hours
Experienced euphoria and elation and was eventually disconnected against his will
Rats would receive electrical stimulation to the nucleus accumbens when a lever was pressed
Crossed over electrified grids and preferred pleasure lever over food and water
Research on the role of the nucleus accumbens (pleasure center)
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Brain Functions and Ethical Considerations
Electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens is based mainly on dopamine (desire) and serotonin (satiety and inhibition)
Via animal studies, all drugs increase the production of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and reduce serotonin. Cocaine and nicotine
Frequent use of drugs increase the amount of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Why drug addicts have an obsessive drive to seek
more drugs even though they know its not good for them
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Spiders on Drugs
http://www.trinity.edu/jdunn/spiderdrugs.htm
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TechnologyInvasive
Techniques
Study the active brain EEG, PET, fMRI
More ethicalMay be misleading
Ablation (removing) & leisoning (scarring) techniques on animals
Harm cannot be reversed Ethical? Pain?
Technology vs. Invasive Techniques
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Jig-Saw Activity Slides…
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Biological LoA: Genetics & Behavior
Behavioral genetics: Understanding how both genetics and the environment play a role to individual variations in human behavior.
Rhesus macaque monkeys & humans 93% genes are shared, the 7% makes a large difference
Complexity of genetics:Inheritance contributes to behavior and
acts as a building block however, it is not probable that one specific gene is responsible for complex behaviors: Intelligence, criminal behavior, attachment, altruism
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+ = DISORDER
The diathesis-stress modelThe model looks at the genetic/biologic vulnerability to a disorder/disease and the stress or traumatic environmental stimuli that may trigger a disorder (such as depression) The diathesis-stress model uses the analogy of a "walking time bomb" to help explain why, for example, not 100% of identical twins both get depression. It also helps to explain why a large percent of people in traumatic situations (post 9/11, rape, etc.) never develop PTSD. The model further talks about a balance -- the greater the diathesis or predisposition, the less the stress required for the disorder to "appear" and visa versa.
Biological / genetic predisposition
Stress
(environment)
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Last years notes on genetics and evolution… I hope you didn’t lose them!
If you did, in your hours of free time,
check these out on the wiki
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Inheritance
Genes that are passed down from parents to their off-spring
Humans are composed of 24 pairs of chromosomes 20,000-25,000 genes
James Watson: Human Genome Project 1990-2003 Mapped human genes Regardless of this amazing accomplishment,
the role of specific genes are still unknown
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Genetic Research
Based off of correlation studiesIndependent variable is not
manipulated, so no cause and effect can be determined.
Three types:Twin StudiesFamily StudiesAdoption Studies
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Twin Studies
Identical: one egg split in two
Share 100% of genes Same sex
Fraternal: Formed from two separate eggs
Share 50% of genes just like any other siblings Same or different sex
Monozygotic (MZ) Dizygotic (DZ)
Used as basis for hypotheses since they show the different degrees of genetic relationship. In twin studies the correlation found is known as concordance.
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Family Studies
More representative of the general population
Different degree of relatedness is compared with behavior to determine the impact of genes.
Child
Mother (50%)
Grandparent (25%)
Grandparent (25%)
Father (50%)
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Adoption Studies
Used to determine how great of an impact environment plays in behavior since the child does not share any genes with foster parents.
Often criticized because of selective placement Agencies tend to find adoptive parents that are
similar to their biological parents which cause a difficulty in determining separating genetic inheritance from environment influences. This process is known as selective placement.
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Evolution
Another principle of the biological LoA is that the environment presents obstacles & challenges for each individual.
In essence, those that adapt have a better chance of survival & having offspring which allows their genes to be passed down.
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Theory of Natural Selection
Members of a species acquire adaptive behaviors to survive the ever-changing environment (those better suited for environment will breed and pass on characteristics)
http://youtu.be/Pt2gHpqfZNAAdaption: Species develop characteristics that
make it more competitive in its environmentCharles Darwin (Galapagos Island, finches, beaks)
On the Origin of Species (He didn’t yet know of the biological process through which traits are inherited)
Descent of Man
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The Descent of Man findings
We humans share several behaviors with other animalsMate selectionLove of mother for offspringSelf-preservationSimilar facial expressions as apesSimilar feelings as animals
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Monkeys vs. Humans
Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007)Looked at spatial memory in young chimps Used 3 chimps that were taught to recognize
the numbers 1-9 on a computerHumans and chimps saw number flashed on a
touch screen monitor and then the numbers were covered with blank squares and then were asked to touch the squares in sequential order.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gf3_JrTEGW0
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Findings
Humans had more errors and less accuracy as numbers were flashed and replaced by squares quicker As agriculture developed, spatial memory skills aren’t
as important for finding food Perhaps this skill was replaced by the ability to develop
languageChimps had astonishing memory; no difference
in their recall in relation to the amount of time that the numbers were replaced with squares. Adaption for survival skills such as remembering where
food and danger is located in the rain forest
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Ethical Considerations
Because research in human genetics looks to identify certain genes involved in hereditary diseases there can be some negative outcomes: May pose risks to participates due to the
link between genetic heritage and people’s life
Information obtained may cause stress to participants family
If misused, information can be stigmatizing which could lead the inability to get a job or health insurance.
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Once again, notes last year over confidentiality should be revisited
Aboriginal people may object to genetic studies
Eugenics and other forms of discrimination is the cause.
Consent and speaking to community leaders are a must for many aboriginal and ethnic groups.
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Intelligence
During the beginning of the 20th century, governments and schools became very interested in one’s intellectual potential and the role genetics play in IQ
Alfred Binet developed an intelligence test to help understand this concept better within the French educational system
Research has shown that poverty plays a major role in the development of a child’s intelligence
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The Bell Curve
Book published in 1994 by Harvard professor Richard J. Herrnstein
The debate about the role of genes and environment have to do with ethnic difference in intelligence is not yet resolved
Media discussed the idea that there may be intergroup differences in intelligence, thus conferring the idea that the root of intelligence in debatable
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The “g” factor
Argued by Charles Spearman, there is a general intelligence factor that is the basis of all intelligence
Rather than looking a specific educational subjects (history, math, etc.) Spearman’s intelligence test measures the following: Spatial ability Reasoning Divergent Thinking Verbal Fluency
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Meta-analysis in Relation to IQ Tests
Bouchard & McGue (1981) used 111 studies of IQ correlations between siblings from research around the world
Found that the closer the kinship the higher correlation of IQ
Meta-analysis: statistical synthesis of the data from a set of comparable studies of
a problem that yields a quantitative summary of the pooled results
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Minnesota Twin Study
(Bouchard et al.) Longitudinal study, been going on since 1979
Most cross-cultural study to date (participants from across the world)
Compares MZAs (identical twins raised apart) to MZTs (identical twins raised together)
Mean age of MZAs was 41 (start of study), until this study most research was done with adolescents
Twins completed 50 hours of testing and interviews
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Findings
Same person tested twice
87%
Identical twins reared together
86%
Identical twins reared apart
76%
Fraternal twins reared together
55%
Biological siblings reared together
47%
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Conclusions
70% of intelligence can be attributed to genetics inheritance, the other 30% is due to other factors
Much research has supported the MTSThe size and nature of the sample has made it
one of the most impressive study ever conducted
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Criticisms of the MTS
Relied on media cover for participantsEthical concerns about how twins were
reunitedNo adequate control to establish the
frequency of contact between the twins prior to the study
“Equal environment assumption” Cannot assume twins raised together experience the
exact same environment (different friends, teachers, exposure to stimuli, etc.)
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Adoption Studies for Intelligence
Scarr & Weinberg (1977) and Horn et al. (1979)Researched parents that raised adopted and
natural childrenAny significant differences in IQ between the
adoptive and biological children would be attributed to genes
No significant difference in IQ correlations were found
Parents were wealthy, white, middle class and high IQs & adopted children were poor, lower-class backgrounds, and lower IQs
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Environmental Role on IQ
Wahlstein (1997) found that intelligence has a lot to do with environment and genetics
Found that transferring an infant from a low SES to a home where parents had a high SES improved childhood IQ scores 12-16 points (about one standard deviation)
Enriched environment may raise IQ in children Strong interaction between genes and the
environment to produce intelligence level
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Less Effort Hypothesis
Hainer et al. (1988) used PET scans to see how much energy was used in solving problems vs. data recall Helped decipher what intelligence is (based on
knowledge or ability to solve problems)Those with higher IQs had lower metabolic
rates when solving a reasoning problem in comparison to those with a low IQ No difference in data recall
Those with a higher IQ use less energy to think than those with lower IQs
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IQs Change over Time
Plomin & Petrill (1997) found that correlations between parent and child IQs change over time Ages 4-6, 40% correlation Early adulthood, 60% correlation Older adults, 80% correlation
Our genetic disposition pushes us towards environments that accentuate that disposition, thus leading to increased heritability throughout life
SES seems to the most important environmental factors in IQ development
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Flynn Effect
James R. Flynn noticed a rise in average scores on intelligence tests in most parts of the world over the last century
Ulric Neisser (1997) The America Scientist, average mean scores are going up about 3 points every decade (increase is even higher in abstract reasoning) Better nutrition Improved schooling Different child-rearing practices Increase in technology in modern life Living a higher visual environment plays an important role in IQ
scores
Does this prove a real increase in IQ or just better understanding of intelligence and tests?