lets fight against addiction by pinki purkayastha (chandrani)
TRANSCRIPT
What is a drug? • A drug is any substance, solid,
liquid or gas, that brings aboutphysical and/or psychologicalchanges. The drugs of mostconcern in the community arethose that affect the centralnervous system. They act onthe brain and can change the
• a)Legal and illegal drugsLaws and regulations controlthe availability, quality andprice of the "legal" drugs. Forexample, tobacco may not besold to persons under the ageof 18.
the brain and can change theway a person thinks, feels orbehaves. These drugs areknown as "psychoactivedrugs".
• Drugs are commonly classifiedaccording to their legal statusor their effects on the centralnervous system.
• On the basis of availability inmarket, Drugs are classifiedinto:
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b)Illegal drugs
Because they are illegal, there areno price or quality controls on theillicit drugs such as heroin andecstasy. This means that a usercan never be sure that the drugthey are taking is in fact what theythink it is; for example, PMA(paramethoxyamphetamine), atoxic form of amphetamine, hasbeen sold as ecstasy. The user
1)DepressantsDepressants are drugs that slow down the functions of the central nervous system. Depressant drugs do not necessarily make a person feel depressed. They include:
also cannot be sure of a drug'sstrength or purity. Various batchesof an illegally manufactured drugmay have different mixtures of thedrug and additives such aspoisons, caffeine or even talcumpowder.
• There are three main types of drugaffecting the central nervoussystem. The types are as follows:
depressed. They include:
• Alcohol ("booze", "grog")
• Cannabis ("pot", "dope", "mull")
• Barbiturates, including Seconal, Tuinal and Amytal
• Benzodiazepines (tranquilisers), "benzos", "tranx" such as Rohypnol, Valium, Serepax, Mogadon, Normison and Eupynos
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• GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutrate),or "fantasy"
• Opiates and opioids, includingheroin ("H", "smack"),morphine, codeine, methadoneand pethidine
• Some solvents and inhalants
2)Stimulants :Stimulants act on the centralnervous system to speed up themessages to and from the
• Ephedrine used in medicinesfor bronchitis, hay fever andasthma
• Caffeine in coffee, tea and coladrinks
• Nicotine in tobacco.
• Stronger stimulants include:
• Amphetamines, including illegalamphetamines ("speed","crystal meth", "ice", "shabu")
• Cocaine ("coke", "crack")messages to and from thebrain. They can make the userfeel more awake, alert orconfident. Stimulants increaseheart rate, body temperatureand blood pressure. Othereffects include reducedappetite, dilated pupils,talkativeness, agitation andsleep disturbance. Mildstimulants include:
• Cocaine ("coke", "crack")
• Ecstasy ("E", "XTC", "eccy")
• Slimming tablets such asDuromine, Tenuate Dospan andPonderax.
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3)HallucinogensHallucinogens affect perception. People who have taken them may believe they see or hear things that aren't really there, or what they see may be distorted in some way. The effects of hallucinogens vary a great deal, so it is impossible to predict how they will affect a particular person at a particular time.
• Hallucinogens include:
• Datura
• Ketamine ("K", "Special K")
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; "trips", "acid", "microdots")
• Magic mushrooms (psilocybin; "gold tops", "mushies") • Magic mushrooms (psilocybin; "gold tops", "mushies")
• Mescaline (peyote cactus)
• PCP ('angel dust')
• Cannabis is an hallucinogen as well as a depressant. Ecstasy can also have hallucinogenic qualities.
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What is addiction:• Addiction is a developmental
disease that usually begins inadolescence.
• Addiction is the continued useof a mood altering substance orbehavior despite adverseconsequences or a neurologicalimpairment leading to suchimpairment leading to suchbehaviors.
• People with an addiction do nothave control over what they aredoing, taking or using. Theiraddiction may reach a point atwhich it is harmful. addictionmay refer to a substancedependence (e.g. drugaddiction) or behavioraladdiction (e.g. gamblingaddiction).
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• Substance dependence can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence.
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
• The current DSM is organized into a five-part axial system. The first axis incorporates clinical disorders. The second axis covers personality disorders and intellectual disabilities. The remaining axes cover medical, psychosocial, environmental, and childhood factors functionally necessary to provide diagnostic criteria for health care assessments.
• The DSM is used in the United States and to various degrees around the world. It is used or relied upon by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies , health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, and policy makers. The current version is the DSM-IV-TR (fourth edition, text revision).
health care assessments.
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• The DSM-IV is a categorical classification system. The categories are prototypes, and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is said to have that disorder.
• DSM-IV states, "there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries" but isolated, low-grade and non-
• Axis I: All diagnostic categories except mental retardation and personality disorder
• Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation (although developmental disorders, such as Autism, were coded on Axis II in the previous edition, these disorders are now included on Axis I)
criterion (unlisted for a given disorder) symptoms are not given importance. Qualifiers are sometimes used, for example mild, moderate or severe forms of a disorder.
• The DSM-IV organizes each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions (axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability:
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• Axis III: General medical condition; acute medical conditions and physical disorders
• Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental factors contributing to the disorder
• Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning or Children's Global Assessment Scale for children and teens under the age of 18
• Common Axis I disorders include
• personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; and intellectual disabilities.
• Common Axis III disorders • Common Axis I disorders include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and schizophrenia.
• Common Axis II disorders include personality disorders: paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial
• Common Axis III disorders include brain injuries and other medical/physical disorders which may aggravate existing diseases or present symptoms similar to other disorders.
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• The list of DSM-IV(Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) substance dependencies include:
• 303.90 Alcohol dependence
• 304.00 Opioid dependence
• 304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence (including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence)
• 304.20 Cocaine dependence
• 304.30 Cannabis dependence
• 304.40 Amphetamine dependence (or amphetamine-like)
• 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence
• 304.60 Inhalant dependence
• 304.80 Polysubstance dependence
• 304.90 Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) dependence
• 304.90 Other (or unknown) substance dependence
• 305.10 Nicotine dependence
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans allow us to map the maturation of the brain:
• The prefrontal cortex (white circles), which governs judgment anddecision-making functions, is the last part of the brain to develop.This may help explain why teens are prone to risk-taking, are
But Why?????
This may help explain why teens are prone to risk-taking, areparticularly vulnerable to drug abuse, and why exposure to drugs atthis critical time may affect propensity for future addiction.
• Because the prefrontal cortex is one of the last areas of the brain tomature during development, adolescents tend to use other areas – inthis case emotional areas – of the brain in making decisions. Forexample, brain activity, seen with functional MRI, shows that whenjudging emotion represented on a face, a teenager’s amygdala (right)is activated, reflecting more of a gut reaction than a reasoned one,while the adult’s (left) brain is activated in an area of the prefrontalcortex involved more in reasoning and reflection.
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• To suggest that all parents who sufferfrom problem drug use present adanger to their children is misleading.
• Studies have shown that 40-60percent of the predisposition toaddiction can be attributed togenetics. This is not just the riskconveyed by genes themselves, butalso the added impact of theenvironment on how those genesfunction or are expressed. Using
• Family alcohol problems, Violence at home, Marital/relationship conflict, Separation, divorce, loss of parent, Inconsistency and ambivalent parenting, Unpredictability etc. are the main factors.
drugs is the most influentialenvironmental factor in altering aperson’s vulnerability to addiction.Growing knowledge about thedynamic interactions of genes withthe environment and developmentalstage confirms addiction as acomplex and chronic disease of thebrain with many contributors to itsexpression in individuals.
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Effects • Inconsistency,
changing moods
• Role reversal
• Communication
• Routines and rituals
• Social life
• Finances
• Family conflict and
Drug Users have a Higher Risk of Developing Mental Disorders
•Psychosis
Social life:
• Family conflict and disharmony
• Cruel, passive or neglectfulattitude
• Emotionally unavailable and distracted
• Anti-social behaviour
aggressive, delinquency, conduct disorders, hyperactivity
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•Depression
•Anxiety
•Panic attacks
On Health
Stimulants or Amphetamines
• (Dexedrine, Methamphetamine or"Crystal", "Crank", and "Speed")increase alertness and physical activity.
• Amphetamines increase heart andbreathing rates and blood pressure,dialate pupils and decrease appetite.Side-effects can include sweating, drymouth, blurred vision, insomnia, loss of
• Amphetamine overdosecan also cause cardiacarrhythmias, headaches,convulsions,hypertension, rapid heartrate, coma and death.Amphetamines arepsychologically andphysically addictive.
mouth, blurred vision, insomnia, loss ofappetite, and dizziness. In additionusers can feel restless, anxious andmoody, become excitable and have afalse sense of power and security.
• Using large amounts of these drugs canresult in a condition known asamphetamine psychosis -- which canresult in auditory, visual and tactilehallucinations, intense paranoia,irrational thoughts and beliefs,delusions, and mental confusion.
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Marijuana
• Pot has more than 400 differentchemical compounds and containseven more cancer-causing agents thanare found in tobacco, according tosome studies. Even low doses or potcan interfere with coordination,perception of time, reasoning andjudgment, -- making driving under itsinfluence extremely dangerous.
• Marijuana use causes short-termmemory loss, decreases sperm and
• Physical effects of cocaineinclude increases in bloodpressure, heart rate,respiration and bodytemperature. Snortingcocaine can severelydamage nasal membranesover time.
• Continued use producesinsomnia, hyperactivity,anxiousness, agitation andmemory loss, decreases sperm and
testosterone production in men, andmay disrupt the menstrual cycle andcause miscarriage and still birth inwomen.
Cocaine/Crack
• These are all extremely addictivestimulants. Because the intenseeuphoria these drugs produce is veryshort-lived, users typically use againand again trying to recapture that initial"high."
anxiousness, agitation andmalnutrition. Overdoses canbe lethal.
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Narcotics
• Heroin, Opium, Morphine, and Codeineare used legally by the medicalprofession to relieve pain. But they areabused due to their mood-alteringeffects. All narcotics are extremelyphysically and psychologically addictive.Medical problems can include congestedlungs, liver disease, tetanus, infection ofthe heart valves, skin abscesses, anemiaand pneumonia. Death can occur fromoverdose.
• Tobacco smoking isthe largest cause ofpreventable death .
Tobacco / Nicotin
• Nicotine is a drug that is found naturallyin tobacco and it makes cigarettes andother tobacco products addictive. Whennicotine is absorbed in the body it cancause a number of effects, includingstimulating the nervous system,increasing heart rate, raising bloodpressure and constricting small bloodvessels. It is also highly toxic and wasonce used in pesticides.
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Some of the consequences of Chewing/
smoking tobacco are:• Blindness
• Infertility and impotence
• Stroke
• Cardiovascular disease and other diseases of the arteriesdiseases of the arteries
• Gangrene, often resulting in the loss of limbs
• Various cancers, especially lung and oral cancer
• Less oxygen to the brain and heart
• Shortness of breath
• Increased blood pressure
• Gum disease
• Smelly breath and stained teeth
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• Smokers are more likely to die from heart attack or stroke
• Women who take birth control pills and smoke increase their risk of heart attack several times
• “Light” cigarettes do not lower the risk of heart disease
• After quitting, recovery time for heart attack risk to reach that of a non-smoker is 3-9 years
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Signs of drug abuse1) Physical warning signs of drug abuse
• Bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual
• Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. Sudden weight loss or weight gain
• Deterioration of physical appearance, personal grooming habits
• May borrow or steal to get it.
• Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors
• Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies
• Frequently getting into trouble (fights, accidents, illegal activities)habits
• Unusual smells on breath, body, or clothing
• Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination
2) Behavioral signs of drug abuse
• Drop in attendance and performance at work or school
• Unexplained need for money or financial problems.
activities)
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3) Psychological warning signs of drug abuse
• Unexplained change in personality or attitude
• Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts
• Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness
• Lack of motivation; appears lethargic or “spaced out”lethargic or “spaced out”
• Appears fearful, anxious, or paranoid, with no reason
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Duties of Parents: • Establish and maintain good
communication with children.
• Get involved in children’s lives.
• Spend time doing somethingchildren want to do every day.
• Support children’s activities byattending special events, like recitalsand games, and praising them forand games, and praising them fortheir efforts.
• Make clear rules and enforce themconsistently.
• Discuss rules, expectations, andconsequences in advance.
• If a rule is broken, be sure to enforcethe consequences. This teacheschildren to take responsibility fortheir actions.
• Praise children when they follow rules and meet expectations.
• Be a positive role model.
• Help children choose friends wisely.
• Get to know children’s friends and their families.
• Talk to children about drugs and their ill effect .
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• Parents need to talk to children about their drug use
• Children who start using drugs at an early age are more likely to continue using, use more potent drugs, and to develop problems with their drug use
• Recognizing uncomfortable feelings about child may actually help to understand some of what
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help to understand some of what the child may be thinking while having this conversation
• Remember that youth rely on parents or caregivers to keep them safe, even when their behavior suggests they don’t need for that anymore
• Myth 1: Overcoming addiction is a simply a matter of willpower. Any one can stop using drugs if he/she really want to.
• Myth 2: Addiction is a disease;
5 Myths about Drug Abuse and Addiction
there’s nothing can be done.
• Myth 3: Addicts have to hit rock bottom before they can get better.
• Myth 4: You can’t force someone into treatment; they have to want help.
• Myth 5: Treatment didn’t work before, so there’s no point trying again.
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Cure
Control
Non-Addicted Brain Addicted Brain
Control
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DriveSaliency
Memory
NO
GO
Drive
Memory
GOSaliency
We Need to Treat theWe Need to Treat the
Whole Person!Whole Person!
Pharmacological (medications)
Behavioral Therapies
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Medical and Social Services
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