lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

1970-1980-ian wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da britaneTSi, lesbosuri feminizmi dominanturi ideologia iyo politizirebul lesboselebs Soris. lesboselobisa da feminizmis cnebebis Rrma Sinaarsobriv urTierTkavSiris gamo, am ori sityvas xSirad iyenebdnen myar Sesityvebad.

lesbosurma feminizmma mkveTrad gaakritika patriarqati da institucionalizebuli heteroseqsualoba. misi mtkicebiT, es mamakacis dominanturobis gamyarebis politikuri iaraRi iyo. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT lesbosuri feminizmi gamovlinda rogorc erTgvari cxovrebis stili, rac aisaxeboda faqtiurad yvelaferSi - Tmis varcxnilobiTa da CacmulobiT dawyebuli, seqsualur qceviT damTavrebuli. saerTo jamSi misi gavlena sakmaod didi iyo, Tumca Sedegebi araerTgvarovani.

warmomavloba

gviandel 1960-ian wlebSi, sxva socialur jgufebs Soris, romlebic diskriminaciis

winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, iyvnen lesboselebic. isini, vinc SeuerTdnen geebis

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, xSirad ganicdidinen imedgacruebas seqsisturi

damokidebulebis gamo mamakac wevrTa umravlesobis mxridan. meinstrimuli

feminizmic, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri lesboseli qali iyo feministur organiza-

ciebSi gawevrianebuli, ar amJRavnebda keTilganwyobas am jgufis mimarT. isini Riad

gaurbodnen imas, rom lesboseli qali feministuri organizaciis saxe gamxdariyo.

1970 wels qalTa nacionaluri organizaciis (NOW) prezidentma beti fridanma

lesbosuri sakiTxebis am organizaciis platformaSi CarTva da win wamoweva “farul

safrTxed” gamoacxada. amas mohyva reaqcia gloria steimenis mxridan, romelmac

Tqva, rom feminizmi revoluciaa da ara saxalxo moZraoba, da 1971 wels qalTa

nacionaluri organizaciis wevrebma kenWisyris Sedegad aRiares lesbosuri

sakiTxebis CarTvis aucilebloba feministur sakiTxebSi.

qalis mier gansazRvruli qali (qalismieri qali)

1970 wels fridanis frazam myisieri gamoxmaureba hpova im qalTa jgufSi,

romlebic Tavidan sakuTar Tavs “farul safrTxed” moixseniebdnen, Semdeg ki

feministuri

biblioTeka

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

2

“radikal lesboselebad” gaxdnen cnobilni. maTi mokle manifesti “qalismieri qali”

aRiarebulia, rogorc lesbosur-feministuri politikis pirveli ganacxadi.

misi avtorebi acxadeben rom lesboselebi da lesboseloba feministuri moZraobis

ara periferiuli, aramed centraluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxia. isini amtkiceben, rom

qalis kavSiri qalTan mamakacisgan damoukideblad da qalis mier identificirebuli

qali Zalauflebas arTmevs mamakacs da Zirs uTxris patriarqats. sanam qali

mamakacis da mamakacuri institutebis Sefasebis gziT ganisazRvreba, igi

damoukidebel, avtonomiur arsebobas ver SeZlebs.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom lesboselisa da homoseqsualis kategorias am manifestis

avtorebi aRiqvamdnen ara rogorc arsebiT identobis gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc

heteroseqsualuri patriarqatis Sedegs. maT sjerodaT, rom es kategoriebi

dakargavdnen Tavis mniSvnelobas, rom ar arsebuliyo qalis Cagvra da yvelas rom

hqonoda sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT cxovrebis SesaZlebloba.

“qalis mieri qali” da is naSromebi, romlebic mas mohyva, yuradRebas amaxvilebs

zogadad seqsualobis mniSvnelobaze feministur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi da exmianeba

feministuri moZraobis ufro farTo masStabis mcdelobebs, romlebic piradi

qcevebis politizirebisken iyo mimarTuli, rogoricaa saSinao saqmis, bavSvis

movlisa da mSobiarobis kontrolis sakiTxebi. am naSromebSi ara mxolod qaluri

homoseqsualobis evoluciis xelaxali pozitiuri gaazrebaa warmodgenili, aramed

heteroseqsualobis mZafri kritikac.

magaliTad, “soflis xmis” (Village Voice) popularuli Jurnalistis jil

jonstonis 1973 wels gamocemuli wigni “lesbosuri sazogadoeba: feministuri

gadawyveta” (Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution) romantikas narkotiks, gamabruebel

saSualebas adarebs, xolo monogamias aRiqvams, rogorc qalis mudmiv, saSinao

monobaSi CaTrevis xerxs. “es iwyeba maSin, roca Sen mis mklavebSi iZirebi da

mTavrdeba, roca Seni mklavebi mis gankargulebaSia.” ambobs jonstoni da miiCnevs

rom yvela qalma unda uaryos Tavisi feminuroba da masTan dakavSirebuli pasiuroba,

unda uaryos monogamuroba da ufro agresiulad iswrafvodes seqsualuri

siamovnebis Ziebisken. misi azriT es aris gza, romelic qalma unda gaiaros sakuTari

avTenturi “me”-s aRmosaCenad.

politikuri lesboselebi

lesboseli feministebi miiCnevdnen, rom seqsualuri survili ar SeiZleba iyos

politikurad ganpirobebuli, magram amave dros lesboselobas gansazRvravdnen,

rogorc politikur arCevans. “politikuri lesboselebisTvis” savaldebulo ar iyo

qalTan intimuri kavSiris damyareba, magram, rogorc wesi, isini ar qorwindebodnen.

ana koerdtis gaxmaurebuli naSromis Semdeg, romelic klitoraluri da vaginaluri

orgazmis politikur analizs warmoadgens, lesboseli feministebi mouwodednen

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

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lesboselebs, Tavi SeekavebinaT iseTi “mamakacuri qcevisgan”, rogoricaa vaginaluri

da sxva saxis SeRwevadi seqsi da pornografiis gamoyeneba.

mokle varcxniloba, jinsebi, kubokruli perangi da samuSao maRalyeliani fexsac-

melebi¬ sakmaod gavrcelda axalgazrda qalaqel qalebs Soris. Cacmulobis amgvari

stili, sadac ukugdebulia feminuroba, kargad gamoxatavda lesboseli feministebis

esTetikas, romelic emijneba heteroseqsualobasa da klasobriv privilegiebs.

“buCi” da “femi”

lesboseli feministebi emijnebodnen “buCisa” da “femis” subkulturas. es gaxldaT

lesbosuri kulturis erTaderTi arsebuli ganStoeba imdroindel sazogadoebaSi.

lesboseli feministebi, rogoricaa del martini, filis lioni, jil jonstoni da

britaneli avtori Seila jegrisi, akritikebdnen maT, radgan Tvlidnen rom buCebi

mamkacurobasTan axdendnen TviTidentifikacias, xolo femebi qalur pasiur

mdgomareobaSi rCebodnen. aseTi roluri qceva ki heteroseqsualuri kavSiris

mimbaZveloba iyo, rac patriarqatis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels da winaaRmdegobaSi

modioda feminizmTan.

sainteresoa aseve is, rom buCi da femi qalebi sakuTar Tavs geebad moixseniebdnen,

radgan termin lesboselis semantikaSi, maTTvis gonebrivad daavadebulis damatebis

mniSvnelobac igulisxmeboda. lesboseli feministebi ki ar gaurbodnen am termins,

piriqiT, maT miaCndaT, rom mas saamayo etimologia aqvs da iyvnen pirvelni, vinc es

sityva socio-seqsualuri identobis pozitiur msazRvrelad gamoiyenes. marTlac, am

gziT lesboselma feministebma didi wvlili Seitanes socio-politikuri kavSirebis

gaZlierebis saqmeSi, rac mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels izolaciis, stigmis da im

sakanonmdeblo problemebis daZlevas, romlebsac xSirad awydebodnen

homoseqsualebi.

droTa ganmavlobaSi seqsualobis komponenti lesbosur feminizmSi ukana planze

iwevs. Sarlota banCis 1972 wlis statia “lesboselTa amboxi” lesbosur feminizms

warmoaCens, rogorc ganurCevlad yvela qalis Cagvrisgan gaTavisuflebi gzas. igi

amtkicebs, rom “leboseloba safuZvels uryevs mamakacis upiratesobas” ara imitom,

rom qalebi erTmaneTTan seqsualur kavSirs amyareben, aramed imitom, rom xdeba

Zalauflebrivi berketebis Camocileba mamakacisgan. banCi Cagvrisgan gamaTavi-

suflebeli sxva moZraobebis gavlenasac ganicdida, mas sjeroda, rom mamakacis

dominantobis rRvevis Sedegad daiZleoda rasizmi, kapitalizmi da imperializmi.

1973 wels, Sarlotam rita mae braunTan da sxva lesbosel feministebTan erTad

daarsa Jurnali (quest: a feminist quarterly), romelic miznad isaxavda debatebis

provocirebas da feministuri Teoriis gaviTarebas. Jurnali gamodioda sam TveSi

erTxel 1974 wlidan 1984 wlis CaTvliT da lesbosuri feminizmis erT-erTi

wamyvani Teoriuli gamocema iyo.

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

4

erToblivi RonisZiebebi da lesbosuri separatizmi

qalebis, geebisa da lesboselebis gamaTavisuflebel brZolaSi erToblivi

Zalisxmevebi da RonisZiebebic Sedioda. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani amerikis

fsiqologTa asociaciasTan (APA) Catarebuli samuSaoa. am asociaciis klinikuri

praqtika da diagnostika homoseqsualobas paTologiad moiazrebda. qalebis, geebisa

da lesboselTa jgufis saerTo aqtivizmis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo is, rom amerikis

fsiqiatriuli asociaciis yovelwliuri Sexvedrebis ganmavlobaSi, 1971-dan 1973

wlamde, moxerxda homoseqsualobis gonebrivi daavadebebis siidan amoReba.

erToblivma RonisZiebebma sagrZnoblad iklo 1972 wlis rita mae braunis gamosvlis

Semdeg, romelSic man lesbosuri feminizmi avtonomiur moZraobad gamoacxada, xolo

gansxvaveba heteroseqsual qalebsa da lesboselebs Soris aRwera, rogorc

“gansxvaveba reformasa da revolucias Soris”. misi azriT intimuri urTierTobis

SenarCuneba mamakacTan mterTan TanamSromlobis tolfasi iyo.

braunis es gamosvla lesbosuri separatizmis dasawyisi gaxda. man didi gamoxmaureba

hpova britaTis, Sotlandiisa da avstriis lesboselebs Soris da gadaizarda

kulturul moZraobasa da ideologiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis farglebs gareT lesboseli feministebi ufro midrekilni iyvnen qalTa

moZraobasa da geebis moZraobasTan TanamSromlobisken, “qalis mier gansazRvruli

qalis” cnobierebam, rac qalis gaTavisuflebis gzad esaxeboda lesbosur-

separatistul feminizms, mTels inglisurenovan feministur sazogadoebaSi hpova

gamoZaxili.

lesbosuri sazogadoebis Seneba kulturuli industriebis SeqmniT daiwyo, sadac

qalis unarebi da SesaZleblobebi ufro gamovlindeboda da dafasdeboda. 1972 wels

daarsda “olivia rekordsi”, romelmac daiwyo iseTi popularuli lesboseli

feministi momReralebis Cawera, rogoricaa holi niari da loren segato, romelic

mxolod qalTa sazogadoebisTvis marTavda warmodgenebs. daarsda “naiad presi”

(1973-2004), sadac intensiurad ibeWdeboda lesbosuri poezia, mxatvruli Tu sxva

saxis literatura. qalaqebSi gaCnda wignis maRaziebi da sazogadoebrivi centrebi,

romlebsac lesbosuri sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi xelmZRvanelobdnen.

kulturisa da politikis Serwymis erT-erTi warmatebuli magaliTi iyo aseve

miCiganis musikaluri festivalis daarseba, romelic mxolod qalebisTvisaa gankuTv-

nili da 1976 wlidan moyolebuli yoveli wlis agvistos TveSi imarTeba lesbo-

selTa mcire jgufis mier Sesyidul teritoriaze. aTasobiT qali Camodis sxvada-

sxva qveynidan festivalze dasaswrebad. maT SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon politi-

kur da pirovnul sakiTxebze mowyobil samuSao SexvedrebSi. yvelas eZleva imis Se-

saZlebloba, rom wvlili Seitanos yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, iqneba es mzareuloba,

dasufTaveba Tu sxva saxis saqmianoba... uzrunvelyofilia moqnili sagadasaxado

sistema da bavSvebze zrunvis servisi, magram mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenel baSvebs

6 wlis asakidan, calke, sqesobrivad segregirebul sivrceSi uvlian. festivalis

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

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amgvari politika, romelic gamoricxavs sadomazoxisturi praqtikis gamtarebel

sazogadoebas da mxolod qalebisTvisaa, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kritikis da

davis sagans warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, cnobili multiplikatori elison

beCdeli am festivals aRwers, rogorc “wliur utopias” qalebisaTvis.

kulturuli feminizmi

lesbosuri feminizmis kidev erTi ganStoeba _ kulturuli feminizmia, romelic

miuxedavad sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gaviTarebisa, mainc im saerTo mosazrebebsa da

varaudebs efuZneba, romelsac misi radikalurad ganwyobili winamorbedebi

iziarebdnen. kerZod, es aris rwmena imisa, rom mamakacuri kulturidan Tavis

daRweva, patriarqatis rRveva sxva saxis Cagvrisganac gaaTavisuflebs sazogadoebas,

rom aqedan unda daiwyos anti-seqsistur, anti-rasistul, anti-kapitalistur da

anti-imperialistur utopiebze fiqri.

kulturul feminizmSi farTod ganixileba es sakiTxi. Teorizacia eyrdnoba

mosazrebas, rom Tavad bavSvis gaCenis unari gansazRvravs qalis bunebas da

Rirebulebebs, es unari ubiZgebs mas pacifizmi amjobinos oms, rom qalisTvs ucxoa

mogebis motivi da is dgas upirobo siyvarulis mxares. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

xdeba upirobo siyvarulis genderizacia, da qaluri bunebis, rogorc ufro

upiratesisa da amaRlebulis aRiareba.

xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT lesbosuri separatizmi da kulturuli feminizmi.

separatistebi qalisa da mamakacis aliansis daSlis gziT mamakacisTvis Zalauflebis

CamorTmevas emxrobodnen, raTa ptriarqati daemxoT. kulturuli feminizmi ki

axdens qalis Tvisebebis, rogorc biologiuri determinantebis esencializacias da

damoukidebeli qaluri kulturis Seqmnas sTavazobs sazogadoebas.

kulturul feminizimTan yvelaze xSirad asocirdeba amerikeli poeti da eseisti

edrian riCi. misi nawerebi dedis rolze sakmaod didi gavleniT sargeblobda

yvelanairi politikuri poziciis mqone feministebs Soris, magram gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania misi 1980 wels dawerili statia "savaldebulo heteroseqsualoba

da lesbosuri arseboba". seqsualobis miseuli kritika dResac did gavlenas axdens

seqsualobis Teoriebze, xolo mis mier SemoRebuli lesbosuri kontinuumis cneba

safuZvlad daedo kulturul feminizms.

separatistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic lesboselobas upiratesad patriarqatis

dasamxobad strategiulad mobilizebul politikur poziciad warmoaCendnen, riCi

lesboselobas axasiaTebs rogorc uwyvet kontinuums, anu uwyvet jaWvs qalebs

Soris, romelic aerTianebT maT. riCi ambobs, rom kavSiris Sesusteba moxda kacebis

moTxovnilebebisa da qalis Sromaze kontrolis gamo da qalis gza pirovnuli

srulyofisa da gaTavisuflebisaken swored am kavSiris aRdgenaze gadis.

riCiseuli lesbosuri kontinuumis interpretirebisas damkvidrda lesboselis

cnebis Semdegi mniSvneloba, rom yvela qali visac emociurad intimuri urTierToba

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

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aqvs sxva qalTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos lesboselad. lesboselis es modeli gvxvdeba

istorikos lilian fadermanis SromaSi, sadac aRwerilia XIX saukune da XX

saukunis adreuli wlebSi arsebuli urTierTobebi qalebs Soris. Tavis mxriv,

federmans akritikeben imis gamo, rom mis naSromSi bundovnadaa gadmocemuli

fizikuri siaxlovis mniSvneloba identobis Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi.

reaqcia da kritika

droTa ganmavlobaSi lesboseli feministebis saubrebi universalur qalur

erTianobaze kritikis obieqti gaxda. feradkaniani da muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli

qalebi damatebiT rasobriv da klasobriv diskriminacias ganicdidnen da Tvlidnen

rom feminizmi maT problematikas saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevda.

Ceri moragasa da gloria anzalduas Sroma "es xidi Cemi zurgia: radikali

feradkaniani qalebis nawerebi" (This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, 1981) akritikebs lesboseli da sxva feministebis naSromebs da

arasrulyofils uwodebs maT, radgan isini ver axdendnen mravalmxrivi Cagvris

problematikis saTanado gaazrebas da amiT ufro uwyobdnen xels rasobriv da kla-

sobriv segregacias, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi struqturebis rRvevis momxreni

iyvnen. am kritikam mniSvnelovani debatebi gamoiwia feminist aqtivistebsa da inte-

leqtualur wreebSi. amis Sedegad Seiqmna axali politikuri strategiebi, romelic

uaryofda separatistul politikas da koaliciis Senebisken iyo mimarTuli.

1970-ian wlebSi lesbosel feministTa mtkice seqsualuri politikisagan

frustraciam konfrontaciebi gamoiwvia, romlis mTavari sagani seqsualuri

TviTgamoxatva da transgenderuli sakiTxebi iyo. lesbosel sadomazoxist

feministTa jgufs, romelsac samoistebad moixseniebdnen, ar misces san franciskos

qalTa gaerTianebis wevrobis ufleba. sapasuxod samois jgufis wevrma patrik

kalifia-raisma (pet kalifia) sajarod ganacxada, rom lesboselTa seqsualuri

politika seqsuluri represiis erT-erT formas warmoadgenda.

cota xnis Semdeg lesbosel feministTa jgufma scada, CaeSalaT akademikosTa mier

organizebuli konferencia, romelic miznad isaxavda qaluri seqsualobis analizs,

rac cenzurisa da aratolerantobis gamovlinebad CaiTvala. 1990-ian wlebSi

transeqsualebi da qvier aqtivistebi regularulad aprotestebdnen arabiologiuri

qalebis gamoricxvis politikas "mxolod qalebisTvis" Catarebuli RonisZiebebidan.

daskvna

lesbosurma feminizmma didi gavlena moaxdina araerTi Taobis warmomadgeneli qalis

rogorc pirad, aseve politikur mdgomareobaze. 1972 wels ukve moxda qalebs

Soris intimuri kavSiris institucionalizacia, 1973 wels SesaZelebeli gaxda

lesbosel momReralTa audio Canawerebis da lesbosur Temaze Seqmnili wignebis

lesbosuri feminizmi

elaiza Ceinieri

7

gamocema da SeZena, daswreba mxolod qalebisTvis gankuTvnil RonisZiebebze.

sainteresoa, rom bevri dResac axdens lesbosur feminizmTan TviTidentifikacias.

magram Sida dapirispirebebma rasobriv da seqsualur politikas Soris lesbosel

feministebSi Tavisave ideologiur SezRudvebTan Sejaxeba gamoiwvia. 1990 wels

feministTa axali Taoba modis, romelic sakuTar Tavs "mesame talRas" uwodebs. igi

inarCunebs feministuri moZraobis ramdenime adreul Sexedulebas, magram

prioritetuls xdis anti-rasistul, anti-kolonialur, qvier da genderze

dayrdnobil Teoriul brZolas. am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, miCiganis qalTa

musikaluri festivali dRemde warmatebiT imarTeba, im mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, rom

"mxolod qalebisTvis" gankuTvnili sivrcis survili jer kidev arsebobs.

miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lesbosuri feminizmi, rogorc politikuri

ideologia, dRes ufro nakleb qalSi poulobs gamoZaxils, vidre es 1970-1980ian

wlebSi xdeboda.

inglisuridan Targmna

nino xarCilavam