levels of analysis somu
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International SystemLevels of Analysis
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Objectives
Structural characteristics of international
system;
Power relationships and its effect on BOP Foreign Policy of States
Individual in world politics
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Levels of analysis
SYSTEM
STATE
INDIVIDUAL
Studying world politicsby examining the social-economic-political-geographic
Characteristics of the system & how they influence the actions of countries and other
actors
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Three Levels of analysis
Three levels of analysis provides clues
about causality in world politics;
System -Level Analysis State-Level Analysis
Individual-Level analysis
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Gulf War - 1991
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Iraq v US -2003
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System-Level Analysis
It is an approach to the study of world
politics that argues that countries are often
compelled to take certain courses of actionby the realities of the world in which they
exist.
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Factors affecting - System
Structural characteristics
Power relationship
Economic patterns Norms ofbehaviour
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Structural Characteristics
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Organization of Authority
International system is horizontal, based
on state sovereignty & hence anarchical
Vertical Authority Structure Horizontal
Authority
Structure
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Organization of Authority
However, relatively new centralizing forces
that are changing the system toward a
more vertical structure; Many analysts believe that sovereignty is
declining and that even the most powerful
states are subject to an increasing number
of authoritative rules made by internationalorganization and by international law.
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The Actors
Sovereign states are the dominant actors;
Intergovernmental actors and
transnational actors are becoming morenumerous and important;
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Intergovernmental organizations
30 in 1900, now over
300 IGO
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Intergovernmental organizations
Organization Mission Members
Arab League Political, cultural &
economic cooperation
22
European Union Multipurpose 25
International Atomic
Energy Agency
Peaceful use of
nuclear energy
134
International Monetary
Fund
Currency cooperation
and stability
184
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Military security 19
United Nations Multipurpose 191
World Bank Economic
Development
184
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Transnational organizations
NGOs
Multinational corporations
Terrorist groups
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NGOs
69 NGOs in 1900,
now over 2000;
Greenpeace;
International Alliance
of Women
Muslim World League
International union ofStudents
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Multinational Corporation
With production
facilities, sales outlet
& other operations in
more than onecountry are a second
important type of
transnational actors;
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GNP of Wal-Mart Compared to
selected countries
$0.00
$50.00
$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
$250.00
Wal-
Mart
Greece Vietnam Latvia
East
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Terrorist Groups
Private individualswho attack civilians &use force to inflict
physical &psychological pain;
Capable of usingbiological, chemical,nuclear or radiologicalweapons;
Around 130 (IAEA)
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Scope, Level & Intensity of
Interactions Scope, frequency and level of interaction
among the actors is fr qu t d h gh;
Countries heavily depend on others assources of products that it needs & as
markets for products that it sells.
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Scope, Level & Intensity of
Interactions The current system is becoming
increasingly interdependent, with a rising
number of interactions across an
expanding range of issues.
Economic interdependence is especially
significant.
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Power relationshipDistribution of Power in
International System
When analyzing power relationships, an
important factor is the number ofpoles in
a system.
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Distribution of Power in
International System
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Number of System Poles
Historically, international systems have
been defined in part by how many
powerful actors each has.
PowerPole
(1) a single country
(2) an alliance
(3) global IGO such as UN
(4) regional IGO such as EU
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Unipolar system
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Unipolar system
Central power establishes and enforces rules
and dominates military and economic
instruments
Central power settles disputes betweensubordinate units
Central power resists attempts by subordinate
units to achieve independence or greater
autonomy and may gradually attempt to lessen
or eliminate autonomy of subordinate units
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Ch ed t g between Ind ndPakistan?
Why do think US
President said so?
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Bipolar system
P1 P2
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Bipolar System
Acute hostility between the two poles is the
central feature of a bipolar system;
Try to eliminate the otherbloc by undermining it
if possible & by fighting it if necessary & if risksare acceptable
Increase power relative to the otherbloc by such
techniques as attempting to bring new members
into yourbloc & by attempting to prevent othersfrom joining rival bloc
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NATO v Warsaw
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Cuban Missile crisis
In 1962, US and
USSR almost went to
Nuclear War
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Tripolar system
P1
P3 P2
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Tripolar System
Optimally, try to have good relations with
both other players or minimally, try to
avoid having hostile relations with both
other player;
Try to prevent close cooperation between
the other 2 players
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Multipolar System
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Concentration of Power
All animals are equal ,
but some animals are
more equal than
others.
George Orwell
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System stability
System stability varies in part according to
the degree to which there is relative
powerequality orpowerinequalitybetween poles;
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Two Views
War is more likely when antagonistic poles have
relative power equality, creating a situation in
which every power can perceive the potential for
successful use of force; Conflict is more likely between countries of
relative power inequality because the more
dominant power will confront the weaker power,
which, because of emotion and pride, maychoose to fight rather than submit;
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Power changes & their causes
Power equation is always in flux
Humble beginning and rise of US
Demise of USSR Reemergence of China
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Cycle Theories
Provides insight into how power changes
in the international system;
Power cycles occur over a period of a fewdecades or even as much as a century;
These demarcated by great-power wars,
such as two world wars that reflect the
power shift
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Changes in Power
Several factors account for the rise or fall
of a countrys power
1) Sources of power 2) Domestic conditions
3) Balance of Power politics
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Sources of Power
When a country develops nuclearweapons capability, its relative powerincreases;
Potential proliferation of WMD fromhandful of countries to a wide array ofother countries threatens not only tounleash horrific new levels of death &
destruction but also upset the balance ofpower.
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Domestic conditions
Conditions within major actors also affect
their power.
Soviet Union collapsed because it nolonger commanded the loyalty of its
people.
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After Iraq war
In order to have a
balance, we have to
have a Strong
Europe, as well as astrong US
Jacques Chirac
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System instability
Great powers are likedivas. They enter and exitthe stage with greattumult
Rules of change duringcold war, the devastationthat each superpowercould wreak on otherchanged the rule & kept 2
powers from attackingeach otherbecausemutual annihilation waspredictable.
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Economic Patterns
Economic interdependence promotes
peace as countries become more familiar
with one another and need each other for
their mutual prosperity;
The pattern of vital natural resources-
where they are produced and where they
are consumed-influences the operation ofthe international system.
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Economic pattern
Although Bushadministration deniedit, some Americansand many people inother countriesbelieved that desire todominate the Iraqi oilfields was at least one
motivation behind USled attack on Iraq in2003
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Economic pattern
The economic
lifeline of the
industrial world runs
from Gulf, and wecannot permit a
dictator to sit
astride that economic
lifeline
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Uneven Distribution of Wealth
Less developed Countries v EDC
Poor economic conditions in LDC is due to
political instability, population growth &environmental degradation;
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International Norms
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