legal and socially acceptable … 2737 b.c. – chinese ... · • marihuana act of 1937 makes it...

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Page 1: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and
Page 2: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

• Legal and socially acceptable …• 2737 B.C. – Chinese Emperor Shen Neng proclaims it medicine• 1850s – Medical preparations available in pharmacies• 1880s – Estimated 500 hashish parlors in NYC

• And then it wasn’t …• Harrison Act of 1914 declares drug use a crime• Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible• Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifies it as Schedule I

Page 3: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

• In society …• 2013 – “Weed” series on CNN introduces Charlotte Figi

• In Work Comp …• 2014 – Vialpando v. Ben’s Auto. Servs

Page 4: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

http://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx

Page 5: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx

Page 6: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

• Perfect storm …• Rx opioids vs. cannabis vs. alcohol

• It’s personal …• Many people know someone for whom cannabis works

• Impaired workforce …• Presence <> impairment

• “Reasonable and necessary” …• Combined with “but for” compels Work Comp reimbursement

Page 7: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

>60 active cannabinoids –individual, 

interactive, and entourage effects

>400 compounds including flavonoids                   

and                    terpenoids

Other

Page 8: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Principal psychoactive compound 

Partial CB1 and CB2 agonist

Low receptor efficacy and affinity

11–OH–THC main metabolite and psychoactive

Medical effects:

•Analgesic •Anti‐inflammatory•Anti‐emetic•Anti‐spasmodic•Sedation

Page 9: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Considered to have more medicinal applications than THC

Very low affinity for CB1 and CB2

Minimal psychoactive effect

5‐HT1A receptor agonist

• Antidepressant, Anxiolysis

Allosteric modulator of µ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors

• Analgesia

Other: Anti‐psychotic, anti‐epileptic

Page 10: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Found in trace amounts in cannabis

Weak psychoactive effect

Metabolite of THC

Weak agonist of CB1 and CB2 but high affinity for CB2

• Anti‐inflammatory effects

Page 11: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Caryophyllene

• CB2 agonist• Anti‐inflammatory • Beta‐caryophyllene is an FDA approved dietary supplement

Humulene

• Anti‐inflammatory effects similar to dexamethasone

• Inhibits TNFa and IL1B

Myrcene

• Analgesic effect• Blocked by naloxone or yohimbine

• Anti‐inflammatory effect• Through PGE2 inhibition

Linalol

• Possible reduction of stress

Limonene

• Adenosine agonist

Page 12: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Peripheral Cells:   monocytes, B/T and mast cells CB2‐r:↓Inflammatory cell mediator release↓ Plasma extravasa on↓ Sensi za on of afferent terminals

Peripheral terminal of Primary afferentCB1‐r:↓ Terminal excitability↓ Release of pro‐inflammatory terminal peptides

CB‐r agonists: reduction of elevated terminal excitability otherwise induced by local injury and inflammation

Page 13: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Spinal Dorsal Horn

CB1‐r:  (intrathecal)

CB1 agonists:  reduction of afferent evoked excitation of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons

Page 14: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Supraspinal SitesCB1‐r (microinjection)Basolateral AmygdalaPeriaqueductal grayRostroventral Medulla

Local effects upon nociceptive processing

Activation of bulbospinal pathways…  regulating dorsal horn excitability

CB1 agonists: reduction of afferent evoked excitation of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons.

Page 15: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

ALS  Autism  Cancer  Crohn’s disease 

Spinal cord injury with intractable 

spasticity Epilepsy  Glaucoma  HIV / AIDS 

Huntington’s Disease 

Irritable Bowel Syndrome 

Intractable Seizures 

Multiple Sclerosis 

Neuropathies  Parkinson’s Disease 

Sickle Cell Anemia 

Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder 

Page 16: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

“Severe chronic intractable pain of neuropathic origin     

or severe chronic or intractable pain in which conventional therapeutic intervention and opiate therapy is contraindicated     

or ineffective.”

Page 17: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Cancer Remission  Spastic Movement Disorders 

Neurodegenerative Conditions Substitute for Opioid Reduction 

Page 18: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

“Gold Standard” in research is LARGE randomized, double‐blinded placebo‐control studies – otherwise concerns exist for bias and subjectivity ProCon.org lists 61 peer reviewed studies worldwide

› 27 double‐blinded – Only 17 had positive results 6 were short term studies – some less than 2 weeks Some had small number of participants Some were not Phase 3 trials Results were not definitive suggesting further research

› Over 40 clinical trials with quality of evidence highly variable› Despite variability of evidence many state policies allow many uses› Classification as Schedule I presents barrier to research

Page 19: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Chemo related n/v

AIDS and cancer related anorexia/weight loss/pain

Page 20: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Chronic Pain – such as headache, arthritis, back injuries ‐improves tolerance for pain but doesn’t reduce intensity

Neuropathic pain – includes diabetic and from spine Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis – Sativex an oral spray formula 

with strongest evidence not FDA approved yet so not available in US

Epilepsy – However Epidolex is a strawberry flavored oil containing CBD for conditions such as Dravet Syndrome and Lennox‐Gastaut Syndrome

Crohn’s Disease – Tel Aviv study of only 21 people.  45% remission with high THC cigarettes vs. 10% in placebo, but needed to stay on the drug.  Other studies not completed or results known yet

Cancer – except in cases of above symptoms Parkinson’s Disease – poor studies 

Page 21: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Alzheimer’s Disease – only cellular studies Anxiety Disorders – Vanderbilt study suggests occasional use 

may help but chronic use worsens condition Post‐Traumatic Disorder – Mixed results.  May depend on mix 

of THC/CBD Weight Loss – other measures safer Lupus – University of New Mexico found no difference over 5 

years Glaucoma – positive effect only lasts 3‐4 hours Tourette’s Syndrome – weak studies to suggest reduction in tic 

severity Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – little evidence of effectiveness.   Terminal Illness – if life expectancy < 1 year, severe or chronic 

pain, N/V, or cachexia/wasting

Page 22: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

ACUTE EFFECTS

Short term memory loss 

Motor coordination difficulties

Judgment impairment NOTE:  Short term use of marijuana doubles the risk of involvement in a motor vehicle crash.*  

Paranoid ideation and psychotic symptoms

*Hartman et al, Cannabis effects on driving skills, Clin Chem. 2013:  59(3):  478‐492

Page 23: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

LONG TERM EFFECTS

Impaired brain development

Addiction – 1 in 10 adults and higher among adolescents, effects on work, school and relationships

Tolerance and Down regulation/desensitization of receptors

Anxiety, depression, psychotic illnesses

Functional performance decline – school, lower income, unemployment, criminal behavior, decreased satisfaction with life

Physical – chronic bronchitis, URI, pneumonia, MI, stroke, PVD

Carcinogenic exposure in smoked form

Page 24: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

UNKNOWN EFFECTS

• Interactions with other medications or other medical conditions

WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS

• Anxiety, irritability, craving, dysphoria, insomnia

Page 25: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

SOCIETAL EFFECTS

Increased recreational use and abuse

Washington – increase in marijuana related poison control center calls.  Many of products from UNREGULATED dispensaries as opposed to 

LICENSED RECREATIONAL shops.

Two national surveys 

Odds of marijuana USE nearly 2 times higher in states with medical marijuana laws.

Odds of ABUSE/DEPENDENCE nearly 2X higher in states with legalized medical marijuana.

National Survey on Drug Use and Health 

33% increase in teens who smoked pot over the past month in medical marijuana states but only 6% in the rest of the country.

Between 2005 and 2011, only 20% of U.S. lived in medical marijuana states but accounted for >2/3rds of the increase in adolescent use.

Diversion –

Colorado i.e. school distribution of edibles and medicinal forms

74% of adolescents in substance treatment had used someone else’s medical marijuana

Of these adolescents, use of diverted medical marijuana was reported a median of 50 times.

Page 26: Legal and socially acceptable … 2737 B.C. – Chinese ... · • Marihuana Act of 1937 makes it inaccessible ... Principal psychoactive compound ... Allosteric modulator of µ‐and

Is marijuana medicine?

If so, should Work Comp pay for it?