let’s get back to work law syllabus semestre 2 · let’s get back to work … first-year law...

TD L1 – ANGLAIS (2019/20) Enjeux du monde contemporain/Institutions Britanniques

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FACULTE DE DROIT ET DE SCIENCE POLITIQUE __________________________________________________________

LET’S GET BACK TO WORK …

FIRST-YEAR LAW SYLLABUS

SEMESTRE 2

2019/2020 Vanessa CHAISE-BRUN Cours en LIGNE : MOODLE (sans mot de passe/inscription libre)

L1 - DROIT ANGLAIS CHAISE-BRUN [email protected]

NB: les documents 4 et AU CHOIX 14 ou 15 (semestre 1) et les textes 3 et AU CHOIX 13 ou 14 (semestre 2) devront impérativement être étudiés puisqu’ils serviront de supports pour les examens des étudiants dispensés de Travaux Dirigés ainsi que les sessions 2.


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PROGRESSION 2019/2020

Semestre 2 – « La Monarchie et les Institutions Britanniques »

The Queen Séances 1 et 2

Text #1 – The Queen’s Coronation Speech, 1953 / TV Show: The Queen, 2016

Doc #2 – Webquest on the British Monarchy / Movie: The Queen, 2006

Text #3 – The State Opening of Parliament: The Queen’s speech, 2017

Parliament Séance 3

Doc #4 – Discover the British Parliament, webquest Doc #5 – What is the role of Parliament? (video)

Doc #5 – An introduction to Parliament, part I (video) Doc #6 – How Parliament works in nearly 60 seconds

(video)

General Elections and PM Séances 4 et 5

Doc #7 – An introduction to Parliament, Part II (video) Text #8 – Voting system in the UK, BBC bitesize

Doc #9 – The FPTP explained # 2 (video) Webquest : What is a general election? / General

Elections ( 2015 and 2017) / British political parties Devolution Séance 6

Text #10 – Devolution, A beginner’s guide, BBC news Annexe – Nicola Sturgeon’s speech at the SNP

conference, 2018

Updates Séance 8

Text #11 – Brexit election: what are the chances of a poll before 31 October, The Guardian, 2019

Contrôle continu 1 – Présentation Orale par groupe de 3 maximum – 4’00 par personne.

Sujet : “The royal family and the Media”

Séance 7 - Contrôle continu 2 – Examen Écrit sur texte inconnu (CE/EE)

Pour préparer l’examen : The State Opening of Parliament, The Queen’s Speech, December, 19th, 2019, House of Lords

Hansard The Queen’s speech cancelled, BBC News, 2017

PM to tell EU leaders UK needs new Brexit deal, BBC News, 2019


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Text #1 – Coronation speech of Elizabeth II, London, June 2, 1953 / TV

Show : The Queen, 2016 When I spoke to you last, at Christmas, I asked you all, whatever your religion, to pray for me on the day of my Coronation — to pray that God would give me wisdom and strength to carry out the promises that I should then be making. Throughout this memorable day I have been uplifted and sustained by the knowledge that your thoughts and prayers were with me. I have been aware all the time that my peoples, 5

spread far and wide throughout every continent and ocean in the world, were united to support me in the task to which I have now been dedicated with such solemnity. Many thousands of you came to London from all parts of the Commonwealth and Empire to join in the ceremony, but I have been conscious too of the millions of others who have shared in it by means of wireless or television in their homes. All of you, near or far, have been 10

united in one purpose. It is hard for me to find words in which to tell you of the strength which this knowledge has given me. The ceremonies you have seen today are ancient, and some of their origins are veiled in the mists of the past. But their spirit and their meaning shine through the ages never, perhaps, more brightly than now. I have in sincerity pledged myself to your service, as so many of you 15

are pledged to mine. Throughout all my life and with all my heart I shall strive to be worthy of your trust. In this resolve I have my husband to support me. He shares all my ideals and all my affection for you. Then, although my experience is so short and my task so new, I have in my parents and grandparents an example which I can follow with certainty and with confidence. 20

There is also this. I have behind me not only the splendid traditions and the annals of more than a thousand years but the living strength and majesty of the Commonwealth and Empire; of societies old and new; of lands and races different in history and origins but all, by God's Will, united in spirit and in aim. Therefore I am sure that this, my Coronation, is not the symbol of a power and a splendour 25

that are gone but a declaration of our hopes for the future, and for the years I may, by God's Grace and Mercy, be given to reign and serve you as your Queen. I have been speaking of the vast regions and varied peoples to whom I owe my duty but there has also sprung from our island home a theme of social and political thought which constitutes our message to the world and through the changing generations has found 30

acceptance both within and far beyond my Realms. Parliamentary institutions, with their free speech and respect for the rights of minorities, and the inspiration of a broad tolerance in thought and expression — all this we conceive to be a precious part of our way of life and outlook. During recent centuries, this message has been sustained and invigorated by the immense 35

contribution, in language, literature, and action, of the nations of our Commonwealth overseas. It gives expression, as I pray it always will, to living principles, as sacred to the Crown and Monarchy as to its many Parliaments and Peoples. I ask you now to cherish them — and practice them too; then we can go forward together in peace, seeking justice and freedom for all men. 40

As this day draws to its close, I know that my abiding memory of it will be, not only the solemnity and beauty of the ceremony, but the inspiration of your loyalty and affection. I thank you all from a full heart. God bless you all.


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Answer ALL of the following questions in English :

1) Introduce the document (date, place, author, context, audience, aim, main topics). Write an introduction to the text, focusing on the occasion and the speaker. What type of text is it? Is it biased? Does the author have a specific objective? 2) Vocabulary – Find in the text the translations of the following words Couronnement: Prière: Peuple: Unis: Soutenir: Se Dévouer: Partager: Anciennes: Voilées: Passé: Signification:

Briller: Prêter serment: Tradition: Espoir: Futur: Devoir: Surgir: Royaumes: Institutions parlementaires: Durable/inoubliable:

3) Find and explain the references to the "Commonwealth" and the "empire". What does Queen Elizabeth mean? Why do you think she refers to it? Is it part of her strategy and even of her identity? 4) Find and explain the references to tradition and the past. According to Queen Elizabeth II, is the past a positive element? What vision of the monarchy is she trying to promote? Is it modern or old-fashioned? 5) What is the religion of Queen Elizabeth, and her place in that religion? Does she refer to it in the text, or to other religions? Why is that, do you think? 6) Conclude on the text. Do you find Queen Elizabeth II's strategy (thematic and rhetoric choices) efficient? Are the speech and her promise ("I have in sincerity pledged myself to your service", l. 15) likely to appeal to the British public? Almost sixty years after this speech, has she been successful in perpetuating the British monarchic system? Primary source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl4gsL8Fj4I Full ceremony : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52NTjasbmgw The Crown, TV Show (Netflix) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYbfboGob1I


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Doc #2 – Webquest on the British Monarchy / Movie : The Queen, 2006 Make a short biography of Queen Elizabeth II. https://www.royal.uk/role-monarchy 1 – Who is the head of state? What kind of monarchy is it? 2 – Has she got any political role? What are her missions? What does she embody? 3 – Name the immediate members of the royal family. 4 – Choose an event mentioned on the website and make a short summary. The Crown (official trailer – season 1) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWtnJjn6ng0 The Queen (official trailer, 2006) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqL42sjb96I https://www.royal.uk/queen-and-government 5 – What is the Queen’s role in government? 6 – Describe her relationship with the Prime Minister. WRITING TASK Write a 130-150-word paragraph. “What do you think about the British Monarchy and the Queen’s role? Why is the royal

family so popular today?”


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Text #3 – The State Opening of Parliament: The Queen’s speech, 2017

Webquest https://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-lords-faqs/lords-stateopening/ https://www.parliament.uk/stateopening What is the State Opening of Parliament? When did it happen for the last time? What is the Queen’s role? Watch the video – State opening (2017) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deDt17Vrlrc “My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, my Government’s priority is to secure the best possible deal as the country leaves the European Union. My Ministers are committed to working with Parliament, the devolved Administrations, business and others to build the widest possible consensus on the country’s future outside the European Union.

A Bill will be introduced to repeal the European Communities Act and provide certainty for 5

individuals and businesses. This will be complemented by legislation to ensure that the United Kingdom makes a success of Brexit, establishing new national policies on immigration, international sanctions, nuclear safeguards, agriculture and fisheries.

My Government will seek to maintain a deep and special partnership with European allies and to forge new trading relationships across the globe. New Bills on trade and customs will help 10

to implement an independent trade policy, and support will be given to help British businesses export to markets around the world.

My Ministers will strengthen the economy so that it supports the creation of jobs and generates the tax revenues needed to invest in the National Health Service, schools and other public services. 15

My Government will continue to improve the public finances while keeping taxes low. It will spread prosperity and opportunity across the country through a new, modern industrial strategy. My Government will work to attract investment in infrastructure to support economic growth. Legislation will be introduced to ensure the United Kingdom remains a world leader in new industries, including electric cars and commercial satellites. A new Bill 20

will also be brought forward to deliver the next phase of high-speed rail.

My Government will continue to work to ensure that every child has the opportunity to attend a good school and that all schools are fairly funded. My Ministers will work to ensure people have the skills they need for the high-skilled, high-wage jobs of the future, including through a major reform of technical education. The national living wage will be increased so that 25

people who are on the lowest pay benefit from the same improvements in earnings as higher-paid workers. My Ministers will seek to enhance rights and protections in the modern workplace.

My Government will make further progress to tackle the gender pay gap and discrimination against people on the basis of their race, faith, gender, disability or sexual orientation. 30

Legislation will be brought forward to protect the victims of domestic violence and abuse. […]


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Proposals will be brought forward to ban unfair tenant fees, promote fairness and transparency in the housing market, and help ensure more homes are built. My Ministers will work to improve social care and will bring forward proposals for consultation. 35

My Government will ensure fairer markets for consumers. This will include bringing forward measures to help tackle unfair practices in the energy market to help reduce energy bills. A priority will be to build a more united country, strengthening the social, economic and cultural bonds between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

My Government will work in co-operation with the devolved Administrations, and it will 40

work with all the parties in Northern Ireland to support the return of devolved government.

A new law will ensure that the United Kingdom retains its world-class regime protecting personal data, and proposals for a new digital charter will be brought forward to ensure that the United Kingdom is the safest place to be online.

Legislation will also be introduced to modernise the courts system and to help reduce motor 45

insurance premiums.[…]

My Government will bring forward proposals to ensure that critical national infrastructure is protected to safeguard national security.

A commission for countering extremism will be established to support the Government in stamping out extremist ideology in all its forms, both across society and on the internet, so it 50

is denied a safe space to spread.

In the light of the terrorist attacks in Manchester and London, my Government’s counterterrorism strategy will be reviewed to ensure that the police and security services have all the powers they need, and that the length of custodial sentences for terrorism-related offences is sufficient to keep the population safe. My Ministers will ensure that the United 55

Kingdom’s leading role on the world stage is maintained and enhanced as it leaves the European Union.

As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, committed to spending 0.7% of national income on international development, my Government will continue to drive international efforts that increase global security and project British values around the 60

world.[…]

My Government will continue to support international action against climate change, including the implementation of the Paris Agreement.

[…] I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels”


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READING TASK 1 – Introduce the document (date, place, author, context, audience, aim, main topics). When and where did she deliver that speech? 2 – Vocabulary – Find in the text the translations of the following words : Une loi: Retirer: Une législation: Politiques nationales: Gouvernement: Maintenir: Partenariat: Relations de commerce: Douanes: Appliquer: Renforcer: Service public: Améliorer: Propager: Croissance économique: Être créé: Être subventionné:

Compétences: Salaires: Paie modeste: Fossé: Genre: Loyers: Égalité: Marché immobilier: Consommateurs: Charte digitale: Contrer: Écraser: Peines d’emprisonnement: Mettre en avant: Revenu: Changement climatique:

3 – What is she saying on Brexit? What are the consequences? The problems? 4 – What is she saying about economy and social measures? What are the priorities of the government? 5 – What is she saying about security and terrorism? Two attacks are mentioned. What happened? 6 – Right or wrong ? Justify by quoting from the text :

a. The tone is optimistic, even though she is talking about Brexit. b. She tries to reassure people. c. She conveys a message of hope. d. She is not a modern queen. e. The UK is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. f. The government is not acting against climate change.


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UPDATES - 2019 : https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2019/december/state-opening-of-parliament-december-2019/ The State Opening of Parliament, The Queen’s Speech, December, 19th, 2019, House of Lords Hansard The Queen, seated on the Throne and attended by Her Officers of State, commanded that the Lady Usher of the Black Rod should let the Commons know that it was Her Majesty’s pleasure that they attend Her immediately in this House. When they had come with their Speaker, Her Majesty was pleased to speak as follows:

“My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, my Government’s priority is to deliver the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union on 31 January. My Ministers will bring forward legislation to ensure the United Kingdom’s exit on that date, and to make the most of the opportunities that this brings for all the people of the United Kingdom. Thereafter, my Ministers will seek a future relationship with the European Union based on a free trade agreement that benefits the whole of the United Kingdom. They will also begin trade negotiations with other leading global economies. The integrity and prosperity of the United Kingdom is of the utmost importance to my Government. My Ministers will work urgently to facilitate talks to restore devolved government in Northern Ireland. My Government will embark on an ambitious programme of domestic reform that delivers on the people’s priorities. For the first time, the National Health Service’s multi-year funding settlement, agreed earlier this year, will be enshrined in law. Steps will be taken to grow and support the National Health Service’s workforce and a new visa will ensure qualified doctors, nurses and health professionals have fast-track entry to the United Kingdom. Hospital car parking charges will be removed for those in greatest need. My Ministers will seek cross-party consensus on proposals for long term reform of social care. They will ensure that the social care system provides everyone with the dignity and security they deserve and that no one who needs care has to sell their home to pay for it. My Ministers will continue work to reform the Mental Health Act. A modern, fair, points-based immigration system will welcome skilled workers from across the world to contribute to the United Kingdom’s economy, communities and public services. My Government will bring forward measures to support working families, raising the National Insurance threshold and increasing the National Living Wage. To ensure every child has access to a high-quality education, my Ministers will increase levels of funding per pupil in every school. Measures will be brought forward to encourage flexible working, to introduce the entitlement to leave for unpaid carers and to help people save for later life. New measures will be brought forward to protect tenants and to improve building safety. My Government will take steps to support home ownership, including by making homes available at a discount for local first-time buyers. My Ministers will develop legislation to improve internet safety for all. My Government is committed to a fair justice system that keeps people safe. My Ministers will establish a Royal Commission to review and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice process. New sentencing laws will ensure the most serious violent offenders, including terrorists, serve longer in custody. New laws will require schools, police, councils and health authorities to work together to prevent serious crime. My Government will ensure those charged with knife possession face swift justice and that the courts work better for all those who engage with them, including victims of domestic abuse. Legislation will be brought forward to support victims of crime and their families. Measures will be developed to tackle hostile activity conducted by foreign states.


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My Ministers will bring forward measures to ensure that every part of the United Kingdom can prosper. My Government will invest in the country’s public services and infrastructure whilst keeping borrowing and debt under control; maintaining the sustainability of the public finances through a responsible fiscal strategy. My Government will prioritise investment in infrastructure and world-leading science research and skills, in order to unleash productivity and improve daily life for communities across the country. It will give communities more control over how investment is spent so that they can decide what is best for them. To support business, my Government will increase tax credits for research and development, establish a National Skills Fund, and bring forward changes to business rates. New laws will accelerate the delivery of gigabit capable broadband. To ensure people can depend on the transport network, measures will be developed to provide for minimum levels of service during transport strikes. My Government will continue to take steps to meet the world-leading target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It will continue to lead the way in tackling global climate change, hosting the COP26 Summit in 2020. To protect and improve the environment for future generations, a bill will enshrine in law environmental principles and legally binding targets, including for air quality. It will also ban the export of polluting plastic waste to countries outside the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and establish a new, world-leading independent regulator in statute. A Constitution, Democracy and Rights Commission will be established. Work will be taken forward to repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act. My Ministers will continue to invest in our gallant Armed Forces. My Government will honour the Armed Forces Covenant, which will be further incorporated into law, and the NATO commitment to spend at least two per cent of national income on defence. It will bring forward proposals to tackle vexatious claims that undermine our Armed Forces and will continue to seek better ways of dealing with legacy issues that provide better outcomes for victims and survivors. My Government will work to promote and expand the United Kingdom’s influence in the world. An Integrated Security, Defence and Foreign Policy Review will be undertaken to reassess the nation’s place in the world, covering all aspects of international policy from defence to diplomacy and development. My Ministers will promote the United Kingdom’s interests, including freedom of speech, human rights and the rule of law. My Government will work closely with international partners to help solve the most complex international security issues and to promote peace and security globally. It will stand firm against those who threaten the values of the United Kingdom, including by developing a sanctions regime to directly address human rights abuse, and working to ensure that all girls have access to twelve years of quality education. Members of the House of Commons, estimates for the public services will be laid before you. My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, other measures will be laid before you. I pray that the blessing of Almighty God may rest upon your counsels.”


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Doc #4 - Discover the British Parliament, webquest

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6999499.stm 1 - Vocabulary : what is the meaning of the following words ? Frontbenchers/backbenchers The cabinet / The shadow cabinet The Prime Minister (PM) MPs The Speaker The Whips

2 - Explain the composition and missions of Parliament. Use the following video and the Parliament official website. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/system/


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Doc #5 - What is the role of Parliament ? (video) https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/


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Doc #6 - An introduction to Parliament, part I (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAMbIz3Y2JA 1 - Is Parliament important? (Name all the issues mentioned in the video) 2 - Name the two events that shaped the current Parliament. 3 - In the UK, it is a democracy. 4 - Who has the real power? 5 - Explain the structure of Parliament. (3 parts) 6 - Give the key elements of each of them (compositions, missions, numbers) 7 - Who becomes the Prime minister? 8 - What’s the Cabinet? 9 - What’s the Opposition and its mission? 10 - Who is the Speaker? 11 - What’s the Monarch’s role? 12 - Are other people working for Parliament? 13 - Name the two main missions of Parliament. 14 - How are they working with the government ? 15 - What are select committees? 16 - Explain the process of law making. 17 - What is an Act of Parliament?


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Doc #7 – How Parliament works in nearly 60 seconds (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbLTwQwXqWc LISTENING AND WRITING TASK – non guidée / 3 écoutes – Type Épreuve BAC Listen carefully to the video. Make a short summary. (120-150 words) Doc #8 – An introduction to Parliament, Part II (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAMbIz3Y2JA Watch the video and answer the following questions:

The power is in the of the people through our . What are the different types of election? How are MPs elected ? General Elections take place in the UK usually every years and every is up for grabs. What are the people doing on polling day? What happened before the election ? Explain the different methods. Once elected, an MP represents . Who does form the government ? Who is elected PM? What is a hung Parliament? What’s the main condition to vote? What are the other options to make your voice heard? SUMMARY : Parliament sits of UK , the big issues of the day, and laws, the government to , by , , and more, you can also get with the work of Parliament.


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Text #9 – Voting system in the UK, BBC bitesize https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcrsg82/revision/1 The voting system used to elect MPs to the UK Parliament is called First Past the Post (FPTP). The FPTP electoral system is used to elect MPs to the House of Commons. For the purpose of the election, the UK is divided into 650 areas or constituencies (seats) and at the election the candidate with the most votes becomes the MP. 5

In addition to voting for a local MP, voters are also taking part in choosing a government. The party with the most MPs becomes the government. In 2015, the Conservatives had more MPs than all the other parties put together (a majority of the MPs) so they became the government. In 2010, unusually, no party won a majority of the MPs (had more MPs than all the other 10

parties put together) so the Conservative Party (the largest party after the election) invited the Liberal Democrat Party to share power in a coalition government. Advantages of FPTP Close MP-constituency relationship: One representative is elected for each constituency and 15

this usually means there will be a strong constituency-MP relationship. It also means that if voters do not like their MP they can also vote to get rid of an individual person. One party strong government: Usually one party wins the election which means the winning party gets five years to put its plans (given in its manifesto) into action. In 2015 it was the 20

Conservative Party who won the General Election. Simplicity: The FPTP system is easily understood and familiar. Voters were given the chance a few years ago to get rid of FPTP for UK parliament elections but they choose to keep it. Disadvantages of FPTP 25

Minority of the vote: In most constituencies more people (in total) vote against the winning candidate than for them. Sometimes an MP can be elected on a vote as low as only 35%, a minority, of the vote. The winning party is also usually elected by less than 50% of the voters. In 2015, the Conservative Party won the election and formed the government but only 36.9% of the people who voted chose to support the Conservatives. 30

First past the post voting system used in UK Parliament Smaller parties do not gain fair representation: In 2015, UKIP polled 12.6% of the vote but returned only 1 MP. In Scotland, Labour received 24.3% of the vote and returned 1 MP, while the SNP received 50% of the vote and returned 56 of the 59 Scottish MPs. 35

Tactical voting: It is argued that FPTP encourages tactical voting (or people not bothering to vote) as they think their vote will have little chance of helping elect their candidate. For example, in a constituency or seat that usually returns a Conservative MP (sometimes called a ‘safe’ seat), there is little point in a voter choosing Labour as they are unlikely to have their 40

candidate elected. Where this happens, and it happens in many constituencies, people may vote not for a candidate they prefer but against a candidate they dislike. Two-thirds of constituencies in the UK are described as safe seats.


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Recent General Elections 45

2010 - After the 2010 General Election, unusually for the First Past the Post electoral system, no one party won the election ie no one party had an overall majority or more MPs than all the other parties put together. As a result, the Conservative Party, which returned the most MPs to Parliament (307 MPs or seats), formed a coalition with the third place party, the 50

Liberal Democrats (57 MPs). The Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition were then able to command a strong working majority in Parliament. Shortly after the election was over, David Cameron, as the leader of the largest party, was invited to form a government with himself as Prime Minister. Nick Clegg, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, became Deputy Prime Minister. 55

2015 - The 2015 General Election was won by the Conservative Party. With 331 MPs the Conservative were able to form a majority government (of 12 MPs) without the assistance of any other party.n As the leader of the Conservative Party and winner of the election, David Cameron was continued as Prime Minister. In Scotland the Scottish National Party (SNP) had 60 their best result in the party's history, winning 56 of the 59 seats. 2017 - Following the 2016 referendum which saw the UK narrowly vote to leave the European Union – commonly known as BREXIT – Prime Minister David Cameron resigned and was replaced by Theresa May. Hoping to consolidate the Conservatives lead over Labour 65

in the opinion polls, Theresa May called the 2017 General Election. This gamble backfired as in the last few weeks of the election campaign period Labour under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn enjoyed a substantial boost in popularity. The Conservatives remained the largest party but lost 13 seats and had to form an alliance with the DUP in Northern Ireland to maintain their majority in the House of Commons. 70

Across the UK, Labour gained 30 seats and the Liberal Democrats gained four seats. In Scotland, the SNP remained the largest party but lost 21 seats – down from 56 to 35. The Scottish Conservatives rallied and won 13 seats allowing them to overtake Labour as Scotland’s second largest party. Labour won seven seats and the Liberal Democrats won four.


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READING TASK (and webquest) Use the text and your knowledge to answer the following questions: https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/general/ 1. What is a general election ? 2. Who decides to call a general election? 3. When was the last general election? 4. Do general elections have to be held on Thursdays? 5. Triggering an election other than at five-year intervals, is it possible? 6. Can I vote for a new Prime Minister? Who chooses the Prime Minister? 7. Who forms the government? 8. What is a hung Parliament? 9 – What does FPTP mean ? Can you explain how it works ? Charts/maps : https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2017/jun/08/live-uk-election-results-in-full-2017 Hung Parliament: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/09/what-is-a-hung-parliament-and-what-happens-now

https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/08/exit-poll-points-to-hung-parliament-in-2017-general-election 3 - Comment on the results in 2017. Name the main political parties. Webquest : Find the other main political parties. 4 – Right or wrong ? Justify by quoting from the text :

a. In 2010 there was no real winner. b. In 2015 the Conservative won the majority. c. FPTP system is easy to understand. d. It creates a strong relationship between the MP and the constituency. e. Some votes are not taken into account. f. Small parties are well represented. g. There is no tactical voting.

4 – What happens now (2017 context)? What is the problem? UPDATES 5 – What happened in October 2019 ? Comment on the results. https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2019/results


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Doc #10 – The FPTP explained # 2 (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY1b37FxTFo LISTENING AND WRITING TASK – non guidée / 3 écoutes – Type Épreuve BAC Listen carefully to the video. Make a short summary. (120-150 words) WRITING TASK Write a 130-150-word paragraph. “What do you think about the FPTP system? Do you think it’s fair? Better than our

system?”


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Text #11 – Devolution, A beginner’s guide, BBC news http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm

Since 1999, the way the United Kingdom is run has been transformed by devolution – a process designed to decentralise government and give more powers to the three nations which, together with England, make up the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Devolution essentially means the transfer of powers from the UK parliament in London to 5

assemblies in Cardiff and Belfast, and the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh.

When did it begin? Public votes were held in 1997 in Scotland and Wales, and a year later in both parts of

Ireland. This resulted in the creation of the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for 10

Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Devolution applied in different ways in each

nation due to historical and administrative differences.

What powers are devolved? The table below gives an overview of the main powers given to the Northern Irish and Welsh 15

assemblies, and the Scottish Parliament.

MAJOR DEVOLVED POWERS SCOTLAND WALES N. IRELAND Agriculture, forestry & fishing

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

Agriculture

Education Education Education

Environment Environment Environment

Health Health & social welfare

Health

Housing Housing Enterprise, trade & investment

Justice, policing & courts*

Local government Social services

Local government Fire & rescue services Justice & policing

Fire service Highways & transport

Economic development

Economic development

Some transport

*Scotland has always had its own legal system


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What powers are not devolved? The UK government is responsible for national policy on all powers which have not been 20

devolved. These are known usually as "reserved powers" and include foreign affairs, defence,

international relations and economic policy. This table gives an overview of the main non-

devolved powers.

MAJOR NON-DEVOLVED POWERS SCOTLAND WALES N. IRELAND

Constitution Defence & national security

Defence & national security

Defence & national security

Economic policy Foreign policy

Foreign policy Foreign policy Nationality

Energy Energy Energy**

Immigration & nationality

Immigration & nationality

Trade & industry [see footnote +]

Some transport

Social security

** - specified as "nuclear energy & installations"

+ - Non-devolved powers in Wales are by implication all those not set out in the 2006 Government of Wales Act

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The Westminster Parliament is technically still able to pass laws for any part of the UK, but in

practice only deals with devolved matters with the agreement of the devolved governments.

Devolution in Northern Ireland Devolution here is slightly different to Scotland and Wales, with government powers divided

into three categories: transferred, reserved and excepted. The power-sharing agreement 30

between the Nationalist and Unionist communities in Northern Ireland is critical to the

functioning of the assembly; devolution of powers has been suspended and reinstated several

times since its inception in 1998.

In addition to the main devolved powers shown in the table, the assembly can also legislate on

culture, arts and leisure, learning and employment and regional and social development. 35

In March 2010, an agreement was passed to transfer powers of justice and policing to

Northern Ireland. Reserved powers - which could be transferred in the future with cross-

community consent - include prisons and civil defence. A third category - excepted powers -

includes matters such as parliamentary and assembly elections, international relations and

defence. 40

These cannot be transferred without primary legislation from Westminster.


21

Devolution in Scotland Scotland has a "parliament" as opposed to an "assembly" -

the crucial difference being that Holyrood is a legislation-45

making body, passing bills in various areas of its many

devolved responsibilities.

The Scottish parliament also has the power to raise or

lower the basic rate of income tax by 3p in the pound -

although this so-called "Tartan Tax" has never been used. 50

In addition to the main devolved powers shown in the

table, the parliament can legislate on tourism, economic

development, planning, natural and built heritage, sport

and the arts, as well as statistics, public registers and

records. 55

The primary powers retained by Westminster include

foreign policy, defence and trade and industry.

Devolution in Wales The Government of Wales Act of 2006 gives the Welsh 60

assembly powers to make its own laws, but limits its

scope to defined "fields"; a broad subject area such as

education or health.

Within these fields, the assembly is able to enact its own

laws, known as measures. The major areas in which the 65

assembly can legislate are listed in the table above.

In addition, the assembly can make laws relating to

ancient monuments and historic buildings, public

administration, sport and recreation, tourism, town and

country planning, flood defences, the assembly itself, and 70

the Welsh language.

By omission, anything not contained in the current list of

measures remains under the control of the Parliament in Westminster.

The assembly is split into executive and legislative branches: the Welsh assembly government

controls day-to-day running of devolved policy areas within the country, while the National 75

Assembly for Wales scrutinises and debates the assembly government's work.

The assembly could increase its powers in the future and may one day evolve into a body

similar to the Scottish Parliament.

In February 2010, assembly members voted in favour of holding a referendum on devolving

further powers from Westminster. This motion must now gain approval from both Houses of 80

Parliament.

The Scottish parliament is based at Holyrood in Edinburgh

The Welsh Assembly building is in Cardiff


22

1 – Introduce the document (date, place, author, context, audience, aim, main topics). 2 – Vocabulary – Find in the text the translations of the following words : Processus: Décentraliser: Signifier: Transfert: Pouvoir: Être organisé : Résulter : S’appliquer: Façons: Un panorama:

La santé: L’immobilier: La justice : Le développement économique: Être responsable: Politique nationale: Affaires étrangéres: Relations internationales: Sécurité nationale: Energies: Immigration:

3 - Name the different Parliaments. Locate them on the map. (source: themaparchive.com)


23

4 – Explain what Devolution is. 5 – What’s the difference between devolved and reserved powers? What kind of powers are devolved? 6 - Right or wrong ? Justify by quoting from the text :

a. Devolution started in 1998. b. Devolution is different for each nation. c. Excepted powers are for NI only. d. Scotland has an Assembly. e. In Scotland, they can pass bill, raise or lower taxes. f. The Welsh Assembly is allowed to make laws in all areas and fields. g. The Welsh Assembly has two branches.

WRITING TASK Write a 150-170-word paragraph. “Is Devolution a good system? Do you think it can work?”


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To go further : Nicola Sturgeon’s speech at the SNP Conference, 2018 […] Friends, The SNP has different aspirations for Scotland. We need and we want people to come to work in our country. Our prosperity and our public services depend on it. So if Westminster cannot or will not act in our best interests, it is time that our own Parliament was able to do so. It is time for powers over migration to come to Scotland. Friends Next year, our Scottish Parliament will mark its twentieth anniversary. Having a 5

Parliament of our own has changed Scotland. And it has changed Scotland for the better. It has allowed us to protect our NHS from privatisation. Deliver free personal care. Mitigate the bedroom tax. Set and meet world leading climate change targets. And much more besides. It also meant we could abolish student tuition fees. And let me reaffirm this today: For as long as the SNP remains in office, tuition fees are not coming back. 10

This twenty year milestone should be a time of celebration. Instead, the powers of our parliament are under threat like never before. On Tuesday, the EU Withdrawal Bill returns to the House of Commons. As it stands, that Bill allows UK ministers to remove Scotland’s powers for up to seven years. Agriculture, fishing, trade, environmental standards, consumer protections - areas that really matter to people and to businesses across the country. And they 15

want to be able to do so against the will of the Scottish Parliament. That is completely unacceptable. That’s why the Scottish Parliament voted overwhelmingly - and across different parties - to refuse consent to this power grab. There was only one party happy to sign away Scotland’s powers. You’ve guessed it - the Tories. Next week, the prevaricating comes to an end. It is decision time for the Tories. They can 20

choose to respect devolution or they can prove what many in Scotland have long believed. The Tories cannot be trusted with the Scottish Parliament - not now, not ever. The government at Westminster is paralysed on Brexit. In fact, stripping Scotland of its powers might be the only Brexit related issue they can agree on. Everything else is on hold as they fight among themselves. The Prime Minister rules out membership of the single market 25

and the customs union, even though she has absolutely no idea what to replace it with. […] Remember, during the independence referendum, Scotland was told that a No vote would mean strength and stability. […] Westminster wants to drag Scotland back. The Scottish Government is moving Scotland forward. Every day, we strive to make this country a better place to live. We are governing in tough times. The legacy of the recession and Westminster 30

austerity challenges us every single day. […] We are the party with the courage in government to ask people who can afford it, to pay a bit more in income tax to protect our precious public services. And we should be proud of that. Last month, we became the first country in the world to introduce minimum pricing for alcohol. That policy is not universally popular, but it will save lives. We overcame many 35

hurdles along the way and we should be proud that we persevered. We are also getting Scotland’s economy ready for the future.[…] We’re taking Scotland forward while Westminster tries to drag us back. We’re creating a fairer Scotland too. In April, the Scottish Parliament passed the Social Security Bill. Westminster is punishing the poor and the sick. The Scottish Government will always treat people with dignity and respect. We can’t undo all 40

the damage Westminster is doing, But where we can make a difference, we will. […] My sense as I travel this country is that people have had enough of the despair and the despondency of Brexit. They want to be inspired by the hope of a better future instead. Friends Our task is to persuade them that this better future is an independent one. […] The purpose of independence is to build a better country, a stronger economy and a fairer society. 45

[…] Independence is about the freedom to make our own choices. It’s about equipping ourselves with the full powers to lift people out of poverty. To tackle the inequality that limits our potential. It’s about the ability to use our finite oil wealth to build the industries of the future. It is about having the powers to encourage more talented people to live, work and


25

contribute here. And making sure that our young people can travel, study and work in other 50

countries too. It is about letting our businesses trade freely across the UK, Europe and beyond. And it’s about investing in the NHS, instead of wasting billions of pounds on Trident weapons of mass destruction. The case for independence is strong. And it is getting stronger by the day. Research published yesterday had at its heart a quite remarkable finding. It showed that the number of people in Scotland who believe that independence will make our 55

economy better has risen dramatically. And, for the first time, we now outnumber those who believe the opposite. Friends, Confidence in the independence case is growing. […] Friends Like countries everywhere, Scotland faces challenges in this uncertain world. But we have potential aplenty. And we have so much to look forward to. […] Our message of hope and ambition is in tune with a country that feels optimistic about the future. So let us 60

grasp that opportunity. […] Our task, working together, is to unlock all of that potential. To make sure that no-one is left behind. That we don’t allow our horizons to be narrowed. To make sure that we keep moving forward. Building a stronger society here at home and playing our part in the better, cleaner, safer world we want to live in. It’s time to aim high, look resolutely outwards and never accept second best. Above all, it’s time to believe that we can. 65 We can build that better country we know is possible. And, friends... We will


26

READING TASK / KNOWLEDGE 1 – Make a quick search on the 2014 Referendum. 2 – What was Scotland’s position on Brexit? Why is it a problem today? 3 – Comment on the relationship between Scotland and Westminster. 4 – What is the SNP? Comment on this particular political party. 5 – What is Devolution? Do you know the name and location of the Scottish Parliament? What are they celebrating this year? 6 – What do they suggest for Scotland? What is Sturgeon’s idea? 7 – Pay attention to rhetorical devices. What vision of Scotland is she trying to convey?


27

Text #12 - Brexit election: what are the chances of a poll before 31 October?

Some predict Boris Johnson will push for a vote, or other factors might force one Peter Walker Political correspondent - Thu 25 Jul 2019

Protesters outside Downing Street on Johnson’s first day as PM on Wednesday. Photograph: Tolga

Akmen/AFP/Getty Images

There was a moment during Boris Johnson’s first speech outside No 10 when it looked as if a snap general election was on the cards when he said that while there were now 99 days to Brexit, “we aren’t going to wait 99 days, because the British people have had enough of waiting – the time has come to act”. Johnson then veered back to talking about police numbers, but the brief panic among MPs and 5

political journalists showed that many people do expect an election sooner rather than later. Why is an early election possible? It’s all about the numbers. With the Democratic Unionist party’s continued support – and this is still to be formalised – Johnson has a working majority of three. This is likely to be eroded further next week, with the Liberal Democrats tipped to take the Brecon and Radnoshire 10

seat from the Tories in a byelection. With the Lib Dems confident of attracting a Conservative defector or two (though nothing is certain) it is perfectly feasible that Johnson could return from the summer recess with no majority at all. What happens then? It all depends, and a number of factors would come into play. Labour has promised to call a 15

formal vote of no confidence in a Johnson government, but will wait until it has the best chance of winning. Under the 2011 Fixed-term Parliaments Act, if a motion saying “this house has no confidence in Her Majesty’s government” is passed, there is a 14-day period in which the government can demonstrate it does have support via a confidence motion, or a new administration is formed, or there is an election. An election would not happen 20

immediately, and even if a no-confidence vote were passed immediately after the summer, the earliest possible polling day would be Thursday 24 October. Will Labour do this, and would the motion pass? The party is expected to call one, but with the recess starting this afternoon it will need to wait until September. Labour had thought about an immediate no-confidence vote but calculated 25

that even die-hard Johnson sceptics on the Tory benches would want to give him more than a day in office before kicking him out. But even if the working majority evaporates over the summer there is no guarantee it would pass, with ex-Conservatives having to weigh up if they would want to vote with Labour, thus triggering an election that could bring in a Jeremy Corbyn government. 30

Will Johnson call an election? That also seems distinctly possible, and if there is a seeming uptick in the Conservative poll ratings Johnson could strike. […]


28

What else could potentially happen? Some more misty-eyed MPs – mainly Lib Dems or Corbyn-sceptic Labourites – like to 35

imagine a scenario where Johnson loses the confidence of the Commons, but rather than an election there emerges from the chaos some Borgen-like government of national unity, taking in Conservative and Labour moderates, along with the Lib Dems, SNP and others. This seems a tough ask – it would involve large numbers of MPs leaving party structures they have been part of for decades – but many strange political things have happened recently. 40

1 – Introduce the document (date, place, author, context, audience, aim, main topics). When and where did she deliver that speech? 2 – Vocabulary – Find in the text the translations of the following words : Virer de bord/dévier: S’éroder/s’affaiblir: Une majorité: Il est très probable que…: Plausible: Pause estivale: Formel:

Jour de vote: En poste: Chasser (quelqu’un): Déclencher: Légère hausse: Larmoyant: Impliquer:

What is the meaning of : N°10 : Snap General Election : MPs : Vote of no confidence : 3 – Name the different political parties. 4- Explain « 99 days ». 5 - Right or wrong ? Justify by quoting from the text :

a. The PM alluded to a snap election. b. He may lose the majority in parliament. c. Labour is not going to trigger a vote of no confidence. d. If a motion of no-confidence is passed, nothing changes. e. New elections cannot be before October 2019. f. Labour party is waiting the best moment for the vote of no-confidence. g. The PM won’t call for an election. h. Other people would prefer an alliance of different parties, forgetting political

divisions. 6 – Now, what has happened since the article ? Has the PM lost the majority ? What are the consequences ?


29

Text #13 Could freelance be the future for lawyers? Tess Reidy, The Guardian, Monday 16 May 2016 (Adapted) The life of a corporate lawyer isn’t for everyone. First comes law school, full of soon-to-be politicians and posh boys guffawing their way through EU lectures. Then, if you get a training contract, your first five years at a firm will likely be spent working your socks off, slogging through endless reading and eating lukewarm Deliveroos in the office after 10pm. But before you give up on the law entirely, or resign yourself to a lifetime of desk dinners, why not 5

consider going freelance? Legal culture has changed in recent years and flexible work has become a significant part of the industry. Whether you’re a part-time DJ in Ibiza, a mum wanting to spend more time at home, or a cake-maker extraordinaire, the case for going freelance is a compelling one. There are businesses out there, such as Lawyers On Demand, Axiom andVario, that match interesting 10

clients with solicitors who want more control over their caseload. The work is still top quality and you don’t necessarily have to take a pay cut. According to Tom Hartley, managing director of Lawyers On Demand, which began in 2007 and now has more than 600 lawyers, the business has doubled in the last three years and the market is booming. “Solicitors get to select jobs with clients that suit their skills and interests 15

and fit with how they want to work,” he says. […] Hartley says one of the main attractions of flexible working is that it allows people to have a life outside of the law. “Some of our lawyers have other interests which take up their time – we have a corporate lawyer who takes the winter off to run his ski business, and a DJ based in Ibiza.” Kay Ma, who is three years qualified and trained in-house in a two-person legal team for a 20

global company, says she chose to go freelance so she can spend more time on her novelty cake-making business. […] David Wides, a commercial lawyer who is 10 years qualified, agrees. He says he thought he’d be office-bound in the same job forever. Instead, working on a freelance basis has given him the freedom to travel. […] As well as the freedom to focus on other things, freelance lawyers say they haven’t had to 25

sacrifice the quality of their work. So, could feeling pressured to be the last one to leave the office soon be a thing of the past? Ma says it is, adding: “Being freelance gives me flexibility and I have the option to work at a client site, at home, or in a cafe if I want to. Who knows, one day I might even open a cake shop and work remotely as a lawyer from there.” This work style is equally good for clients: they can get top lawyers whenever they need them, often at a 30

cheaper rate than using traditional law firms. […] Using freelance lawyers helps reduce their overheads and any extra costs, such as holiday pay and maternity leave. […] “The career path of lawyers is shifting to accommodate increasing expectations around achieving work/life balance,” says Andrew Darwin, chief operating officer at DLA Piper. “Law firms need to be able to meet such expectations in order to retain and motivate the best talent. The traditional 35

law firm is no longer the only choice for lawyers and law firms need to respond to this.” He adds that allowing lawyers to work flexibly has enabled the firm to reconnect with former employees who are still interested in working for them, but on a more flexible basis. […] There are, however, some drawbacks. Not only can you miss out on long-term friendships in the office, but the nature of freelancing means that work is never guaranteed – and if you 40

don’t work, you don’t get paid. Gemma Thompson, a corporate lawyer who is two years qualified, thinks going freelance is tempting, but there’s too much risk attached to it. “It would be nice to have more flexible hours, but this usually means you don’t have the same job security. Maybe that will change in time, but I’m not sure it’s quite there yet.”


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Text #14 These undocumented immigrants thought they could stay. Trump says deport them. Alan Gomez , USA TODAY, March 27, 2017 Angel Ortiz Paz was warming up his car just before 6 a.m. outside his Gaithersburg, Md., townhouse on a recent morning when federal agents pulled in behind him. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents were looking for two other men who were undocumented immigrants in the neighborhood, but they started asking Ortiz about his status. As his wife and two children — all U.S. citizens — were inside the house, Ortiz 5

showed them his Maryland-issued driver's license and his Honduran passport. The agents ran a background check on the information and found that Ortiz was also an undocumented immigrant. They saw a 9-year-old DUI conviction on his record and a 16-year-old deportation order issued by a federal judge shortly after Ortiz illegally crossed the southwest border into the U.S. The agents handcuffed and arrested Ortiz. On Monday, after failed attempts to appeal 10

his case, Ortiz was deported back to his native Honduras, according to his family. The construction worker has now become the latest face of President Trump's deportation program, which calls for rounding up non-violent undocumented immigrants who would not have been deported under former president Barack Obama's policy. "When my son watches the news, he says, 'Look, the people who took my papi,'" Ortiz's 15

wife Francis said, referring to their son, Angel, 6. "He is everything to this family. My whole world is missing. Trump has destroyed the lives of many people in my situation." From the start of his presidential campaign, Trump made clear that he would clamp down on illegal immigration by ramping up deportations. But he and members of his administration repeatedly said they would focus on undocumented immigrants who were hardened criminals 20

— gang members, murderers, rapists or "bad hombres," as Trump described them. Since Trump took office, however, ICE has made clear that while agents target criminals, they also will round up any other undocumented immigrant they catch along the way. The agency even sent a series of tweets two weeks ago reminding young undocumented immigrants granted deportation protections under Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) 25

program that they also could face deportation. The result: A growing number of DACA recipients, mothers, fathers and grandparents with no violent crimes in their backgrounds are being deported or face deportation in the two months Trump has been in office. ICE spokesman Matthew Bourke said Ortiz qualified for a deportation because he was an "immigration fugitive," based on his DUI conviction and the 30

deportation order issued by a judge in 2001. Bruce Coane, an immigration attorney who represents Ortiz, said his case shows several changes in deportation priorities. Before Trump took office, he said, Ortiz wouldn't have been questioned or arrested, and prosecutors wouldn't have moved so quickly to deport him. […] Supporters of Trump's expanded use of deportations say the president is following 35

through on his campaign promises to fix an out-of-control situation that has led to 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, which advocates for lower levels of immigration, said immigrants like Ortiz have only themselves to blame for violating U.S. immigration laws. "Sure, it's unfortunate. But he's a grown-up, he created this situation, and he has to bear 40

responsibility," Krikorian said. "Somebody who is not paying his mortgage and gets evicted doesn't get to stay just because he has kids."


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Get prepared for the exams ! Brexit: 2018 Queen’s Speech cancelled by government, BBC News, 18.06.2017 There will be no Queen's Speech next year to give MPs more time to deal with Brexit laws, the government says. Leader of the Commons Andrea Leadsom said the next parliamentary session was being doubled in length to two years. The unusual move would allow MPs to scrutinise "substantial amounts of legislation", she said. This year's Queen's Speech was due on Monday but has been put off until Wednesday as 5

Theresa May's minority government seeks a deal with the DUP. 'Broad consensus' The Queen's Speech traditionally takes place during the ceremonial State Opening Of Parliament, setting out the government's proposed legal programme for the coming year. The last time it was cancelled was in 2011 by the then Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition 10

government. That decision, the first time it had been taken since 1949, was criticised at the time by Labour as an "abuse of power" aimed solely at easing the passage of controversial legislation. Announcing the scrapping of the 2018 event, Mrs Leadsom said the European Union exit legislation would begin with the "Great Repeal Bill". Andrea Leadsom said a heavy 15

legislative workload meant that the next parliamentary session would last two years, rather than one. She said: "We will build the broadest possible consensus for our Brexit plans, and that means giving Parliament the maximum amount of time to scrutinise these bills by holding a two-year session of Parliament."It will mean we can work together to deliver a successful Brexit deal and a strong social legislative programme that delivers justice and opportunity to 20

everyone." The government also wanted to pass "a domestic agenda which aims to tackle the social injustices in our country", she added. Repeal bill Speaking on the BBC's Sunday Politics, she insisted the move was not motivated by fears the 2018 Queen's Speech could have been defeated by MPs. 25

"That is absolutely not the reason for doing this," she said. "The issue is that we have an enormous job to do to make a success of Brexit." At the heart of the legislation needed for Brexit is the so-called Great Repeal Bill, which will convert existing EU law into UK legislation. Ministers will then decide which parts to keep, and have promised that all existing workplace protections will be maintained. 30

Following the general election, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said the bill would now become "history" - and that there would be "something different" in a few weeks' time. But asked whether Labour would support the bill in the Commons, Sir Keir Starmer, Labour's Brexit spokesman, told the Andrew Marr Show: "We haven't seen it yet. The principle of entrenching EU rights and freedoms is one that we would support. 35


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READING TASK 1– Introduce the document. 2 – Why was the article written? What does it say about the 2018 Queen’s speech? 3 – Who is Andrea Leadsom? 4 – Why was the speech cancelled? Is it usual or unusual? Did it happen before? 5 – What is the Repeal Bill? PM to tell EU leaders UK needs new Brexit deal, BBC News, 2019 Boris Johnson will tell EU leaders there needs to be a new Brexit deal when he makes his first trip abroad as PM later this week. The UK will leave the EU on 31 October with or without a deal, he will insist. Meanwhile, the Sunday Times has printed leaked government documents warning of food, medicine and fuel shortages in a no-deal scenario. A No 10 source told the BBC a former minister leaked the dossier to try to influence discussions with EU leaders. 5 The documents say the cross-government paper on preparations for a no-deal Brexit, codenamed Operation Yellowhammer, reveals the UK could face months of disruption at its ports. It also states plans to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are unlikely to prove sustainable. 10

The dossier, reported by the Sunday Times, says leaving the EU without a deal could lead to:

� Fresh food becoming less available and prices rising, � A hard Irish border after plans to avoid checks fail, sparking protests, � Fuel becoming less available and 2,000 jobs being lost if the government sets petrol 15

import tariffs to 0%, potentially causing two oil refineries to close, � UK patients having to wait longer for medicines, including insulin and flu vaccines, � A rise in public disorder and community tensions resulting from a shortage of food

and drugs, � Passengers being delayed at EU airports, Eurotunnel and Dover, 20

� Freight disruption at ports lasting up to three months, caused by customs checks, before traffic flow improves to 50-70% of the current rate

[…] a former head of the British civil service, Lord Bob Kerslake, who described the document as "credible", said the dossier "lays bare the scale of the risks we are facing with 25

no-deal Brexit in almost every area". "These risks are completely insane for this country to be taking and we have to explore every avenue to avoid them," he told BBC Radio 4's Broadcasting House. Irish deputy prime minister Simon Coveney said, in a tweet, that Ireland had "always been 30

clear" a hard border in Ireland "must be avoided". The Irish backstop - the provision in Theresa May's withdrawal agreement that could see Northern Ireland continue to follow some of the same trade rules as the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the EU, thus preventing a hard border - was an "insurance policy" designed to protect the peace process, he said. […] 35

G7 summit - The leak comes as the prime minister prepares to travel to Berlin to meet German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Wednesday, before going to Paris to meet French President Emmanuel Macron on Thursday. Mr Johnson is expected to say Parliament cannot and will not change the outcome of the 2016 referendum and insist there must be a new deal to replace Mrs May's withdrawal agreement - defeated three times by MPs - if the UK is to 40


33

leave the EU with a deal. However, it is thought their discussions will chiefly focus on issues such as foreign policy, security, trade and the environment, ahead of the G7 summit next weekend. Boris Johnson had been reluctant to fly to meet European leaders until it seemed a breakthrough was likely. 45

But - it still doesn't. When Mr Johnson meets the EU's most powerful leaders - Angela Merkel and Emmanuel Macron - he will repeat his message that the UK is leaving, no matter what, at the end of October. He will tell them face-to-face for the first time that the only way the UK will sign up 50

to a deal is if the EU thinks again, and replaces the agreement brokered by Mrs May. But there seems to be little chance of any serious progress in the coming days. No 10 does not seem particularly optimistic and says it expects both sides will say their piece, then move on to other issues. […] 55

Annexes / News / Updates John Bercow to resign as Commons speaker (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmYDLhawMT4 Proroguation of Parliament https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-parliament-prorogation-explained 2019 General Elections https://www.theguardian.com/politics/general-election-2019 Brexit News https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/uk_leaves_the_eu (short Videos and articles)


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DOSSIER 3 LES DETERMINANTS Un déterminant est indispensable devant un nom commun. On appelle déterminant les articles, les démonstratifs et les possessifs. Il est souvent nécessaire de faire la distinction entre les indénombrables et les dénombrables singulier et pluriel. Indénombrable Dénombrable Verbe Toujours singulier Singulier Pluriel

Déterminants O ou THE A(n) ou THE O ou THE

Quantifieurs

SOME/ANY/NO/A LOT OF/LOTS OF/ MUCH (A) LITTLE

ANY NO

SOME A LOT OF/LOTS OF MANY (A) FEW SEVERAL BOTH

LES ARTICLES Un nom peut être précédé de l’article défini THE, de l’article défini A(n), ou bien d’un article qui n’est pas visible et que l’on appelle article zéro () ; en effet l’absence d’article apporte tout autant d’indications que la présence d’un article. L’article zéro •Il peut indiquer une quantité ou un nombre quelconque, indéfini (proche du sens de SOME). eg:

There are O people waiting to testify. I have just made O inquiries There are O guns in that locker.

Toutefois, dans la plupart des cas, l’article zéro a une valeur générique. Il permet de parler d’une classe en général ou de concepts abstraits. On le trouve aussi bien avec les dénombrables au pluriel et les indénombrables.

eg: Avec les indénombrables.

O Life is hard./O Drug wars and O .gun crime are interlinked.

Avec les dénombrables au pluriel: On renvoie à une idée générale et globale, sans s’intéresser à la quantité. Stolen items are being sold on Ebay./ Copyright laws are often not respected.

L’article indéfini A(n) Attention ! On ne le trouve qu’avec les dénombrables singulier. On emploie a devant un « son consonne », ce qui inclut le « h » quand il est aspiré, le « y » et parfois « u », « o » (car phonétiquement /ju/ et /w/)

eg: a young thief, a university degree in Law, an awful murder, a five-star hotel

On emploie An devant un « son voyelle », ce qui inclut le « h » muet et certains sigles. eg: an alibi ,an appeal, an honest client, an hourly rate, , an MP, an SOS

Il s’agit d’extraire un élément d’une classe, d’isoler un élément d’un ensemble.

eg: I’d like to hire an American lawyer. (un élément dans la classe des avocats)


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Il peut aussi avoir un emploi générique, quand on prend un élément comme exemplaire d’une classe, c’est à dire qu’un élément représente la totalité de l’ensemble. (eg: dans les définitions, vérités générales).

eg: A lawyer is a defendant’s best friend. A kleptomaniac is someone who can’t resist stealing things. A witness is not supposed to tell lies.

On trouve également l’article indéfini (a/an) devant :

• les prix, vitesses, mesures, etc. eg: $300 An hour 60 km an hour/twice a week • les noms de métiers et fonctions. Exemple: He is a coroner. • après WITHOUT : Without a concrete witness statement, we’ll lose the case.

L’article défini THE C’est le seul qu’on peut trouver devant n’importe quel type de nom. Comme son nom l’indique, il s’utilise quand le nom qu’il qualifie est défini. Le nom est quelque chose de connu, que l’on sait à quoi on fait référence ; on sait de quoi ou de qui on parle. • C’est le contexte qui définit le nom.

eg: Where is the accused ? (la personne connue en étant accusée d’un crime)

The defendant had to pay the legal fees. (les frais encourus dans l’affaire) • C’est la phrase qui définit le nom : un complément du nom (introduit par of, in, on, etc.) ou une relative

définit le nom. eg: The woman that you pickpocketed was my sister! We can’t trace the identity of the victim.

• C’est une information évidente, connue de tous, qui fait partie de la culture de chacun.

eg: The verdict is due today.

The CPS (Crown Prosecution Service conducts criminal prosecutions in The UK.

On emploie THE pour designer un élément unique. eg: The moon lit the crime scene. (cf: the sky, the earth, the sun, the sea, MAIS ∅ space ) The Prime Minister was a corrupt man.) (cf : the president, the king)

On trouvera THE devant les lieux communs : the bank, the law court, the police stationl, the tax office, the morgue, the hospital….. L’article indéfini – THE - peut également avoir un emploi générique, mais uniquement avec des dénombrables au singulier.

eg: The death penalty was abolished in 1981. The lie-detector test was invented in the early 2Oth century.

Ou on utilise devant un adjectif, pour désigner un groupe social précis : the blind, the poor, the jobless On le trouve également devant les instruments de musique.

eg: He practised the trumpet is his prison cell!

En ce qui concerne les noms propres, on le trouve devant les noms d’océans ou de rivières (The Thames; The Pacific Ocean), devant les noms de personnes au pluriel (The Obamas), et devant certains pays (The USA; The Netherlands; The USSR). On ne le trouvera pas devant les noms de personnes, même précédés d’un titre (Doctor Who; Captain Nemo).


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En résumé :

EXERCICES

1/ Choisissez la forme correcte. a/ Embezzlement/The embezzlement is a form of financial fraud. b/ Look at defence team/the defence team over there! c/ People say that women/the women are often better prosecution lawyers than men/the men. d/ In Britain divorce/the divorce is more common than in France/the France. e/ He got married but marriage/the marriage wasn’t successful. f/ Did you know that people/the people who live next door shoplift ? g/ All books/All the books that I read deal with law. h/ Life/The life would be very difficult without a fair justice system.

2/ Complétez ces phrases à l'aide des articles ∅ , a, an, the. a/ I like to watch ____ Netflix after a long day in ___ office b/ ______ advice they give is awful! c/ He works in ______ appeal court near the town hall. d/ Tell me ____ name of _____ drug lord who is running this network. e/ ____ atmosphere in the suburbs is getting more and more tense. f/ What ___ pity that he lost the appeal! g/. Twenty years ago _____people had never heard of trolling or cyber-bullying. h/ _____ city life is often more hectic than ______ country life. i/ I’ll never forget _____ sentence given to that murderer. j/ He deserves to be sent to ____ prison. k/ _____ police station is near ______ church. l/ “Aren’t you going to be caught if you do that?” “No. I can’t see ____ police anywhere” m/ You must tell ____ truth, and never, ever tell _____ lies! n/ _____ Japanese are very law-abiding people. o/ Most (of) _____ Australians have criminal ancestors. p/ _____ President Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War. q/ He always drives at 160 km __ hour. r/ It was such __ incredible trial! s/ My brother had to do ____ community service after committing a petty offence. t/ As _____ ex-prison inmate, she hates being in enclosed spaces. u/ He used to steal several times ___ day. v/ _____ Prime Minister has announced ____ 15 per cent pay rise for ____ Britain’s civil servants. w/ Knive crime is on the increase, according to ___ police force. x/ ______ electronic tagging is an effective alternative to a prison sentence.

0 = classe en général, notion abstraite A(n) = un élément parmi un ensemble (extraction) The = repérage, reprise (élément défini par le contexte, ou connu) eg: He’s a fan of whodunnit books. (en général) Where is the proof? (d’un acte) The cigarette I smoked yesterday smelt really weird. (contexte) Can I have a personal assistant ? (extraction d’un élément) Can I have some advice? (indénombrable)


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3/ Avec ou sans THE? a/ Children/The children learn a lot from their peers. b/ We took children/the children to the police station. c/ I often listen to hearings/the hearings. d/ The trial wasn’t very exciting but I liked the atmosphere/atmosphere. e/ Most lawyers wear wigs and gowns/the wigs and gowns. f/ He wore the same wig and gown/same wig and gown for years and years. g/ Taking ketamine/the ketamine can damage your health. h/ Do the English/English respect speed limits on the road ? i/ Do the English people/English people you know respect smoking bans?

4/ Completez avec A, An, Ø, THE. a/ Where is ___ file I left on ___ desk? b/ ____ French follow the civil code justice system, unlike ____ English. c/ Richard is __ coroner and his wife is ___ forensic scientist. d/ « How much are the legal fees ? » – « 150 euros __ hour!» e/ She sees her accountant twice ____ week.. f/ _____ Queen Elizabeth is to meet ____ French President next month. g/ _____ life he leads in jail is too hard for him. h/ Don’t ever drive a without ____ insurance. i/ I wish to apply for ___ job I saw advertised online. j/ _____ law degrees are always very difficult to obtain. k/ The evidence will be shown to all ____ jury. l/ You should not tell such ___ lies! m/ Would you mind calling me back in __ hour and a half? n/ He explained to them how ___ the accident had occurred. o/ She goes to ____ law firm on ____ foot. p/ I spent most of ___ evening listening to ___ news on the radio. q/ He committed ____ most horrible crime I’ve ever heard of. r/ In the past, citizens used to swear on ____ Bible before giving ____ evidence in court. s/ They offer free legal guidance to the public twice ____ month. t/ Without _____ good alibi, nobody will believe you!! Les démonstratifs THIS et THAT (pluriel: THESE/THOSE) déterminent aussi les noms.

• On préférera THIS/THESE quand on parle de quelque chose de proche, que ce soit dans l’espace ou dans le temps (proximité spatiale/temporelle).

• On préférera THAT pour parler de quelque chose d’éloigné (éloignement spatial ou temporel);

également quand il y a un jugement négatif. eg: Do you see that hooligan over there ? Counsel, show the jury this piece of evidence here, will you ? (= distance spatiale) In this country, the Common Law system is used; in that one, it’s the Civil Law system. Life was so much safer in those days. (= éloignement dans le temps) Not that politician again! I can’t stand him! (= commentaire négatif, dépréciatif)

• On préférera THIS pour annoncer quelque chose, et THAT pour reprendre quelque chose, ou terminer

quelque chose. eg: This is what we’re going to do: first of all we’ll rob that bank and then… « I’ll never trust you again. » That’s what she told me !


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That’s it! I’ve heard enough! NB. Notez la tournure: Those who like music will like this record. (= ceux qui…)

EXERCICES 1/ Complétez avec this/that/these/those. a/ More lies! So, what did he tell you _______ time? b/ What did you think of ________ witness’s explanation the other day? c/ If only she had agreed to a pre-up before marrying ________ stupid man! d/ Who are _______ kids hanging around on the corner? e/ Do you remember _______ people we saw at the hearing? Well, I met them again ____ morning. f/ Come and look at _______ gun! g/ Don’t sign _____ document that he sent you before checking the details. 2/ Traduisez. a/ Ce procès est très important. b/ Regardez cet homme! c/ Voici ce couteau dont je vous avais parlé. d/ Dans ces pays, tout est imprévisible. e/ En ce temps-là, les gens étaient insouciants. f/ Qui sont ces gens-là? Ils font peur. g/ Ca, c’est une lourde peine en prison! h/ Ecoutez ceci: Ne faites pas cela ici! i/ Ceux qui ne respectent pas les règles seront punis. j/ Il y a deux sortes de gens: ceux qui sont honnêtes, et ceux qui ne le sont pas. k/ Ca, c’est interdit! Les Possessifs Déterminant

(adjectif personnel = invariable)

Pronom

1ère personne au singulier my mine

2ème personne au singulier your yours

3ème personne au singulier (à lui) his his

3ème personne au singulier (à elle) her hers

3ème personne au singulier (neutre) its

1ère personne au pluriel our ours

2ème personne au pluriel your yours

3ème personne au pluriel their theirs

• Le possessif s’accorde en nombre (et en genre à la 3e personne du singulier) avec le possesseur. Ils varient selon le genre et le nombre du possesseur, à la différence du français.

eg: She knows the lawyer and his wife. (= sa femme à lui). Her brothers work with them in the detention centre.

• On utilise en anglais un adjectif possessif pour désigner une partie du corps ou un vêtement, contrairement au français qui utilise un article défini. eg: She washed her hands after the attack. (= s’est lavé les mains)


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The judge shrugged his shoulders. (= haussa les épaules).

• Lorsque le possesseur est en position de complément d’objet, n’utilisez pas l’adjectif possessif. eg: The attacker pulled her by the arm ( = l’a tirée par le bras).

• Lorsque le possesseur est sujet d’une phrase au passif, n’utilisez pas l’adjectif possessif. eg: He was stabbed in the back ( = a été poignardé dans le dos).

• On peut employer OWN après un adjectif possessif pour renforcer l’idée de possession. eg: He’s got his own office now. (= son propre bureau/à lui). Emploi des pronoms possessifs Les pronoms possessifs varient aussi selon le genre et le nombre du possesseur. Contrairement au français, ils ne sont pas précédés d’un article défini. eg: They’re mine. ( = Ce sont les miens/Ils sont à moi.) It’s theirs. ( = C’est le leur/C’est à eux.) Les pronoms possessifs permettent d’éviter la répétition de l’élément possédé : eg: This is my car – it’s mine, not yours! Les pronoms indéfinis (everybody, everyone, anyone, someone, nobody, etc.) sont repris par their. eg: Everybody tried to do their best. ( = Tout le monde a essayé de faire de son mieux.) Somebody left their credit card by the cash machine. Les pronoms réfléchis Le pronom réfléchi renvoie à la même personne ou à la même chose que le sujet du verbe. Forme des pronoms réfléchis Pronom Réfléchi Pronom Personnel 1ère personne au singulier myself I

2ème personne au singulier yourself you

3ème personne au singulier himself he

3ème personne au singulier herself she

3ème personne au singulier (neutre) itself it

1ère personne au pluriel ourselves we

2ème personne au pluriel yourselves you

3ème personne au pluriel themselves they

• Notez le pronom réfléchi indéfini singulier : oneself

eg: to enjoy oneself (= s’amuser); to do something oneself (= faire soi-même) Place des pronoms réfléchis Les réfléchis correspondent toujours au pronom sujet de la proposition. Comparez :

He’s talking to himself. (Il parle tout seul = à lui même) He’s talking to him. (Il lui parle = à un autre)

On n’emploie pas de réfléchi après une préposition de lieu.

eg: He put his files near him. (= près de lui).


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Selon la place et la fonction du pronom réfléchi, la phrase a un sens différent :

• COD: He cut himself. (= Il s’est coupé.) • COI: He cut himself a piece of cake. (= Il s’est coupé un morceau…) • Reprise du sujet: He cut it himself (= Il l’a coupé lui-même.)

Ces pronoms permettent d’insister sur une personne.

eg: I did it myself. (= je l’ai fait moi-même) You must believe in yourself. (= il faut croire en toi)

Il ne faut pas les confondre avec les pronoms réciproques.

eg: They have asked themselves a lot of questions. (= à eux-mêmes)

They have asked each other a lot of questions. (= les uns aux autres)

EXERCICES 1/ Complétez à l’aide du possessif approprié (déterminant ou pronom). a/ _____ research was very complete. It took me a long time to do it. b/ He never uses _____ own car. He always uses the firm’s. c/ I’ll give you _____ home number. Phone after 6 p.m. because he won’t be home before 5.30. d/ The eldest son left nothing for ____ sisters in the will. e/ Is that my client or _______ , Paul ? f/ Don’t be silly, that wasn’t ______ . I would never wear clothes like that! g/ Excuse me, is this ______ ? I think you dropped it. h/ Everybody came in _____ own car. i/ Both had aid; the husband was very satisfied with _____ but ____ wife wasn’t pleased with ______ . j/ Nobody likes to get _____car stolen! 2/ Possessif: pronom ou adjectif? a/ The man opened ______ eyes and asked for help. b/ I agree; that trial was fascinating but I didn’t like ____ outcome. c/ Mr Jenkins was cheating on ____ wife, but didn’t realise that she was cheating on ____ too! d/ Leave her alone! This is ____ business, not _____! e/ Nobody likes to pay ____ lawyer’s fees. f/ “Whose wallet is this ?” – “It’s Fred’s” – “Are you completely sure that it’s _____ ? g/ “Well my parking fine was expensive. And you? How much was ____ ?” h/ Rachel is furious. Someone has stolen _____ bike. I’m lucky, _____ is still there. i/ She lost _____ smartphone when I lent it to her! j/ The gentleman didn’t want ____ children to be educated in that school. k/ The young offenders rode away on _____ bicycles. l/ We had promised to introduce her to a friend of ______. m/ The bank robber tied ______ hands behind ______ backs. 3/ Article défini (the) ou possessif? a/ Don’t just stand there with ____ hands in ______ pockets! b/ He kissed her on ____ cheek. c/ He broke _____ leg jumping from the first floor. d/ Raise ____ hand, and take an oath. 4/ Complétez à l’aide du pronom réfléchi approprié.


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a/ I made the complaint ________ . b/ She poured (=verser) ________ a drink. c/ Help ___________ ! d/ We can do it _________. e/ Did you do that ________? f/ He hurt ________ during the robbery. g/ She represented __________ in court. 5/ Traduisez en employant chaque fois un pronom réfléchi. a/ J’espère qu’elle s’est bien tenue ! (= to behave). = b/ Ils semblaient très contents d’eux. (= to be pleased with) = c/ Pouvez-vous vous débrouiller seul? (= to manage) = d/ Il parle tout seul pendant des heures! = e/ Il ne peut pas s’habituer à cela. (=to get used to) = 6/ Pronom personnel ou réfléchi? a/ They were trying to overtake the car in front of them/themselves. b/ Due to the rain, he left water everywhere behind him/himself when he came in. c/ She fell down the stairs and spilled coffee all over herself/her. d/ As the defendants left court, people shouted at them/themselves. e/ For the burglary, the man had covered himself/him with black clothes. 7/ Réfléchi, réciproque ou ∅ ? a/ Selfish people live exclusively for ___________ . b/ I wish people would think more about the others and less about ____________ . c/ That couple keep quarrelling with ___________ . (= se disputer) d/ My relations with the plaintif have developed ________ a lot. e/ We phoned __________ to decide what we should do about the problem. f/ The members of the jury gathered __________ in the private room. (= se rassembler) g/ Please stop criticising _________ and try to work together positively as a team. h/ How many couples have had to part _________ at the prison gate? (= se séparer) i/ They felt like laughing and tried to avoid looking at __________ . (= éviter) 8/ Traduisez. a/ Leur père est avocat, leur mère est notaire. = b/ Qui est ce type là-bas ? Il a l’air bizarre! = c/ Elle écrit au juge deux fois par semaine. = d/ Il a dit qu’elle est coupable; ce qui n’est pas vrai. = e/ Ceux qui ont terminé peuvent partir. = f/ Ils ont leurs témoins et nous avons les nôtres. = g/ Ce cambriolage? Il l’a fait tout seul. = h/ Le Premier Ministre a déclaré que la France était un pays sous pression.


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= i/ La Grande-Bretagne est un pays aussi multiculturel que les États-Unis. = j/ Le président Trump n’est pas à la Maison Blanche actuellement. = k/ Notre amende est aussi sévère que la leur. = l/ On ne peut pas avoir le même avocat. Chacun doit avoir le sien. =


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DOSSIER 4

QUANTIFIEURS Ce sont des déterminants qui expriment un quantité approximative, plus ou moins grande.

Pour exprimer Quantifieur Exemples La totalité (tout / tous) (chaque)

all + nom indénombrable noms au pluriel

I have finished all my work. All these cases are famous.

every + nom au singulier each + nom au singulier

We meet every week-end. Each time I speak to him, he lies!

La plus grande partie (la plupart)

most + nom au pluriel + nom indénombrable

Most (of the) people understand. He lost most of his money.

Une grande quantité (beaucoup de)

much + nom indénombrable many + nom au pluriel

He hasn’t got much time. Does she have many friends ?

a lot of / lots of / plenty of + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel

She received a lot of/lots of/plenty of advice. She received a lot of/lots of/plenty of insults.

Une quantité suffisante (assez)

enough + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel

There wasn’t enough room in court for everybody. There weren’t enough people to testify.

Une pluralité (plusieurs) several + nom au pluriel There are several pickpockets in this street.

Une petite quantité (un peu de)

a little + nom indénombrable Can the jury have a little time?

a few + nom au pluriel He made a few mistakes.

Une quantité faible (peu de) little + nom indénombrable We made little progress this year.

few + nom au pluriel Few law students study Latin.

Remarques: • MOST/MOST OF sont aussi des quantifieurs désignant la plupart de/la plus grande partie de. • A l’exception de EVERY, tous ces quantifieurs peuvent être pronoms.

eg: Do you need any help? No, we have already had some/several/plenty (= help)

• Les adverbes SO et TOO peuvent se combiner avec MUCH et MANY.

eg: He takes too many soft drugs and drinks too much alcohol. He has so much money and so many girlfriends that the others are jealous of him.


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• ENOUGH se place devant un nom mais après un adjectif ou un verbe.

eg: The audition room isn’t large enough. I’ve heard enough. We have enough money.

• WHOLE fonctionne comme un adjectif.

eg: He followed the whole trial on his smartphone. (tout entier)

• BOTH désigne 2 éléments pris ensemble.

eg: Both (of the) brothers are thieves.

• EITHER = l’un ou l’autre.

eg: Either photo can be used. Give me either the colour one or the black-and-white one.

• NEITHER = ni l’un ni l’autre.

eg: Neither boy looks very honest. I trust neither the young one nor the older one.

SOME, ANY, NO Phrases affirmatives SOME + nom indénombrable

+ nom au pluriel Go and get some evidence. The police found some clues.

Phrases négatives NOT … ANY + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel NO + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel

There isn’t any blood on the weapon. We don’t need any explanations.

I have no patience for this! He gave no reasons for that.

Phrases interrogatives

SOME + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel NB On propose, on offre ou souhaite quelque chose, et l’on n’envisage pas que la réponse soit négative.

Would you like some help? Can I have some suggestions?

ANY + nom indénombrable + nom au pluriel NB C’est une vraie question, on ne connaît pas la réponse.

Was there any DNA? Were there any fingerprints?

Remarques • SOME, ANY et NO peuvent être suivis de MORE.

eg: Can I have some more information? I don’t need any more help. There is no more time left.

• Employé dans une phrase affirmative, ANY a le sens de « n’importe lequel ».

eg: You can choose any of them. We can visit any day of the week.


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• NO est déterminant et donc suivi d’un nom. Le pronom correspondant est NONE. Il n’est donc jamais suivi d’un nom.

eg: Do you have some change for the machine?- No, I’m afraid I have none.

• ANY peut s’accompagner d’adverbes à sens negative ou restrictif. Il s’agit de scarcely/hardly (à peine).

eg: Hardly anybody believes him! He scarcely has any time to himself!

EXERCICES 1/ Completez avec SOME, ANY, NO. a/ Can I have ______ more documents, please? b/ He won’t answer ______ of your questions. c/ There is ____ time to waste! d/ I have hardly _____ money left. Could you lend me ______? e/ ______ of the allegations are probable, but not all of them. f/ ____ seat is available in this room. g/ He wasn’t awarded _____ damages, was he? h/ Sorry sir, the police haven’t identified ____ suspects yet. i/ I’m exhausted, I have had hardly _____ sleep for days. j/ Is there _____ reason why I should accept this excuse? k/ In ______ time at all, the jury reached their decision. l/ ______ day, there’s going to be a serious accident. m/ Would you like ______ of this? n/ You should be glad that he didn’t steal _____ money from you. o/ You will have absolutely ____ trouble now that she is in prison. p/ There was just _____ way you could tell whether he was guilty or not. 2/ Completez avec LITTLE, A LITTLE, FEW, A FEW. a/ His plead wasn’t convincing and ____ people believed him b/ I’m feeling nervous. Could you give me ______ water? c/ I had ________ understanding of the criminal’s motivations. d/ This case is so easy to prove that we needed _____ time to convince the jury. e/ Most people listened, but ______ did not want to hear what he had to say. f/ I have very _______ patience for this kind of thing. g/ We had met them _____ times before so we recognized them easily. h/ He was never very popular and therefore _____ people visited him in prison. i/ I’m sorry, but there is _______ we can do to improve the situation. j/ Very _____ young children commit serious crimes. k/ I’d just like ______ more time, I’ve almost finished reading the facts of the case. l/ I’m surprised you have so ____ proof – that’s not enough! m/ _______ journalists were waiting outside the courtroom. 3/ Completez avec (A) LITTLE/(A) FEW. a/ Can I have ______ minutes to confer with my client, please? b/ ______ people, if any, have heard about this new bill. c/ There are still _____ drug addicts hanging around that empty building. d/ I’m afraid there’s _______ hope of finding him alive. e/ I can lend you _______ dollars to pay your bail. f/ There is still ________ chance that he’ll be released early on parole. g/ He gets ______ poor clients because his fees are so high. h/ He still has _____ contacts in the drug rings so ask him.


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4/ TOO MUCH/TOO MANY/SO MUCH/SO MANY/HOW MUCH/HOW MANY? a/ If you work _________ now, you’ll be really tired tomorrow. b/ There was ____________ noise that we couldn’t listen to him. c/ ___________ people were arrrested by the police? d/ He has questioned __________ witnesses that he can’t remember them all. e/ I don’t know ___________ time it takes to steal a car f/ You shouldn’t drink _________ beer before driving. g/ _________ did they pay in damages? h/ There were ________ people for such a small room. i/ ________ people were angry with the accused that he had to be offered protection. j/ _________ teenagers were involved in the riot? 5/ QCM a/ Due to intimidation, only _________ people came forward to give evidence.

• very little/not much/very few/little b/ There’s hardly ________ time left for you to prove your innocence.

• no/any/much/little c/ There were ________ people in that cell that we could hardly breathe.

• too many/so many/so much/as many d/ They took far _________ soft drugs in their youth.

• several/many/a lot of/too many e/ Forensic scientists searched the scene for traces of DNA, but found ________ .

• any/none/many/some f/ We see each other _________ .

• a lot/a lot of/plenty/plenty of g/ ________ women that I know have never used a gun.

• The most/ Most of/ Most/ The most of h/ They tried both methods but ________ worked.

• two/neither/not either/none i/ It’s not true; _______ women are kind and gentle.

• not any/not all/neither/not some j/ _______ crowd cheered and stood up.

• all/the all/whole/the whole k/ They had _______ concrete arguments to persuade the public.

• too few/too little/too many/not any l/ I don’t think he’s had ___________ yet. He should stay in prison longer!

• punishment enough/enough punishment/enough of punishment/of enough punishment

6/ Traduisez. a/ Il y avait beaucoup de personnes dans la salle, et elles faisaient beaucoup de bruit. b/ Il y avait très peu de circulation donc on est arrivés à l’heure. c/ Il a très peu d’amis et ne les voit presque jamais. d/ Combien d’argent as-tu sur ton compte bancaire? e/ Il a volé quelques billets de banque. f/ Crie autant que tu veux, personne ne t’entendra! g/ Elle fait de moins en moins de bêtises. h/ J’ai trop de travail et trop peu de temps pour le faire.


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i/ Il a passé tant d’heures à regarder des séries. j/ Nous avons peu de renseignements sur cet homme. k/ Peu de pays ont autant de problèmes liés au port d’armes que les Etats-Unis. l/ Il a peu de chances de convaincre le public.


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Contact - Responsable L1 : [email protected]

N.B : Ce fascicule de textes constituera le support lors des oraux pour les Dispensés de TD des sessions de janvier (semestre 1), mai (semestre 2) ainsi que le support pour la session 2 de juin (rattrapage du semestre 1). Il est donc impératif que tous les étudiants (y compris les dispensés de T.D.) aient lu in extenso ce recueil de documents puisqu’ils seront interrogés sur l’un de ces textes.

let’s get back to work law syllabus semestre 2 · let’s get back to work … first-year law...

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