lesson 3 matter energy

7/28/2019 Lesson 3 Matter Energy

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Ecosystem isECO

SYS

TE

M


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Ecosystems: Components, EnergyFlow, and Matter Cycling

The Earth as a System

Ecosystems

Food Webs and Energy FlowProductivity in Ecosystems

Cycling of Matter


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Key Concepts

Basic ecological principles

Major components of ecosystems

Matter cycles and energy flow

Ecosystem studies

Ecological services


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Understanding Ecology


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Learning Objectives:

At the end of this activity, you will be able to

1. identify the biotic and abiotic components

of a given ecosystem;

2. differentiate among producers and the

different types of consumers, and

3. illustrate feeding relationships in anecosystem.


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The Nature of Ecology Ecology- the study of how organisms interact with

their environment

Organisms- any life form

Cells- the basic unit of life;

Prokaryote- bacteria

Eukaryote- multicellular organisms

Species- groups of organisms that share similar

DNA; look similar, have similar behavior, etc.Asexual Reproduction-(clones)

Sexual Reproduction- sex cells (gametes)


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Types of Cells

Nucleus


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Populations

Population- all of the

organisms within a species

that interact in a specific

area and at a specific time

Genetic Diversity- similarbut different due to DNA

Affected by:

Size

Age distribution Density

Genetic composition


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The Nature of Ecology

Ecosystem organization

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

C iti E t & Th


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Communities, Ecosystems & TheBiosphere Habitat- the place where a population or organism lives

Community- all of the organisms that occupy a specific area; alsocalled biological community

Ecosystem- a community of different species and their interaction

with each other and their environment


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The Earths Life-Support Systems


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Sustaining Life of Earth One-Way Energy Flow: All

energy on earth comes fromthe sun (as high quality

energy)

Moves through organisms

by feeding interactions Becomes low quality

energy and radiates as

heat

Returns into space as heat Cycling of Matter: all matter

moves via cyclic patterns; all

matter on earth is essentially

trapped here.


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The Source of Energy


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Ecosystem Concepts and Components

Biomes-areaswith a consistentclimate and withsimilarorganisms

Climate- long-term weather

patterns in agiven area

Aquatic lifezones- marineand freshwater

portions of the

biosphere


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Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones

Ecotone-transitional zones

between

ecosystems where

there are amixture of

species not found

together in

adjacentecosystems

i i l f l i l


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Principles of Ecological Factors Abiotic Factors- and Biotic Factors

Range of Tolerance- any variation in the physical or chemical

environment that an organism can withstand before it is killed/harmed Law of tolerance-the existence, abundance, and distribution of a species in a n

ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical orchemical factors fall within the range tolerated by that species.


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Regulating Population Growth Limiting Factors- a distinguishing chemical or

physical factor that regulates the population growthof a species; more specific than any other factor

Limiting Factor Principle- Too much or too little of anyabiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a

population, even if all other factors are at or near theoptimum range of tolerance.

Niche- an organisms functional role within anecosystem; everything that affects the survival and

reproductionRange of tolerance; resources it utilizes (food, space);

interaction with other biotic and abiotic factors; its rolein the food web/matter cycle


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Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Life Zones

Sunlight Temperature

Precipitation

Wind

Latitude

Altitude

Fire frequency

Soil

Light penetration

Water currents

Dissolved nutrient

concentrations

(especially N and P)

Suspended solids

Salinity


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The Biotic Components ofEcosystems

Producers

(autotrophs)

Consumers(heterotrophs)

Decomposers


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Production of Energy Chemosynthesis (typically bacteria)-The conversion

of simple compounds into more complex nutrientcompounds without the aide of sunlight

Aerobic Respiration-the use of oxygen to produceenergy Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Anaerobic Respiration- (a.k.a. fermentation) a form

of cellular respiration in the absence of OxygenEnd products: methane; ethyl alcohol; acetic acid; or

hydrogen sulfide


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Trophic Levels

Primary consumer (herbivore)

Secondary consumer (carnivore)

Tertiary consumer

Omnivore

Detritivores and scavengers

Decomposers


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Connections: Food Webs and EnergyFlow in Ecosystems

Food chains


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Food Webs


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Ecological Pyramids

Pyramid of

energy flow

Ecologicalefficiency

Pyramid of

biomass

Pyramid of

numbers


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10% rule

P i P d ti it f E t


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Primary Productivity of Ecosystems

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)- the rate at which an

ecosystems producers convert sunlight into biomass

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)- the rate at which energy

for use by consumers is stored in new biomass


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EcosystemServices

andSustainability


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To summarize

The ultimate source of energy (for most ecosystems)

is the sun

The ultimate fate of energy in ecosystems is for it to

be lost as heat.

Energy and nutrients are passed from organism to

organism through the food chain as one organism

eats another.

Decomposers remove the last energy from the

remains of organisms.

Inorganic nutrients are cycled, energy is not.

lesson 3 matter energy

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