Legislation + Regulations = Change

David Blackhurst

Director – Star Technical Solutions

Ozone Depletion

Largest observed hole in the Ozone Layer over Antarctica

September 2006

Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Gases

Kyoto Protocol StatusDark Green – binding reduction targets

Other Colours – no binding reduction targets

Greenhouse Gases – Refrigerants GWP

R134a GWP = 1300

CO2 GWP = 1

R22&

R407F GWP @ 1700

R410A GWP = 1980

R404A &

R507A GWP @ 3800

Note: The GWP number is based on a 100 year time horizon.

Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions

Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions

June 2013 - the USA and China agreed to work together with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down consumption and production of HFCs.

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

The Montreal Protocol

EU Regulations (EC) No 2037 / 2000 & No 1005 / 2009On Substances that Deplete

the Ozone Layer

The Environmental Protection(Controls on Ozone Depleting Substances)

Regulations 2011

Ozone Depleting Substances(Qualifications) Regulations 2009

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

The Kyoto Protocol

UK Obligations to meeting itsGlobal Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target

Climate Change Act 2008

Aims to reduce the UKs GHGemissions by at least 80%, from 1990 baseline, by 2050

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

5 Key Activities:

• Setting national policy and strategy

• Reducing the demand for energy and helping people and businesses to use energy more efficiently

• Investing in low-carbon technologies

• Publicly reporting carbon emissions from businesses and the public sector

• Taking international action

Climate Change Act 2008

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

Climate Change Act 2008

Initiatives associated with the Act that impact particularly with industry and those operating energy intensive plant such as refrigeration systems include:

• EU Emissions Trading System http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm

• Climate Change Agreements (CCA) Incorporating CCL http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/136236.aspx

• Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy Efficiency Scheme

https://www.gov.uk/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

The Kyoto Protocol

EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006On Certain Fluorinated

Greenhouse Gases

Fluorinated Greenhouse GasRegulations 2009

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

• Prevent leakage, and repair any leaks as soon as possible

• Arrange proper refrigerant recovery by certified personnel during servicing and disposal

• Carry out leak checks to the schedule shown below

• Ensure that only certified competent personnel carry out leakage checks

• Maintain records of refrigerants and of servicing

Fluorinated Greenhouse GasRegulations 2009

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases

UPDATEANNOUNCED7TH NOVEMBER 2012

Key Proposal A phase-down measure that from 2015 will limit the total amount of HFCs that can be sold in the EU and reduces this in steps to 1/5th of today’s sales by 2030.

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

Products and Equipment Date of Prohibition

Use of HFC-23 in fire protection systems and fire extinguishers

1 January 2015

Domestic refrigerators and freezers with HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

1 January 2015

Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use (hermetically sealed systems)

1 January 2017 for HFCs with GWP of 2500 or more1 January 2020 for HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

Movable room air-conditioning appliances (hermetically sealed) with HFCs with GWP of 150 or more

1 January 2020

EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases

UPDATE7/11/12

Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations

EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases

UPDATE7/11/12

Recharging of existing refrigeration equipment with a charge size over 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent with HFC of very high GWP (>2500) will not be permitted from 2020onwards………

…………as more adequate and energy efficient drop-in refrigerants of lower GWP are already widely available on the market.

Note: For R404A, 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent is a system charge of 1.32kg.

Refrigerants Status

Bitzer Refrigerants Report 16

? ?

The Perfect Refrigerant

• Chemically stable and inert• Suitable for cooling applications from -75OC to +20OC• Good thermodynamic characteristics• Non-toxic• Non-flammable• Zero ozone depletion potential (ODP)• Low global warming potential (GWP)• Low cost• Available

The Perfect Refrigerant

Ammonia (R717)? Among the earliest of refrigerants, its positive attributes include:

• Chemically stable and inert• Wide operating range• Excellent thermodynamic properties• Zero ODP• Zero direct GWP• Low cost: refrigerant and oils• Good safety record

The Perfect Refrigerant

Ammonia (R717)? Its challenging attributes include:

• Toxic• Flammable at certain concentrations in air (15% to

28% by vol.)• Not compatible with copper or copper alloys• High discharge temperatures - limiting single stage operation, particularly with reciprocating compressors• Non-miscible with lubricating oils• Poor public perception

The Perfect Refrigerant

Carbon Dioxide (R744)? An early refrigerant which has seen a renaissance in applications over the past 10 years, Carbon Dioxide’s positive attributes include:

• Non-toxic• Non-flammable• Positive pressures across complete operating range• High efficiency at low temperature• Cheap refrigerant

The Perfect Refrigerant

Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s positive attributes provide the following potential benefits:

• Significantly enhanced performance • Smaller & fewer components, ie compressors, heat exchangers & pipework• Potential for lower cost installation• Potential for lower cost operation• No recovery and “safe” disposal problems

The Perfect Refrigerant

Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:

• Relatively high operating pressures

Sat Temp (oC) Pressure (bar(g))

R744 -45 7.32

R717 -45 -0.46

R404A -45 0.05

R744 0 33.85

R717 0 3.28

R404A 0 5.03

The Perfect Refrigerant

Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:

• Relatively high operating pressures• Low critical temperature

R744 31oC

R717 133oC

R404A 73oC

The Perfect Refrigerant

Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:

• Relatively high operating pressures• Low critical temperature• Affects breathing reflex at concentrations > 2%

Similar issues affect synthetic refrigerants, eg HFCs & HCFCs

The Perfect Refrigerant

Does not presently exist!

The application of all refrigerant options – and associated refrigeration system designs – is a compromise, each carrying its benefits and challenges

Regulations, Standards & Guidelines provide the framework for ensuring the safe and appropriate application of all refrigerants

One Size – does not – Fit All

The decision on which direction to take will depend on a range of criteria and the relative weighting given to each by those making the assessment. One size - does not - fit all.

Star Refrigeration – From Humble Beginnings to the Natural Choice

Pioneering Natural Refrigeration Technology since 1970

Star Refrigeration – From Humble Beginnings to the Natural Choice

More than 300 staff in 11 locations across the UK

and a number of agents in Europe and Asia

Has expanded from an industrial refrigeration

company to a multi-faceted engineering

group

The largest and most successful independent

cooling and heating contractor in the UK

Pioneering development of sustainable solutions & natural refrigeration technology