legal writing: a bibliography

Legal Writing: A Bibliography George D. Gopen and Kary D. Smout

If the quantity of publications produced in a field is directly representative of the professional interest it has attracted, then there must be a strong and growing interest in legal writing. Simple statistics demonstrate the recent surge of interest in the field. We list 409 articles and 103 books. Of the books, 21 were published before 1970, 20 were published in the 1970's and 62 were published from 1980 through the Summer of 1991. The articles were published as follows:

before 1960 67 (16.4%) 1960-1969 52 (12.7%) 1970-1979 83 (20.3%) 1980-Summer 1991 207 (50.6%)

In particular, articles on the teaching of legal writing, on the Plain English movement, and on readability have proliferated in recent years. Of the 160 articles on these topics, 117 (73%) have been published since 1975.

This bibliography is by no means exhaustive. We have restricted ourselves mainly to American publications; we have omitted almost all articles of fewer than three pages; and we have excluded some of the older books which seemed uninspired copies of each other. This still leaves a good amount to read.

The entries are divided into nine categories:

A. Books B. Articles on the Teaching of Legal Writing C. Articles Concerning the Plain English Movement and

Readability D. Articles on the Drafting of Laws and Legal Documents E. Articles on the Writing of Briefs F. Articles on the Writing of Judicial Opinions G. Other Articles Concerning Law and Writing H. Bibliographical Works on Legal Writing I. Periodicals Devoted Primarily to Legal Discourse

—Articles that seem to demand inclusion in more than one category have been cross-listed. — We have treated pamphlets as articles.

93

94 The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute [1:93

—Abbreviations:

ABA J Assoc. Bull. J. JLE Lib. L.J. L.R. L.S. NYCBA R

Q. S.B.J. U.

American Bar Association Journal Association Bulletin Journal Journal of Legal Education Library Law Journal Law Review Law School Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York Quarterly State Bar Journal University

A. Books

Appleman, Jean. Persuasion in Brief Writing. Vienna, VA: Coiner, 1968.

Biskind, Elliott L. Legal Writing Simplified. New York: Clark Boardman, 1971. Reprinted as Simplify Legal Writing. New York: Arco, 1975.

Block, Gertrude. Effective Legal Writing: A Style Book for Law Students and Lawyers. 3rd ed. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press, 1986.

Bowers, Frederick. Linguistic Aspects of Legislative Expression. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1989.

Brand, Norman and John 0 . White. Legal Writing: The Strategy of Persuasion. New York: St. Martin's, 1976.

Bromberg, Alan R and Ellen K. Solender. Research Methods: Legal Writing Manual. Dallas: Southern Methodist University School of Law, 1976.

Bryant, Margaret M. English in the Law Courts: The Part that the Articles, Prepositions, and Conjunctions Play in Legal Decisions. New York: Ungar, 1930, 1962.

Calleros, Charles R. Legal Method and Writing. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

Charrow, Veda R. and Myra K. Erhardt. Clear and Effective Legal Writing. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.

Chaudhuri, B. N. The Art of Writing Judgments. Allahabad, India: Law Book Co., 1963.

Child, Barbara. Drafting Legal Documents: Materials and

1991] Legal Writing: A Bibliography 95

Problems. St. Paul: West, 1988. Cohen, Morris L., ed. How to Find the Law. 7th ed. St. Paul: West,

1976. Cook, Robert N. Legal Drafting. Brooklyn: Foundation Press,

1951. Cooper, Frank E. Effective Legal Writing. Indianapolis: Bobbs-

Merrill, 1953. Writing in Law Practice. Rev. ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-

Merrill, 1963. Darville, Richard and Gayla Reid. Preparing Information on the

Law: Guidelines for Writing, Editing, and Designing. Ottowa: Canadian Law Information Council, 1985.

Dernbach, John C. and Richard V. Singleton II. A Practical Guide to Legal Writing and Legal Method. Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman, 1981.

Dick, Robert C. Legal Drafting. 2nd ed. Toronto: Carswell, 1985. Dickerson, Reed. Fundamentals of Legal Drafting. 2nd ed. Boston:

Little, Brown, 1986. Materials on Legal Drafting. St. Paul: West, 1981.

Driedger, Elmer A. A Manual of Instructions for Legislative and Legal Writing. Ottawa: Dept. of Justice, Canada, 1982.

Dworsky, Alan L. The Little Book on Legal Writing. Littleton, CO: F.B. Rothman, 1990.

Dwyer, Paul M. Law Writers' Guide. Rochester: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing, 1959.

Felker, Daniel B., ed. Document Design: A Review of the Relevant Research. Washington, DC: Document Design Center, 1971.

Guidelines for Document Designers. Washington, DC: Document Design Center, 1981.

Felsenfeld, Carl and Alan Siegel. Writing Contracts in Plain English. St. Paul: West, 1981.

Flesch, Rudolph Franz. The Art of Clear Thinking. New York: Harper's, 1951.

The Art of Plain Talk. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

The Art of Readable Writing. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

How to Write Plain English: A Book for Lawyers and Consumers. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.

How to Write, Speak, and Think More Effectively. New York: New American Library, 1964.

Fontham, Michael R. Written and Oral Advocacy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.


Francisco, Vincente J. Legal Thesis-Writing and Forensic Literature. Manila: East, 1950.

Freeman, Morton S. The Grammatical Lawyer. Philadelphia: American Law Institute, 1979.

Garner, Bryan A. The Elements of Legal Style. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

George, Joyce J. Judicial Opinion Writing Handbook. 2nd ed. Buffalo: William S. Hein, 1986.

Gilmer, Wesley, Jr. Legal Research, Writing and Advocacy: A Sourcebook for Students, Lawyers, and Paralegals. Cincinnati: Anderson, 1987.

Givens, Richard. Drafting Documents in Plain Language. New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1981.

Goldfarb, Ronald L. and James C. Raymond. Clear Understandings: A Guide to Legal Writing. New York: Random House, 1982.

Goldstein, Tom and Jethro K. Lieberman. The Lawyer's Guide to Writing Well. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

Good, C. Edward. Mightier Than the Sword: Powerful Writing in the Legal Profession. Charlottesville, VA: Blue Jeans Press, 1989.

Goodrich, Peter. Legal Discourse: Studies in Linguistics, Rhetoric, and Legal Analysis. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.

Gopen, George D. Writing from a Legal Perspective. St. Paul: West, 1981.

Harvard University Law School Board of Student Advisors. Introduction to Advocacy. 4th ed. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press, 1985.

Hurd, Hollis T. Writing for Lawyers. Pittsburgh: Journal Broadcasting & Communications, 1982.

Joseph, Joel and Jeffrey Hiller. Legal Agreements in Plain English. Chicago: Contemporary Press, 1982.

Katz, Lucy V. Winning Words: A Guide to Persuasive Writing for Lawyers. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986.

Komar, Roman N. Reasons for Judgment: A Handbook for Judges and Other Judicial Officers. Toronto: Butterworths, 1980.

Kurzon, Dennis. It is Hereby Performed . . . Explorations in Legal Speech Acts. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986.

Larus, Joel. Legal Words and Phrases. Boston: Aurico, 1965. MacDonald, Duncan A. Drafting Documents in Plain Language.

New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1979. Mehler, Irving M. Effective Legal Communication. Denver:

Philgor, 1975.


Mellinkoff, David. The Language of the Law. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963.

Legal Writing: Sense and Nonsense. St. Paul: West, 1981; New York: Scribners, 1982.

Mullins, M.E. A Handbook for Legislative Drafters. Little Rock: Arkansas Legislative Digest, 1986.

Needham, Roger. Legal Writing for Publication. New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1973.

Neumann, Richard K. Legal Reasoning and Legal Writing: Structure, Strategy, and Style. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

Office of Consumer Affairs, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, and Document Design Center, American Institutes for Research. How Plain English Works for Business: Twelve Case Studies. Washington, DC, 1984.

Oleck, Howard Leoner and Ruth Fleet Thurman. Primer on Legal Writing. 3rd ed. State Petersburg, FL: Stetson University College of Law, 1979.

Parham, Sidney F. Jr. The Fundamentals of Legal Writing. Charlottesville, VA: Michie, 1967.

Peck, Girvan. Writing Persuasive Briefs. Boston: Little, Brown, 1984.

Phelps, Teresa Godwin. Problems and Cases for Legal Writing. 2nd ed. St. Paul: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 1990.

Philbrick, Frederick A. Language and the Law: The Semantics of Forensic English. New York: Macmillan, 1949.

Piesse, E.L. and J. Gilchrist Smith. The Elements of Drafting. 2nd ed. London: Stevens, 1958.

Pittoni, Mario. Brief Writing and Argumentation. 3rd ed. Brooklyn: Foundation Press, 1967.

Porter, Karen K., Nancy L. Schultz, Lauren Scott, Louis J. Sirico, Jr., and Annemiek Young. Introduction to Legal Writing and Oral Advocacy. New York: Matthew Bender, 1989.

Practicing Law Institute. Richard A. Givens, Chairman. Drafting Documents in Plain Language. New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1981.

Pratt, Diana Volkmann. Legal Writing: A Systematic Approach. St. Paul: West, 1990.

Probert, Walter. Law, Language, and Communication. Brooklyn: The Foundation Press, 1972.

Ray, Mary B. and Jill Ramsfield. Legal Writing: Getting It Right and Getting It Written. St. Paul: West, 1987.

Re, Edward D. Appellate Opinion Writing. Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center, 1977.


Brief Writing and Oral Argument. 6th ed. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1987.

Redish, Janice. How to Draft More Understandable Legal Documents. Washington, DC: Document Design Center, 1979.

Rodell, Fred. Woe Unto You, Lawyersl New York: Raynal & Hitchcock, 1939. New York: Pageant Press, 1957. Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman, 1987.

Rombauer, Marjorie Dick. Legal Problem Solving: Analysis, Research, and Writing. 4th ed. St. Paul: West, 1983.

Rossman, George, ed. Advocacy and the King's English. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960.

Rothenberg, Robert. The Plain Language Law Dictionary. New York: Viking, 1981.

Shapo, Helene S., Marilyn R. Walker, and Elizabeth Fajaus. Writing and Analysis in the Law. 2nd ed. Westbury, NY: Foundation Press, 1991.

Smith, Robert B. The Literate Writer: Legal Writing and Oral Advocacy. 2nd ed. Stoneham, MA: Butterworths, 1991.

Squires, Lynn B. and Marjorie Dick Rombauer. Legal Writing in a Nutshell. St. Paul: West, 1982.

Statsky, William P. Legal Research and Writing: Some Starting Points. 3rd ed. St. Paul: West, 1989.

and R. John Wernet, Jr. Case Analysis and Fundamentals of Legal Writing. 3rd ed. St. Paul: West, 1989.

Sterba, M. John, Jr., ed. Drafting Legal Opinion Letters. New York: Wiley Law Publications, 1988.

Taylor, K. Phillip, Raymond W. Buchanan, and David U. Strawn. Communication Strategies for Trial Attorneys. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1984.

Teply, Larry L. Legal Writing, Analysis, and Oral Argument. St. Paul: West, 1990

Terputac, Thomas J. A Handbook of English Usage: A Guide for the Bench and Bar. Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick, 1989.

Till, Paul H. and Albert F. Garguilo. Contracts: The Move to Plain Language. New York: AMACOM, 1979.

Trosk, George. Brief Writing and Appeals. New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1962.

UCLA Moot Court Honors Program. Handbook of Appellate Advocacy. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West, 1986.

United States Government Publishing Office. Judicial Writing Manual. Washington, DC, 1991.

Vom Baur, F. Trowbridge. The Practical Lawyer's Manual on Legal Research, Writing, and Indexing. Philadelphia: American


law Institute, 1979. Washington, Harold R. Communication Skills and the Lawyering

Process. Tarrytown, NY: Associated Faculty Press, 1983. Wattles, Gurdon H. Writing Legal Descriptions. Orange, CA:

Gurdon H. Wattles, 1976. Weihofen, Henry. Legal Writing Style. 2nd ed. St. Paul: West,

1980. Weisberg, Richard H. When Lawyers Write. Boston: Little, Brown,

1987. Wetter, J. Gillis. Styles of Appellate Judicial Opinions: A Case

Study in Comparative Law. Layden: Sythoff, 1960. White, James B. Heracles' Bow: Essays on the Rhetoric and Poet

ics of the Law. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. The Legal Imagination: Studies in the Nature of Legal

Thought and Expression. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973. Abridged ed., Chicago, 1985.

Wiener, F. B. Briefing and Arguing Federal Appeals. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1967.

Wincor, Richard. Contracts in Plain English. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

Woolever, Kristin R. Untangling the Law: Strategies for Legal Writers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1987.

Wydick, Richard C. Plain English for Lawyers. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1985.

Yogis, John A. and Christie M. Innis. Legal Writing and Research Manual. 3rd ed. by Michael J. Iosipecu. Toronto: But-terworths, 1988.

B. Articles on the Teaching of Legal Writing

Aaron, Richard I. "Legal Writing at Utah — A Reaction to the Student View." JLE 25 (1973): 566-70. [See Lloyd below.]

Achtenberg, Jack. "Legal Writing and Research: The Neglected Orphan." U. of Miami L.R. 29 (1975): 218-59.

Alexander, George J. "A Research and Writing Program for Small Schools." JLE 14 (1962): 377-84.

Allen, Layman E. and Charles S. Saxon. "One Use of Computerized Instructional Gaming in Legal Education: To Better Understand the Rich Logical Structure of Legal Rules and Improve Legal Writing." U. of Michigan J. of Law Reform 18 (1985): 383-471.

American Association of Law Libraries. Proceedings of the Fifty-Second Annual Meeting of the AALL. "The Teaching of Legal Writing and Legal Research" (Panel Discussion). Law Lib. J.


52 (1959): 350-70. Anderson, Roger W. "Stating Objectives for a Legal Writing

Course." JLE 30 (1979): 358-65. Batey, Robert. "Legal Research and Writing from First Year to

Law Review." Stetson L.R. 12 (1983): 735-41. Beal, Ronald L. and Leslie M. MacRae. "Public Interest Law and

the Litigation Process: A Focus for a Legal Writing and Research Course in the First Year Law Curriculum." American Law Students Assoc. Forum 6 (1982): 296-306.

Bordwell, Constance B. "A Writing Specialist in the Law School." JLE 17 (1965): 462-5.

Botein, Michael. "Rewriting First-Year Legal Writing Programs." JLE 30 (1979): 184-5.

Boyer, Allen. "Legal Writing Programs Reviewed: Merits, Flaws, Costs, and Essentials." Chicago-Kent L.R. 62 (1985): 23-51.

Brand, Norman. "Minority Writing Problems and Law School Writing Programs." JLE 26 (1974): 331-7.

"Legal Writing, Reasoning, & Research: An Introduction." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 292-7.

Bridge, William J. "Legal Writing After the First Year of Law School." Ohio Northern U. L.R. 5 (1978): 411-31.

Cairns, B. C. "Teaching Legal Drafting." J. of Professional Legal Education 1 (1983): 49-67.

Carrick, Kathleen M. and Donald J. Dunn. See [H]. Clare, Robert L., Jr. "Teaching Clear Legal Writing — The Practi

tioner's Viewpoint." New York S.B.J. 52 (1980): 192-6. Cohen, D. S. "Ensuring an Effective Instructor-taught Writing and

Advocacy Program: How to Teach the Teachers." JLE 29 (1978): 593-612.

Collins, Terence. "Further Notes on Legal Writing: Designing the Course for Legal Paraprofessionals." College Composition and Communication 31 (1980): 58-62.

"Teaching 'Plain Language' as Process in the Legal Writing Course." Legal Assistants Update (December 1982): 15-21.

Cook, Robert N. "The Teaching of Legal Drafting." Western Re-serve L.R. 4 (1953): 299-317.

Covington, Robert N. "The Development of the Vanderbilt Writing Program." JLE 16 (1964): 342-7.

Cox, Barbara J. and Mary Barnard Ray. "Getting Dorothy out of Kansas: The Importance of an Advanced Component to Legal Writing Programs." Journal of Legal Education 40 (1990) 351-61.

Cushman, Donald P. and John M. Cali. "Language Mastery and


Legal Training." ABA J 51 (1965): 761-4. Danziger, Karen. "You Are What You Write." Docket Call 17

(1982): 20-6. Dickerson, Reed. "One Approach to Teaching Legal Drafting."

JLE 18 (1965): 101-8. "Teaching Legal Writing in Law Schools (with a Special

Nod to Legal Drafting)." Idaho L.R. 16 (1979): 85-91. Diggs, Paul L. "Communication Skills in Legal Materials: The

Howard Law School Program." U. of Toledo L.R. 2 (1970): 763-89.

Dyer, Boyd Kimball. "Whatever Happened to Legal Writing at Utah?" JLE 26 (1974): 338-40.

Fain, Constance Frisby. "A Comprehensive Legal Communication Skills Program: The Thurgood Marshall Model." Southern Illinois U. L.J. (1982): 1-40.

Gabrielli, Dominick L. "The Importance of Research and Writing in the Law School Education." Albany L.R. 46 (1981): 1-5.

Gale, Mary Ellen. "Legal Writing: The Impossible Takes a Little Longer." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 298-343.

Gee, G. Gordon and Donald W. Jackson. "Current Studies of Legal Education." JLE 32 (1982): 471-505.

Germain, Kenneth B. "Legal Writing and Moot Court at Almost No Cost: The Kentucky Experience, 1971-72." JLE 25 (1973): 595-612.

Gilmer, Wesley, Jr. "Teaching Legal Research and Legal Writing in American Law Schools." JLE 25 (1973): 571-81.

Ginsberg, Judy. "Legal Research and Writing as Taught in Canadian Law Schools." Law Librarian 19 (1988): 21-6.

Gopen, George D. "An Advanced Composition Course for Pre-Law Students." JLE 29 (1978): 222-31.

"Perceiving Structure: Teaching Writing at Law School." Harvard L.S. Bulletin (Summer/Fall 1984): 27-29.

"A Question of Cash and Credit: Writing Programs at the Law Schools." J. of Contemporary Law 3 (1977): 191-200.

Gordon, James D. "An Integrated First-Year Legal Writing Program." Journal of Legal Education 39 (1989): 609-13.

Gottlieb, Hans J. "Teaching English in Law School." ABA J 49 (1963): 666-9.

Gross, Peter W. "California Western Law School's First-Year Course in Legal Skills." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 369-91.

"On Law School Training in Analytic Skill." JLE 25 (1973): 261-311.

Hiller, Jack A. "How Not to Write Answers to Law Examinations."


Stetson L.R. 12 (1983): 691-9. Hirsh, Kate Ferguson. "Writing About the Law: A Composition

Course for Pre-Law Students." J. of Basic Writing 2 (1980): 82-94.

Hopperton, Robert J. "Teaching Legislative Drafting in Law School." Duquesne L.R. 19 (1980): 43-68.

Horowitz, Harold. "Legal Research and Writing at the University of Southern California — A Three-Year Program." JLE 4 (1951): 95-9.

Hunsaker, David M. "Law, Humanism, and Communication: Suggestions for Limited Curricular Reform." JLE 80 (1980): 417-36.

Iacobucci, Nancy Eastham. "Legal Research and Writing: A Proposed Programme." U. of Toronto L.J. 19 (1969): 401-20.

Jarvis, Robert M. "Using Entertainment Law to Teach Legal Writing." Entertainment & Sports L.J. 3 (1986): 243-51.

Johnson, Flora. "Legal Writing Programs: This Year's Models." Student Lawyer 8 (1980): 11-21.

Kalven, Harry Jr. "Law School Training in Research and Exposition: The University of Chicago Program." JLE 1 (1948): 107-23.

"The Legal Writing Program in the Law School." U. of Chicago L.S. Record 2 (1953): 8-18.

Kanter, Burton W. "Effective Legal Writing — Some Thoughts and Reflections on Learning and Teaching." Chicago Bar Record 42 (1960): 113-8.

Kershen, D. L. "Humanities and the First-Year Curriculum in Law School." Oklahoma L.R. 34 (1981): 790-95.

Kinyon, Stanley V. "English as She Was Wrotten at Minnesota — A Legal Fairy Tale." JLE 7 (1955): 553-4. [See Prosser below.]

Kuklin, Susan B. "Legal Writing and Research Instructional Techniques Study." Legal Research J. 4 (1980): 1-7.

Lang, Andrew G. "Teaching Legal Drafting." J. of Professional Legal Education 1 (1983): 45-8.

Laycock, Douglas. "Why the First-Year Legal-Writing Course Cannot Do Much About Bad Legal Writing." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 83-6.

Leggett, Glenn. "Judicial Writing: An Observation by a Teacher of Writing." Law Lib. J. 58 (1965): 114-20.

Livingston, Margit. "Legal Writing and Research at De Paul University: A Program in Transition." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 344-68.

Lloyd, David. "A Student View of the Legal Research and Legal


Bibliography Course at Utah and Elsewhere." JLE 25 (1973): 553-65. [See Aaron above.]

Macaulay, Stewart and Henry G. Manne. "A Low-Cost Legal Writing Program — The Wisconsin Experience." JLE 11 (1959): 387-405.

Mandelker, Daniel R.. "Legal Writing — The Drake Program." JLE 3 (1951): 583-6.

Marple, William. "Basic Legal Techniques Courses at Catholic University School of Law: First-Year Lawyering Skills." JLE 26 (1974): 556-66.

Matlon, R. J. "Communication in the Legal Process: A Pre-Law Course at the University of Arizona." JLE 31 (1982): 589-603.

Mehler, Irving M. "Language Mastery and Legal Training." Villa-nova L.R. 6 (1960): 201-17.

Moreland, Roy. "Legal Writing and Research at Smaller Law Schools." JLE 7 (1954): 49-63.

Morse, Anita L. "Research, Writing, and Advocacy in Law School Curricula." Law Lib. J. 75 (1982): 232-64.

Nafziger, James A. R. "Teaching Legal Writing in the United States." Monash U. L.R. 7 (1980): 67-76.

Oldfather, Charles, Jr. "The Relation of the Law School to General Education: Deficiencies in English." The Law Schools Look Ahead: 1959 Conference on Legal Education. Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press, 1959.

Pedrick, Willard H., N. William Hines, and William A. Reppy, Jr. "Should Permanent Faculty Teach First-Year Legal Writing? A Debate." JLE 32 (1982): 413-23.

Prosser, William L. "English as She Is Wrote." English J. 28 (1939): 38-44. Reprinted in JLE 7 (1954): 155-62. [See Kinyon above.]

Rafalko, Walter A. "Legal Research and Writing Programs: A Scientific Experiment." Portia L.J. 3 (1967): 1-15.

Re, Edward D. "Demands of the Legal Writing Process." New York S.B.J. 56 (1984): 20-3.

Roalfe, William R. and William P. Higman. "Legal Writing and Research at Northwestern University." JLE 9 (1956): 81-91.

Robinson, Stanley D. "Drafting — Its Substance and Teaching." JLE 25 (1973): 514-37.

Rombauer, Marjorie Dick. "First-Year Legal Research and Writing: Then and Now." JLE 25 (1973): 538-52.

"Regular Faculty Staffing for an Expanded First-Year Research and Writing Course: A Post Mortem." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 392-420.


Rutter, Russel. "Designing and Teaching the First-Degree Law Curriculum." U. of Cincinnati L.R. 37 (1968): 7-90, esp. 54-62.

"Resources for Teaching Legal Writing." Research in Technical Communication: A Bibliographic Sourcebook. Eds. Michael G. Moran and Debra Journet. Westpoint, CN: Greenwood Press, 1985. 470-85.

Shapo, Helene S. "The Frontiers of Legal Writing: Challenges for Teaching Research." Law Lib. J. 78 (1986): 719-29.

Spiegel, Irwin 0. "Experimenting in Legal Method at the University of Southern California." JLE 9 (1956): 92-8.

Squires, Lynn B. "A Writing Specialist in the Legal Research and Writing Curriculum." Albany L.R. 44 (1980): 412-20.

Stevens, George Neff. "Three Responsibilities of Legal Education." Texas Tech. L.R. 1 (1969): 87-108.

Stevenson, Dwight W. "Rhetoric and Law: Designing a Program in Communication for Law Students." College Composition and Communication 29 (1978): 30-35.

Stone, Elizabeth Walker. "Communication Skills Offerings in American Law Schools: A Survey by the Howard University School of Law." JLE 29 (1978): 238-45.

Thurman, Ruth Fleet. "Blueprint for a Legal Research and Writing Course." JLE 31 (1981): 134-9.

Torres, Gerald. "Teaching and Writing: Curriculum Reform as an Exercise in Critical Education." Nova L.J. 10 (1986): 867-78.

Trakman, Leon E. "Law Student Teachers: An Untapped Resource." JLE 30 (1979): 331-57.

White, John O. and Norman Brand. "Composition for the Pre-Pro-fessional: Focus on Legal Writing." College Composition and Communication 27 (1976): 41-6.

Wilkinson, Michael and Harry Wainmen. "Legal English: A Functional Course." JLE 31 (1981): 134-9.

C. Articles Concerning the Plain English Movement and Readability

Aiken, Ray J. "Let's Not Oversimplify Legal Language." Rocky Mountain L.R. 32 (1960): 358-64. [See Hager below.]

Allen, Layman E. and C. Rudy Engholm. "The Need for Clear Structure in 'Plain Language' Legal Drafting." U. of Michigan J. of Law Reform 13 (1980): 455-513.

Alterman, Irwin M. "Plain and Accurate Style in Court Papers." Cooley L.R. 2 (1984): 243-340. Reprinted as a pamphlet. Philadelphia: ALI-ABA Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 1987.


Aslanian-Bedikian, Mary. "Clear Expression in Labor Arbitration." Michigan Bar J. 63 (1984): 1068-71.

Axline, Michael and John Bonine. "Plain Talk: Making NEPA Work." Land and Water Law Review 25 (1990): 61-82

Beardsley, Charles A. "Beware of, Eschew and Avoid Pompous Prolixity and Platitudinous Epistles!" S.B.J, (of the State Bar of California) 16 (1941): 65-9. Reply by Robert A. Morton, "Challenge Made to Beardsley's Plea for Plain and Simple Legal Syntax." S.B.J. 16 (1941): 103-6. Reply by Beardsley, "Wherein and Whereby Beardsley Makes Reply to Challenge." S.B.J. 16 (1941): 106-7.

Benson, Robert W. "The End of Legalese: The Game Is Over." New York U. R. of Law & Social Change 13 (1985): 519-73.

and Joan B. Kessler. "Legalese v. Plain English: An Empirical Study of Persuasion and Credibility in Appellate Brief Writing." Loyola U. of Los Angeles L.R. 20 (1987): 301-21.

Black, Bernard. "A Model Plain Language Law." Stanford L.R. 33 (1981): 255-300.

Bowers, Jane. "Properly Using Plain Language." The Practical Lawyer 36 (1990): 15-24.

Cavers, David F. See [D]. Charrow, Veda R. "Some Guidelines for Clear Legal Writing."

University of Bridgeport Law Review 8 (1987): 405-08. What Is Plain English Anyway? Washington, DC: Docu

ment Design Center, 1979. (12-pg. pamphlet) and Robert P. Charrow. "Making Legal Language Under

standable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions." Columbia L.R. 79 (1979): 1306-74.

Collins, Terrence. See [B]. Committee for Plain Language Conveyancing. "Report of the Com

mittee for Plain Language Conveyancing." Hawaii Bar J. 16 (1981): 91-104.

Cook, Robert E. See [G]. Davis, Jeffrey. "Protecting Consumers from Overdisclosure and

Gobbledygook: An Empirical Look at the Simplification of Consumer-Credit Contracts." Virginia L.R. 63 (1977): 841-907.

Dick, Robert C. "Plain English in Legal Drafting." Alberta L.R. 18 (1980): 509-14.

Dickerson, F. Reed. "Should Plain English Be Legislated?" Res Gestae 24 (1980): 332-4.

Eagleson, Robert D. "Taking the Gobbledegook Out of Legal Language." Queensland Law Society Journal 20 (1990): 103-15.

Edgerton, T. Selden. "Plain English Means Never Having to Say


Hereby," Michigan Bar J. 65 (1986): 458-60. "There Must Be a Pony in Here Somewhere." Michigan

Bar J. 65 (1986): 926-28. Engholm, Rudy. "Logic and Laws: Relief from Statutory Obfusca-

tion." U. of Michigan J. of Law Reform 9 (1976): 322-47. Felsenfeld, Carl. "The Future of Plain English." Michigan Bar J.

62 (1983): 942-4. , David Cohen, and Martin Fingerhut. "The Plain English

Movement in the United States: Comments." Canadian Business LJ. 6 (1982): 408-52.

Ferry, Michael. "Plain English Legislation: Further Considerations." Case & Comment 85 (1980): 34-8.

and Richard B. Teitelman. "Plain-Language Laws: Giving the Consumer an Even Break." Clearinghouse R. 14 (1980): 522-8.

Forshey, John B. "Plain English Contracts: The Demise of Legalese?" Baylor L.R. 30 (1978): 765-83.

Frooman, Hillary. "Lawyers and Readability." J. of Business Communication 18 (1981): 45-51.

Goldfarb, Ronald. "My Secretary, Hereinafter Referred to as Cuddles . . . Crimes of Legalese — In and Out of Court." Barrister 5 (1978): 40-3.

Goldstein, Bernard H. "Plain Language: A Comment and Review of an Aid to Its Achievement." NYCBA R 32 (1977): 622-5.

Gopen, George D. See [G]. Hager, John W. "Let's Simplify Legal Language." Rocky Mountain

L.R. 32 (1959): 74-86. [See Aiken above.] Hathaway, George H. "An Overview of the Plain English Move

ment for Lawyers." Michigan Bar J. 62 (1983): 945-9. "Plain English in Judicial Opinions." Michigan Bar J. 62

(1983): 976-8. "The Plain English Movement in Law — Past, Present, and

Future." Michigan Bar J. 64 (1985): 1236-9. Haynsworth, Harry J. IV. See [D] Helwig, Norman R. "The Plain English Movement — An Attack

on 'Legalese'." Colorado Lawyer 8 (1979): 2372-81. Hughes, Robert D. "Some Plain Talk About Plain Language."

NYCBA R 33 (1978): 206-11. Hyland, Richard. See [G] Isaaco, Lewis M., Jr. and Bernard H. Goldstein. "More Plain

Talk." NYCBA R 33 (1978): 383-5. Kellog, Irving. "A Plan for Drafting in Plain English." California

S.B.J. 56 (1981): 154-9.


Kelly, David State Leger. "Legislative Drafting and Plain English." Adelaide L.R. 10 (1986): 409-26.

Kimble, Joseph. See [G]. Kretz, Walter A., Jr. "Plain English Law: Let the Buyer Beware."

New York L.S. L.R. 23 (1978): 824-33. Leete, B. A. "Plain Language Legislation: A Comparison of Ap

proaches." American Business L.J. 18 (1981): 511-24. Leskovac, Helen. "Legal Writing and Plain English: Does Voice

Matter?" Syracuse L.R. 38 (1987): 1193-1221. Millus, Albert J. "Plain Language Laws: Are They Working?" Uni

form Commercial Code L.J. 16 (1983): 147-58. Moore, Bonnie B. "Short and Plain Statements: A Pleading for

Plain Language in Legal Writing." Southern U. L.R. 12 (1985): 47-56.

Moukad, Rosemary. "New York's Plain English Law." Fordham Urban L.J. 8 (1980): 451-65.

Plack, James T. "Plain Language Movement: An Overview with Recent Developments." J. of the Missouri Bar 36 (1980): 40-7.

Prather, William C. "In Defense of the People's Use of Three Syllable Words." Alabama Lawyer 39 (1978): 394-400.

Procaccia, Uriel. "Readable Insurance Policies: Judicial Regulation and Interpretation." Israel L.R. 14 (1979): 74-103.

Raymond, James C. "Legal Writing: An Obstruction to Justice." Alabama L.R. 30 (1978): 1-17.

Redish, Janice. See [D]. Ricketson, Matthew. "Plain English and the Law." Law Institute

J. 62 (1988): 614-17. Ross, Steven M. "On Legalities and Linguistics: Plain Language

Legislation." Buffalo L.R 30 (1981): 317-63. Sastri, M.L See [G]. Semegen, Patrick W. "Plain Language Legislation." Case & Com

ment 85 (1980): 42-9. Siegel, Alan M. "How to Say It in Plain English." Management R.

68 (1979): 14-9. "The Plain English Revolution." Across the Board 18

(1981): 19-26. Reprinted in Readings in Technical Writing. Eds. David C. Leonard and Peter J. McGuire. New York: Mac-millan, 1983. 222-9.

"To Lift the Curse of Legalese — Simplify, Simplify." Across the Board 14 (1977): 64-70.

Thomas, Richard. "Plain English and the Law." Statute L.R. (1985): 139-51.

and Liz Dunbar. Plain English for Lawyers.'Some Guide-


lines on Writing and Designing Legal Documents. London: National Consumer Council, 1984. (26-pg pamphlet) Excerpted in J. of the Law Society of Scotland 29 (1984): 371-3, 411-4.

Timm, Paul R. and Daniel Oswald. "Plain English Laws: Symbolic or Real?" J. of Business Communication 22 (1985): 31-8.

Ulmer, S. Sidney. See [F]. United States Department of Commerce. The Productivity of

Plain English. (Washington, DC: Office of Consumer Affairs, 1983. (13-pg. pamphlet)

Weissman, David L. " 'No-Nonsense, Straight-from-the-Shoulder' School: Another Note on Legal Style." Lawyer's Guild R. 20 (1960): 24-6.

Willis, John. "Making Legal Documents Readable: Some American Initiatives." Law Institute J. 52 (1978): 513-22.

Winter, Frank. "Legalese, Bafflegarb, and Plain Language Laws." Canadian Community L.J. 4 (1980): 5-14.

Word, Thomas S., Jr. "A Brief for Plain English Wills and Trusts." U. of Richmond L.R. 14 (1980): 471-81.

Wydick, Richard C. "Plain English for Lawyers." California L.R. 66 (1978): 727-56.

Review of Rudolph Flesch, How to Write Plain English: A Book for Lawyers and Consumers. Michigan L.R. 78 (1980): 711-21.

Younger, Irving. "In Praise of Simplicity." New Zealand L.J. (1984): 277-9.

D. Articles on the Drafting of Laws and Legal Documents

Allen, Layman E. "Symbolic Logic: A Razor-Edged Tool for Drafting and Interpreting Legal Documents." Yale L.J. 66 (1957): 833-79.

and C. Rudy Engholm. "Normalized Legal Drafting and the Query Method." JLE 29 (1978): 380-412.

See [C]. Appelman, Jean. "The Written Argument on Appeal." Notre

Dame Lawyer 41 (1965): 40-8. Beardsley, Charles A. "Judicial Draftsmanship." Washington L.R.

24 (1949): 146-53. Bell, John A. "Extremist Drafting of Federal Statutes." Scribes

Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 31-44. Bennion, F. A. R. "Statute Law Obscurity and the Drafting Pa

rameters." British J. of Law & Society 5 (1976): 235-45. Cairns, B.C. See [B].


Cavers, David F. "The Simplification of Government Regulations." Federal Bar J. 8 (1947): 339-56.

Conrad, Alfred F. "New Ways to Write Laws." Yale L.J. 56 (1947): 458-81.

Cook, Robert N. "General Principles of Legal Drafting." Ohio Bar 23 (1950): 251-5.

See [B]. Davis, Jeffrey. See [C]. Dick, Robert C. See [C]. a Dickerson, Reed. "How to Write a Law." Notre Dame Lawyer 31

(1955): 14-27. "Legal Drafting: Writing as Thinking, or, Talk-Back from

Your Draft and How to Exploit It." JLE 29 (1978): 373-9. See [B and C]

Dunahoo, Kermit L. "Avoiding Inadvertent Syntactic Ambiguity in Legal Draftsmanship." Drake L.R. 20 (1970): 137-58.

Edwards, Thomas Haines and James P. Barber. "A Computer Method for Legal Drafting Using Propositional Logic." Texas L.R. 53 (1975): 965-1004.

Engholm, Rudy. See [C]. Farnsworth, E. Allan. "Some Considerations in the Drafting of

Agreements: Problems in Interpretation and Gap-Filling." NYCBA R 23 (1968): 105-117.

Ferry, Michael. See [C]. Forshey, John B. See [C]. Gopen, George D. "Let the Buyer in the Ordinary Course of Busi

ness Beware: Suggestions for Revising the Prose of the Uniform Commercial Code." U. of Chicago L.R. 54 (1987): 1178-1214.

Grutzner, Edward. "Tips on Will-Drafting the Modern Way." Wisconsin Bar Bull. 44 (1971): 27-35.

Haynsworth, Harry J., IV. "How to Draft Clear and Concise Legal Documents." Practical Lawyer 31 (1985): 41-56.

Hopperton, Robert J. See [B]. Kellog, Irving. See [C]. Kelly, David State Leger. See [C]. Kirk, Maurice B. "Legal Drafting: Curing Unexpressive Lan

guage." Texas Tech. L.R. 3 (1971): 23-54. "Legal Drafting: How Should a Document Begin?" Texas

Tech. L.R. 3 (1972): 233-63. "Legal Drafting: Some Elements of Technique." Texas

Tech. L.R. 4 (1973): 297-316. "Legal Drafting: The Ambiguity of 'And' and 'Or'." Texas


Tech. L.R. 2 (1971): 235-53. Lang, Andrew G. See [B]. Levitan, Mortimer. "A Confidential Chat on the Craft of Briefing."

Wisconsin L.R. (1957): 59-74. Lindey, Alexander. "Let's Write Better Contracts." Practical Law

yer 3.1 (1957): 32-8. Maxey, David W. "Fundamentals of Draftsmanship — A Guide in

Preparing Agreements." Barrister 10 (1983): 35-42. Miller, Arthur S. "Statutory Language and the Purposive Use of

Ambiguity." Virginia L.R. 42 (1956): 23-39. Morris, A.J.H. "Drafting Affidavits Made Simple." Queensland

Law Society Journal 19 (1989): 247-53. "Drafting Interrogatories Made Simple." Queensland Law

Society Journal 20 (1990): 445-52. Procaccia, Uriel. See [C]. Redish, Janice. How to Draft More Understandable Legal Docu

ments. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, Document Design Center, 1979. (Pamphlet)

Robinson, Stanley D. See [B]. Schiffbauer, William G. Guide to Legislative Research and Draft

ing. American Bar Association, Student Law Division. Chicago: ABA, 1979. (Pamphlet)

Schlesinger, Edward S. "English as a Second Language for Lawyers." Institute on Estate Planning 12 (1978): Chapter 7 (paragraphs 700-716).

Stilwell, Ray. "Sexism in the Statutes — Identifying and Solving the Problems of Ambiguous Gender Bias in Legal Writing." Buffalo L.R. 32 (1983): 559-87.

Sutin, Michael G. "Drafting Conventions for Unconventional Drafting." Practical Real Estate Lawyer 5 (1989): 61-74.

Sweet, Justin. "The Lawyer's Role in Contract Drafting." J. of the State Bar of California 43 (1968): 362-80.

Swisher, Peter Nash. "Techniques of Legal Drafting: A Survival Manual." U. of Richmond L.R. 15 (1981): 873-93.

Thomas, J.G. "Problems in Drafting Legal Instruments." Illinois Bar J. 39 (1950): 51-7.

Thomas, Richard and Liz Dunbar. See [C]. Tilton, Linda B. and James T. Tilton. "Basic Considerations in

Designing Forms." Practical Lawyer (July 1980): 55-69. Willis, John. See [C]. Word, Thomas S., Jr. See [C].


E. Articles on the Writing of Briefs

Avins, Alfred. "Military Law Brief Writing." Practical Lawyer 4.4 (1958): 77-89.

Bachrach, A.C. "Reflections on Brief Writing." Illinois L.R. 27 (1932): 374-93.

Bahner, T. Maxfield. "Some Thoughts on Brief Writing." Tennessee Bar J. 16 (1980): 5-13.

Barnes, Reid B. "Tips of Brief Writing and Oral Argument." Alabama Lawyer 26 (1965): 172-84.

Benson, Robert W. and Joan B. Kessler. See [C]. Blair, Paxton. "Appellate Briefs and Advocacy." Fordham L.R. 18

(1949): 30-48. "Putting the Appellate Brief Together." Defense L.J. 12

(1963): 661-81. "Putting the Brief Together." New York S.B.J. 34 (1962):

430-43. Bright, Myron H. "Appellate Briefwriting: Some 'Golden' Rules."

Creighton L.R. 17 (1983-4): 1069-74. Cooper, Frank E. "Stating the Issue in Appellate Briefs." ABA J

49 (1963): 180-3. Couch, Harvey C. "Writing the Appellate Brief." Practical Lawyer

17.8 (1971): 27-38. Denecke, Arno H., James H. Clarke, and Philip A. Levin. "Notes

on Appellate Brief Writing." Oregon L.R. 51 (1972): 351-63. Dore, Edward S. "Expressing the Idea — The Essentials of Oral

and Written Argument." NYCBA R 9 (1954): 413-29. Doyle, William E. "Some Observations on Brief Writing." Rocky

Mountain L.R. 33 (1960): 23-9. Finn, Judith A. "Writing Briefs for Federal Litigation: The Prov

ince of the Elect." Tulsa L.J. 22 (1986): 127-38. Griffith, Kendall. "Effective Brief Writing." Forum 16 (1981): 460-

9. Joiner, Charles W. "The Trial Brief — The Lawyer's Battle Plan

and Ammunition." J. of the Oklahoma Bar Assoc. 27 (1956): 979-92.

Kaplan, Lucille R. "Writing that Persuades: No Quick Fix for the Advocate." Trial 20 (1984): 44-9.

Lee, Randy. "Writing the Statement of the Case: The 'Bear' Necessities." Whittier Law Review 10 (1989): 619-35.

Littleton, Arthur. "Advocacy and Brief Writing." Practical Lawyer 10.8 (1964): 41-52.

Napoli, J. P. "Forceful Brief Writing and Oral Argument." Trial


Lawyers' Q. 12 (1977): 82-8. Re, Edward D. "Appellate Brief Writing." Phi Delta Delta 30

(1952): 9-16. "Effective Legal Writing and the Appellate Brief." Case &

Comment 89 (1984): 9-22. Schwartz, Stephen Jay. "Effective Briefwriting for the Michigan

Court of Appeals." Michigan Bar J. 58 (1978): 240-4. Selvin, Herman F. "The Form and Organization of Briefs." Practi

cal Lawyer 2.2 (1956): 73-9. Smith, Robert B. "Persuasion on Appeal." Oklahoma L.R. 41

(1988): 463-75. Smith, George Rose. "Introductory Portion of the Appellant's

Brief." Arkansas L.R. 15 (1961): 357-65. Snowden, L. "Brief Writing on Appeal to the Supreme Court of

Florida." Miami L.Q. 3 (1949): 578-92. Vom Baur, F. Trowbridge. "The Art of Brief Writing." Practical

Lawyer 22.1 (1976): 81-93. Reprinted in New York S.B.J. 49 (1977): 102-5, 149-53.

Voorhees, Theodore. "Law Office Training: The Art of Written Advocacy." Practical Lawyer 8.6 (1962): 75-80.

Wallace, J. C. "Wanted: Advocates Who Can Argue in Writing." Kentucky L.J. 67 (1979): 375-83.

Zammit, Joseph P. "The Trial Brief and the Trial Memorandum." Practical Lawyer 24.2 (1978): 73-81.

F. Articles on the Writing of Judicial Opinions

Aldisert, Ruggero J. "Opinion Writers and Law Review Writers: A Community and Continuity Approach." Duquesne L.R. 16 (1977-8): 139-56.

Bell, Griffin B. "Appellate Court Opinions and the Remand Process." Georgia L.R. 2 (1968): 526-37.

"Style in Judicial Writing." J. of Public Law 15 (1966): 214-9.

Belt, Erik Paul. "Concerned Readers Versus Judicial Opinion Writers." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 23 (1990): 463-74.

Blatt, William M. "An Opinion of Opinions." Law Society J. (Boston) 12 (1946): 292-301.

Bolden, C.E. See [H]. Brandt, Richard V. "Language and Logic in the Law." Texas L.R.

43 (1964): 86-100. Buchanan, Paul H. "For Structured, Digestible, Streamlined Judi

cial Opinions." ABA J 60 (1974): 1249-51.


Domnarski, William. "The Opinion as Essay, the Judge as Essayist: Some Observations on Legal Writing/' J. of the Legal Profession 10 (1985): 139-45.

"The Tale of the Text: The Figurative Prose Style of Connecticut Supreme Court Justice Leo Parskey." Connecticut L.R. 18 (1986): 459-66.

Douglas, Charles G., III. "How to Write a Concise Opinion." Judges' J. 22 (1983): 4-7, 47-9.

Fitzpatrick, Margaret Mary and John J. Sherlock. "Portrait of the Judge as an Artist (with Apologies to James Joyce)." Pace L.R. 3 (1983): 495-505.

Forrester, Ray. "Truth in Judging: Supreme Court Opinions as Legislative Drafting." Vanderbilt L.R. 38 (1985): 463-77.

Friedman, Lawrence M., Robert A. Kagan, Bliss Cartwright, and Stanton Wheeler. "State Supreme Courts: A Century of Style and Citation." Stanford L.R. 33 (1981): 773-818.

Gardner, Robert. "Toward Shorter Opinions." California S.B.J. 55 (1980): 240-4.

Gibson, Walker. "Literary Minds and the Judicial Style." New York U. L.R. 36 (1961): 915-30.

Gopen, George D. See [G]. Gregory, H. B. "Shorter Judicial Opinions." Virginia L.R. 34

(1948): 362-70. Hardy, George W., Jr. "A Brief (?) Opinion on Brief Opinions."

Louisiana L.R. 20 (1960): 559-62. Hathaway, George H. See [C]. Higgins, Joseph C. "Observations on Judicial Opinions." Tennes

see L.R. 8 (1929): 19-25. Jordan, Adalberto. "Imagery, Humor, and the Judicial Opinion."

Miami L.R. 41 (1987): 693-727. Kingsley, Robert. "The Length of Judicial Opinions." Nebraska

Law Bull. 10 (1932): 398-403. Kirby, Michael. "On the Writing of Judgments." Australian Law

Journal 64 (1990): 691-709. Klinck, Dennis R. "Criticizing the Judges: Some Preliminary Re

flections on Style." McGill L.J. 31 (1986): 655-82. "Style, Meaning, and Knowing: Megarry J. and Denning

M.R. in In re VandervelVs Trusts (No. 2J." U. of Toronto L.J. 37 (1987): 358-88.

LaRue, L.H. "The Rhetoric of Powell's Bakke.,y Washington and Lee L.R. 38 (1981): 43-61.

Leflar, Robert A. "Honest Judicial Opinions." Northwestern U. L.R. 74 (1979): 721-41.


"The Multi-Judge Decisional Process." Maryland L.R. 42 (1983): 722-31.

"Quality in Judicial Opinions." Pace L.R. 3 (1983): 579-92. "Some Observations Concerning Judicial Opinions." Co

lumbia L.R. 61 (1961): 810-20. Levitan, Mortimer. "Dissertation on Writing Legal Opinions."

Wisconsin L.R. (1960): 22-38. Little, Joseph W. "The Workload of the United States Supreme

Court: Ruling the Pen with the Tongue." J. of the Legal Profession 6 (1981): 51-73.

MacMillan, Lord. "The Writing of Judgments." Canadian Bar R. 26 (1948): 491-9.

Merwin, Henry C. "Style in Judicial Opinions." Green Bag 9 (1897): 521-5.

Miller, Robert H. "Bench Decisions and Opinion Writing." J.of the Kansas Bar Assoc. 47 (1978): 247-56.

Prentice, Robert A. "Supreme Court Rhetoric." Arizona L.R. 25 (1983): 85-122.

Reid, John Phillip. "Obscurity of Overelaboration: The Style and Influence of Mr. Justice John Doe." U. of Pittsburgh L.R. 24 (1962): 59-71.

Singer, Shelvin. "The Opinion Drafting Craftsmanship of Justice Seymour Simon." Declogue J. 20 (1981): 7-12.

Slinger, Michael J. See [H]. Smith, Carl H. "Judicial Opinions." Michigan S.BJ. 34 (1955): 21-

4. Smith, George Rose. "The Current Opinions of the Supreme Court

of Arkansas — A Study in Craftsmanship." Arkansas L.R. 1 (1947): 89-107.

"A Primer of Opinion Writing, For Four New Judges." Arkansas L.R. 21 (1967): 197-212.

Stander, Irvin. "Administrative Decision Writing." Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judges 10 (1990): 149-69.

Stern, Horace. "Writing of Judicial Opinions." Pennsylvania Bar Assoc. Q. 18 (1946): 40-5.

Stevenson, Dwight W. "Writing Effective Opinions." Judicature 59 (1975): 134-9.

and James P. Zappen. "An Approach to Writing Trial Court Opinions." Judicature 67 (1984): 336-45.

Tempest, William F. "Streamlining Judicial Opinions." John Marshall L.Q. 8 (1945): 426-9.

Ulmer, S. Sidney. "Supreme Court Opinions: Getting the Mes-


sage." Law and Policy Q. 3 (1981): 263-90. Waits, Kathleen. "Values, Intuitions, and Opinion Writing.: The

Judicial Process and State Court Jurisdiction." U. of Illinois L.R. (1983): 917-75.

Wall, Mary K. "What the Courts Are Doing to Improve Judicial Opinions." J. of the American Judicature Society 32 (1949): 148-151.

White, James Boyd. "The Judicial Opinion and the Poem: Ways of Reading, Ways of Life." Michigan L.R. 82 (1984): 1669-99.

Younger, Irving. "On Judicial Opinions Considered as One of the Fine Arts: The Coen Lecture." U. of Colorado L.R. 51 (1980): 341-53.

G. Other Articles Concerning Law and Writing

Allen, Layman E. "A Language-Normalization Approach to Information Retrieval in Law." Jurimetrics J. 9 (1968): 41-56.

American Law Student Assoc. Symposium on Legal Writing. Chicago: ALSA, 1963. (13-pg. pamphlet)

Anapol, Malthon M. "Rhetoric and Law: An Overview." Today's Speech 18 (1970): 12-20.

Andrews, Lori B. "Trial by Language — Psycholinguistics." Student Lawyer 11 (October, 1983): 10-17.

Austin, Arthur D. "Footnotes as Product Differentiation." Vander-bilt L.R. 40 (1987): 1131-55.

Ayer, John D. "Not So Fast on the Crits: A Grudging Tribute (or Concession) to Crit Style." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 45-54.

Balkin, J. M. "The Footnote." Northwestern University Law Review 83 (1988): 275-320.

Bennion, F. A. R. "The Renton Report." New L.J. 125 (1975): 660-2. See also Gavin Drewry, "Renton — Another View," 663-4.

Biskind, Elliott L. "Inept Legal Writing — Invitation to a Malpractice Claim." Defense L.J. 26 (1977): 391-417.

"Writing Right!" New York S.B.J. 44 (1972): 98-102. Blaustein, Albert P. "On Legal Writing." Cleveland-Marshall L.R.

18 (1969): 237-42. Block, Gertrude. "Improving Legal Writing." Florida Bar J. 52

(1978): 778-82. Bowman, Byrne A. "Are Lawyers Lousy Writers?" Georgia S.B.J.

6 (1970): 285-9. Bruner, Larry Alan. "Internal Revenue Code Clear Writing Con

test." (Winning entry in contest to rewrite I.R.C. 2035, adjustments for gifts after decedent's death, in clear, concise En-


glish). St. Mary's Law Journal 18 (1987): 1447-449. Bryant, Margaret. "Language in the Law." Geolinguistics 3 (1977):

113-23. Buckley, Mert F. "Good Writing for Real Estate Lawyers." The

Practical Real Estate Lawyer 5 (1989): 39-44. "Improving Your Writing Is Worth the Effort." The Practi

cal Real Estate Lawyer 5 (1989): 51-56. "Writing for Success: There Is Virtually No Area of Your

Practice in Which Better Writing Won't Benefit You." The Practical Real Estate Lawyer 5 (1989): 91-95.

Burlingame, Beverly Ray. "Reaction and Distraction: The Pronoun Problem in Legal Persuasion." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 87-110.

Campbell, I.D. "Legal Writing." Victoria U. College L.R. 1 (1955): 7-17.

Chafee, Zechariah Jr. "The Disorderly Conduct of Words." Columbia L.R. 41 (1941): 381-404.

Chaim, Robert A. "A Model for the Analysis of the Language of Lawyers." JLE 33 (1983): 120-40.

Charrow, Veda. Let the Writer Beware. Washington, DC: Document Design Center, 1979. (14-pg. pamphlet)

Christie, George C. "Vagueness and Legal Language." Minnesota L.R. 48 (1964): 885-911.

Church, W. Lawrence. "A Plea for Readable Law Review Articles." Wisconsin Law Review 1989 (1989): 739-44.

Cook, Robert E. "Modern Legal Writing (or, Does a Contract Have to Be Both Null and Void?)." Trial Diplomacy Journal 13 (1990) 143-48.

Crandell, John S. "Unlettered Lawyer: A Solicitor and His Syntax Are Soon Parted." Michigan S.B.J. 41 (1962): 26-39.

Curtis, Charles P. "A Better Theory of Legal Interpretation." Van-derbilt L.R. 3 (1950): 407-37.

Danet. Brenda. "Language in the Legal Process." Law and Society R. 14 (1980): 445-564.

Danner, Richard A. "Writing About Original Research." Law Library Journal 80 (1988): 171-76.

Delgado, Richard. "How to Write a Law Review Article." U. of San Francisco L.R. 20 (1986): 444-54.

"When a Story Is Just a Story: Does Voice Really Matter?" Virginia Law Review 76 (1990): 95-111.

Dick, Robert C. "Legal Language." Canadian Bar J. 2 (1959): 204-7.

Driedger, E.A. "Are Statutes Written for Men Only?" McGill L.J.


22 (1976): 666-72. Duffy, Edward B. "Practicing Law and General Semantics." West

ern Reserve L.R. 9 (1958): 119-28. Floren, M. D. "Better Legal Writing." Practical Lawyer 13 (1967):

67-87. Friedman, Lawrence M. "Law and Its Language." George Wash

ington L.R. 33 (1964): 563-79. Gee, Thomas Gibbs. "A Few of Wisdom's Idiosyncrasies and a Few

of Ignorance's: A Judicial Style Sheet." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 55-62.

Gerhart, Eugene C. "Improving Our Legal Writing: Maxims from the Masters." ABA J 40 (1954): 1057-60.

Gibson, George D. "Effective Legal Writing and Speaking." Business Lawyer 36 (1980): 1-9.

"Elements of Legal Style." Business Lawyer 22 (1976): 547-55.

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader. "Remarks on Writing Separately." Washington Law Review 65 (1990): 133-50.

Goldberg, Arthur J. "The Rise and Fall (We Hope) of Footnotes." ABA J 69 (1983): 255.

Goldstein, Bernard H., Chair. "Writing It Right: A Symposium." Practical Lawyer 15.3 (1969): 33-48.

Goldstein, Tom and Jethro Lieberman. "Writing Like Pros(e)." California Lawyer 6 (1986): 43-7.

Goodrich, Peter. "Rhetoric as Jurisprudence: An Introduction to the Politics of Legal Language." Oxford J. of Legal Studies 4 (1984): 88-122.

Gopen, George D. "The Professor and the Professionals: Teaching Writing to Lawyers and Judges." Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute. 1 (1991): 79-91.

"The State of Legal Writing: Res Ipsa Loquitur." U. of Michigan L.R. 86 (1987): 333-80. Reprinted in shorter form in Writing in the Business Professions. Ed. Myra Kogen. Ur-bana, IL: NCTE, 1989.

146-73. Green, Donald H. "Ethics in Legal Writing." Federal Bar News &

J. 35 (1988): 402-4. Gudridge, Patrick O. "The Persistence of Classical Style." U. of

Pennsylvania L.R. 131 (1983): 663-792. Hiller, Jack A. "Language, Law, Sports, and Culture: The Trans

ferability or Nontransferability of Words, Lifestyles, and Attitudes Through Law." Valparaiso U. L.R. 12 (1978): 433-65.

Hyland, Richard. "A Defense of Legal Writing." U. of Pennsylva-


nia L.R. 134 (1986): 599-626. Johns, Margaret Z. "Teaching Professional Responsibility and Pro

fessionalism in Legal Writing." Journal of Legal Education 40 (1990): 501-508.

Kaye, Judith S. "One Judge's View of Academic Law Review Writing." Journal of Legal Education 39 (1989): 313-21.

Kimble, Joseph. "Protecting Your Writing from Law Practice." Michigan Bar J. 66 (1987): 912-6.

and F. Georgann Wing. "Protecting Your Writing from Law School: An Open Letter to Law Students." Michigan Bar J. 65 (1986): 458-60.

Kirp, David L. "The Writer as Lawyer as Writer . . . ." JLE 22 (1969): 115-8.

Kissam, Philip C. "Thinking (by Writing) about Legal Writing." Vanderbilt L.R. 40 (1987): 135-73.

Kuklin, Susan. "Using Transitions to Link and Separate Ideas." Law Office Economics & Management 26 (1985): 232-6.

Landau, Jack. "Editing Legal Writing." Practical Lawyer (March 1982): 83-4.

Lavery, Urban A. "The Language of the Law." ABA J 7 (1921): 277-283 (Part 1) and 8 (1922): 269-74 (Part 2).

LeClercq, Terri. "Attorneys and Writer's Block." Texas Bar J. 51 (1988): 592-5.

Lee, Randy. "Reflecting a King's Wisdom: Bridge-building and Legal Analysis." American Journal of Trial Advocacy 13 (1990): 1141-161.

Levine, David S. "My Client Has Discussed Your Proposal to Fill the Drainage Ditch with His Partners: Legal Language." The State of the Language. Eds. L. Michaels and C. Ricks. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1980. 400-9.

Lindgren, James. "Style Matters: A Review Essay on Legal Writing." Yale L.J. 92 (1982): 161-87.

Littler, Robert. "Legal Writing in Law Practice." J. of the State Bar of California 31 (1956): 28-36.

"Reader Rights in Legal Writing." J. of the State Bar of California 25 (1950): 51-67.

Mangum, Geoffrey C. and Anna B. Allen Mangum. "Forensic Rhetoric and Invention: Composition Students as Attorneys." College Composition and Communication 34 (1983): 43-56.

Martikan, Owen Peter. "Unmasking Jargon as Substance: How the Crits Have Made a Dialect Out of Dialectic." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 111-24.

Mathewson, Mark. "In-House Editors: Letting the Experts Do It."


Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 152-5. McCarty, Dwight G. "That Hybrid 'and/or'." Michigan S.B.J. 39

(1960): 9-17. McElhaney, James W. "A Style Sheet for Litigation.'9 Scribes

Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 63-82. McGowan, Carl. "Lawyers and the Use of Language." ABA J 47

(1961): 897-901. McMenamin, Robert W. "Legal Discretion in Verbiage." Law Of

fice Economics & Management 22 (1982): 493-500. Mikva, Abner J. "Goodbye to Footnotes." U. of Colorado L.R. 56

(1985): 647-53. Miller, Arthur S. "The Myth of Objectivity in Legal Research and

Writing." Catholic U. L.R. 18 (1969): 290-307. "Some Remarks on Legal Writing." Georgia Bar J. 18

(1956): 253-69. Miller, George John. "On Legal Style." Kentucky L. J. 43 (1955):

235-73. Nowak, John E. "Woe Unto You, Law Reviews!" Arizona L.R. 27

(1985): 317-28. O'Barr, William M. "The Language of the Law." Language in the

USA. Eds. Charles A. Ferguson and Shirley Brice Heath. New York: Cambridge U. Press, 1981. 386-406.

O'Hayre, John. "A Look at Gobbledygook." Law Office Economics & Management 8 (1967): 97-103.

Paul, Roland A. "An Easy Way to Write Good Legal Memos." The Practical Lawyer 36 (1990): 27-32.

Pell, William F., Jr. "Read Before Signing." ABA J 66 (1980): 977-9.

Phelps, Teresa Godwin. "The New Legal Rhetoric." Southwestern L.J. 40 (1986): 1089-1102.

"Writing Strategies for Practicing Attorneys." Gonzaga L.R. 23 (1988): 155-65.

Pickering, Harold G. "On Learning to Write: Suggestions for Study and Practice." ABA J 41 (1955): 1121-4.

Pommersheim, Frank. "Voice, Values, and Community: Some Reflections on Legal Writing." The Legal Studies Forum 12 (1988): 477-87.

Probert, Walter. "A Look at Gobbledygook." Law Office Economics and Management 8 (1967): 97-103.

"Law and Persuasion: The Language-Behavior of Lawyers." U. of Pennsylvania L.R. 108 (1959): 35-58.

"Law, Logic, and Communication." Western Reserve L.R. 9 (1958): 129-53.


"Law Through the Looking-Glass of Language and Communications Behavior." JLE 20 (1968): 253-77.

Ramsfield, Jill. "Legal Writers in the 21st Century: The First Images." Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute 1 (1991): 123-173.

Raymond, James C. "Editing Law Reviews: Some Practical Suggestions and a Moderately Revolutionary Proposal." Pep-perdine L.R. 12 (1985): 371-9.

"Legal Writing: An Obstruction to Justice." Alabama L.R. 30 (1978): 1-17.

Re, Edward D. "Legal Writing as Good Literature." St. John's L.R. 59 (1985): 211-27.

Richmond, Michael L. "Can Shakespeare Make You a Partner?" St. Mary's Law Journal 20 (1989): 885-96.

Rodell, Fred. "Goodbye to Law Reviews." Virginia L.R. 23 (1936), 38-48. "Goodbye to Law Reviews — Revisited." Virginia L.R. 48 (1962): 279-90.

Rubenstein, Neil J. "Attorney Malpractice in California: The Liability of a Lawyer Who Drafts the Imprecise Contract or Will." UCLA L.R. 24 (1976): 422-48.

Rushing, Susan K. "Is Judicial Humor Judicious?" Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 125-42.

Samuelson, Pamela. "Good Legal Writing: Of Orwell and Window Panes." U. of Pittsburgh L.R. 46 (1984): 149-69.

Sastri, M. I. "Legalese Revisited." Law Lib. J. 80 (1988): 193-215. Schauer, Frederick. "An Essay on Constitutional Language."

UCLA L.R. 29 (1982): 797-832. Schleifer, Nancy. "Legal Rhetoric (Not Limited to the Rhetorical

Question)." Florida Bar J. 61 (1987): 35-7. Slomanson, William R. "The Bottom Line: Footnote Logic in Law

Review Writing." Legal Reference Services Q. 7 (1987): 47-69. "Footnote Logic in Law Review Writing: Previously Unad-

dressed in the Criminal Justice System." Criminal Justice J. 9 (1986): 65-86.

Smith, Allen E. "Avoiding Lawyer Malpractice Through Communication Skill." New York S.B.J. 48 (1978): 290-3, 393-5.

Smith, Robert B. "Making Sense: Some Reflections on Legal Writing." Oklahoma Bar J. 56 (1985): 2563-71.

Spahn, Thomas E. "The Art of Legal Writing." Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judges 9 (1989): 137-52.

Stark, Steven. "Why Judges Have Nothing to Tell Lawyers About Writing." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 25-30.


"Why Lawyers Can't Write." Harvard L.R. 97 (1984): 1389-93.

Steuer, Aaron. "Legal Vocabulary — Its Uses and Limitations." Practical Lawyer 15 (1969): 39-45.

Stone, Elizabeth Walker. "A Plan for the Special Preparation of Attorneys in Effective Writing Skills." J. of Negro Education 52 (1983): 314-31.

Stratman, James F. "Teaching Lawyers to Revise for the real World: A Role for Reader Protocols." Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute 1 (1991): 35-78.

Viskovic, Graham. "Communicating the Law." Law Teacher 17 (1983): 30-41.

Void, Lawrence. "Ten Precepts for Law Book and Law Review Writing." JLE 6 (1954): 373-7.

Vom Baur, F. Trowbridge. "How to Look Up Law and Write Legal Memoranda." Practical Lawyer 2 (Dec. 1956): 27-43. "How to Look Up Law and Write Legal Memoranda Revisited." Practical Lawyer 11 (May 1965): 23-42.

Weihofen, Henry P. "Word-Watching for Lawyers." ABA J 50 (1964): 663-6.

Williams, Glanville. "Language and the Law." Law Q.R. 61 (1945): 71-86, 179-95, 293-303, 384-406; 62 (1946), 387-406.

Williams, Joseph M. "On the Maturing of Legal Writers: Two Models of Growth and Development." Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute 1 (1991): 1-33.

Wright, Charles Alan. "Literary Allusion in Legal Writing: The Haynsworth-Wright Letters." Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 1-6.

Wydick, Richard C. "Should Lawyers Punctuate?" Scribes Journal of Legal Writing 1 (1990): 7-24.

H. Bibliographical Works on Legal Writing

Anon. "I Take My Pen in Hand . . . Selected Materials on the Art of Legal Writing." NYCBA R 7 (1962): 105-10.

Bolden, C. E. Appellate Opinion Preparation: A Selective Bibliography and Survey. Reno: National Judicial College, 1978.

Carrick, Kathleen M. and Donald J. Dunn. "Legal Writing: An Evaluation of the Textbook Literature." New York L. S. L.R. 30 (1985): 645-75.

Collins, Terence and Darryl Hattenhauer. "Law and Language: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography on Legal Writing." JLE 33 (1983): 141-51.

deVergie, Adrienne C. English for Lawyers: A Bibliography of


Style Manuals and Other Writing Guides. Austin: University of Texas at Austin School of Law, 1975.

Dinsmore, Pamela and Gail Dykstra. "Readability and Legal Writing: A Preliminary List of CLIC's Legal Information Secretariat Holdings." Toronto: Canadian Legal Information Council, 1985.

Felker, Daniel B. See [A]. Freeman, Donald C. "Books on Legal Writing or Legal Writing

Bibliography." Syllabus (Sept. 1982): 5. Gopen, George D. and Kary D. Smout. "Legal Writing: A Bibliog

raphy." Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute 1 (1991): 93-122.

Kolin, Philip C. and Ronald G. Marquardt. "Research on Legal Writing: A Bibliography." Law Lib. J. 78 (1986): 493-517.

Levi, Judith N. "Linguistics, Language, and Law: A Topical Bibliography." Bloomington: Indiana Linguistics Club, 1983. (48-pg. pamphlet)

Slinger, Michael J. "The Art and Science of Appellate Opinion Drafting: An Annotated Bibliography, 1977-1987." Law Lib. J. 80 (1988): 115-22.

I. Periodicals Devoted Primarily to Legal Discourse

Newsletter of the Association of American Law Schools Section on Legal Writing, Reasoning, and Research. (Washington, DC).

The Scribes Journal of Legal Writing. An official publication of Scribes, the American Society of Writers on Legal Subjects. (Winston-Salem, NC; distributed by West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN).

Second Draft. Newsletter of the Legal Writing Institute. (Tacoma, WA).

Simply Stated. Newsletter of the Document Design Center. (Washington, DC).

Verbatim. "The language quarterly." (Essex, CN).