lecture_summary 2013_part 2 opiskelija

7/30/2019 Lecture_summary 2013_part 2 Opiskelija

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Advanced Course in Life Cycle

Management

Risto Soukka

18.2.2013


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CARBON FOOTPRINT


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CONTENT OF THIS PART

Background of the carbon footprint and its applications

Definition of a carbon footprint

PAS 2050

Calculation principles

Case 1: Plastic coated cardboard

The benefits and the challenges of calculating a carbon

footprint

Carbon footprint and situation now


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BACKGROUND

In carbon footprint calculation can be separated

Corporate Carbon Footprint, CCF

Product Carbon Footprint, PCF

Here with a carbon footprint is meant Product Carbon

Footprint


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BACKGROUND

Consumers have a growing interest in environmental friendly

products

The purpose of carbon footprint labeling is to help the client to

choose a good product from climate change controlpoint of

view Also the company can benefit from carbon footprint calculations

To improve companys own actions more climate favorable

Product comparisons for client

To prevent criticism concerning climate change impacts

Among others, British supermarket chain Tesco has announced to

calculate a carbon footprint for all products sold in its stores

In Finland, Raisio was the first to label a carbon footprint on its

products


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EXAMPLES OF

CARBON FOOTPRINT USE (1)


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PAS 2050

PAS 2050 is a national standard for carbon footprint

calculation developed in Great-Britain. The standard

focuses on calculating a carbon footprint for products

and services

It is based on life cycle assessment and standardization

of life cycle assessment

It gives applying instructions for climate change studies

and the results of the study are presented as a carbon

footprint


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STANDARDS OF CARBON

FOOTPRINT

PAS 2050 has been updated in 2011

GHG protocol, which is the foundation for nearly every GHG standard andprogram in the world, has published a Product Life Cycle Accounting andReporting Standard in 2012

ISO/TC 207 is going to publish standard ISO 14067 in 2014

Country-specific activities

Germany

Japan

USA France
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standardhttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/product-standard


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GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION

If the goal is to publish a carbon footprint of a product to

clients, strict following of the standard is demanded

The scope can be identification of the life cycle stage

that cause the most emissions


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CHOOSING A PRODUCT FOR

THE CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY

Which product has probably the best possibilities to

reduce emissions?

What kinds of comparisons are the most important in

organizations greenhouse gas reduction strategy? Whether products properties, manufacturing processes,

packaging options or distribution options should be the

focus?

GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.1


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CHOOSING A PRODUCT FOR

THE CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY

What kind of products are important for standing out or

competition views?

What kind of products or trade marks are the easiest to

submit to emission reductions and marketing? Are suppliers willing to participate?

What kind of impact does the carbon footprint calculation

have on main interest groups?

How much time and resources can be spent on a carbonfootprint analysis?

GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.1


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FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Functional unit is usually a product

The amount of greenhouse gas emissions per

product is calculated

Functional unit can also describe the amount of theproduct that end-user use in a year

GHG PROTOCOL 6.3.2


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BUILDING A FLOW DIAGRAM

Building a flow diagram can be started by dividing

functional unit into its components

for example into a product and a packaging

First, it is better to concentrate on the most significantmaterials and identify the inputs, manufacturing

processes, storage conditions and transportation needs

that belong to each material

GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.2


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At least following processes that produce greenhouse gas

emissions should be taken into account in a flow diagram

Energy consumption and energy resources

Combustion processes

Chemical reactions Refrigerant loss and other leaks

Use of the product

Service production and distribution

Changes on land use

Stock raising Other farming functions

Waste

GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.2


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PAS 2050 advices to include all emissions caused by

fossil fuel use but not emissions caused by biomass-

based fuel use


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Simplified flow diagram can be following: (to products

that end up to end-users)

Raw materials

Manufacturing

Distribution and sales

Use

Disposal or recycling


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Simplified flow diagram can be following: (to a product

that goes to another organization for raw material aka

B2Bproduct (business-to-business)):

Raw materials

Manufacturing

Distribution


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SETTING BOUNDARIES

AND PRIORIZATION

If the product being studied has Product Category Rules

(PCR), boundaries are sett according to PCR

If there is no such rule, system boundaries shall be

clearly stated On the part of raw materials, all processes related to raw

material processing and emit emissions, are included

GHG PROTOCOL 7.3.1


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SETTING BOUNDARIES

AND PRIORIZATION

System boundaries shall be clearly stated

On the part of energy consumption, country orientated emission

factors are taken into account

unless some other emission factor can be proved to be better

Greenhouse gases that are caused by capital merchandise suchmachines, instruments and building preparation are left outside

of the study

Greenhouse gases that are developed in production units like

lighting, heating and ventilation unit need to be taken into

account


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SETTING BOUNDARIES

AND PRIORIZATION

System boundaries shall be clearly stated

Product transport to reseller and emission caused by this can be

estimated by calculating average greenhouse gas emissions

caused by distribution in each country

if there is no more specific data available

Greenhouse gases that are produced in production storage need

to be taken into account


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SETTING BOUNDARIES

AND PRIORIZATION

In addition to capital merchandise, following things are

also left outside of the study

Human energy contribution to the product system

Consumers travels from home to the sales office and back

Workers travels from home to the working place and back

Animal acting as transportation


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DATA COLLECTION

A carbon footprint is based on quality data

represent a typical life cycle on certain time period

take into account aberrations on the part of area or material use

Data should be characteristic from time perspective to

reviewed moment and have been collected within time

frame long enough

Data should be originated from geographically similar

area

The most specific and exact data from measurement and

other sources of information must be used

GHG PROTOCOL 8.3


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DATA COLLECTION

Data collection should be consistent during the whole

analysis

Initial data should be possible to present in a way:

calculation would be repeatable

data sources would be identifiable


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DATA COLLECTION

PAS standard divides needed data into two types

Operation data

References to all material and energy quantities which belong to the

products life cycle

Primary data/ secondary data Emission factors

These greenhouse gas quantities are converted to for example kg

of greenhouse gas per input or per kilowatt-hour of used energy

Primary data/ secondary data


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DATA COLLECTION

A carbon footprint calculation normally demands

calculation of the mass balance to make sure all

materials are taken into account and none of the flows

are missing

Starting point is that the mass going into a process is equal withthe mass coming out from the process


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CALCULATION

By multiplying the operation data by the emission factor

quantities of greenhouse gas emissions are settled

Greenhouse gas emissions are converted into carbon

dioxide equivalents by multiplying the greenhouse gas

by the GWP-factor corresponding

Possible carbon stored in a product is states as carbon

dioxide equivalent and it is reduced from the sum total of

greenhouse gases


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CALCULATION

Following types of biomass based products can be considered as a

carbon storage

Products which are not human or animals nutrient

Products which still includes 50 % of carbon initially contained after one

year from the manufacturing (such as a wooden furniture)

Products which would anyway function as a carbon storage for example

still growing managed forest

Greenhouse gases from biomass and biomass fuels are included

except carbon dioxide

From emissions developed in landfill, carbon dioxide caused by

biomass based carbon is left outside of the study


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CALCULATION

Allocation

PAS 2050 recommend for the part of allocation

Dividing unit processes into two or more sub-processes

Expanding the product system to contain optional functions that are

related to by-products If allocation is not possible with the ways above, allocation is

recommended to be carried out on the grounds of the economic

values of the products

If other products are transported in the same transportation,

mass or volume are used as an allocation base


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DIRECT EMISSIONS

Direct emissions are emissions that are originated from

companys own or its controlled sources

Emission from fuel use, waste treatment in production,

companys owned transportation

The biggest emission source is fossil fuel use in production Uncertainties of direct emissions are normally small because the

data comes directly from a factory or manufacturer


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INDIRECT EMISSIONS

Emissions that are not originated from companys own or

its controlled sources but are consequential to

companys functions

Emissions from purchased electricity, methane from landfill

(product disposal), transport (if company does not owntransportation)

More difficult to estimate than direct emissions because indirect

emissions are not under companys control


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AVOIDED EMISSIONS

Avoided emissions are emitted when

Fossil fuels are replaced with renewable fuels (waste burning

replaces heat and electricity production)

Energy intensive technology is replaced with energy saving

technology (improvement in energy efficiency) Energy and emission intensive materials are replaced with more

environmental friendly materials (brick house versus wooden

house)

Uncertainty related to avoided emissions is high. Transparencyin calculation and reporting is very important because also

negative results in calculation are possible


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REVIEWING UNCERTAINTIES

Optional phase

For identifying where data collection contributions should

be aimed

When the review of uncertainties is attached as a part of

the calculation, a reliable picture of the calculation is

given both inside and outside of organization

PAS 2050 recommends Monte Carloanalysis for

uncertainty reviewing


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INTERPRETATION AND

FOLLOW-UP MEASURES

PAS 2050 presents three levels in which the results can

be verified

The results can be certified by an accredited actor

Non-accredited third party can verify the calculation methods

and the results and their compatibility with accepted standards

Organization can verify their results by using the procedure

presented in ISO 14021 -standard


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INTERPRETATION AND

FOLLOW-UP MEASURES

A carbon footprint helps to identify the most significant

causes of greenhouse gas emissions

For example in process-groups

Industry

Consumers

Distribution chain etc.


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CARBON FOOTPRINT

THREE CHALLENGES IN

COMMUNICATION WITH THE CLIENTS

Getting carbon footprint labels suitable for comparison

The quality of data used varies

Instructions for consumers is insufficient

Increasing the amount of certified carbon footprint labels

Calculating carbon footprints and making calculation

cheaper

(Reference: Carbon Trust 2009)


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DEVELOPING THE VIEWS OF

CARBON FOOTPRINT LABELING

Carbon footprint labels will become more common

The amount of emissions reduced

Agreement on reductionlabel

A label describing carbon neutrality

Simplified calculators are needed


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DEVELOPING THE VIEWS OF

CARBON FOOTPRINT LABELING

The pioneers have a chance to stand out from the

average actors

Requires orderliness for actions aiming to make a carbon

footprint smaller Company can tell how it is reducing climate change impact from

its part in the future


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CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED CARDBOARD

Marjukka Kujanp, 2008


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CASE 1: PLASTIC COATED

CARDBOARD

Cardboard made of primary fibers and coated with LDPE

(low density polyethylene)

The goal is to determine a carbon footprint of a package

made of the material

The carbon footprint include

Direct fossil and biomass based emissions

Indirect fossil and biomass based emissions

Stored carbon

Avoided emissions

The case is based on Master thesis written in 2007 and

an article based on the thesis (still in inspection)


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237120411982014200

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-4000

-3000

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0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2ep

erproductton

Forests store carbon while

growing. Part of the

carbon releases

throughout the life cycle of

the product (part of thecarbon will be stored in the

product in landfill)


CARDBOARD


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-4000

-3000

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0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2e

perproductton

Avoided emissions From cardboard

recycling

From cardboardburning after the use

(replaces Finlandsaverage energyproduction)

From landfill gasburning (replacesFinlands average

energy production)


CARDBOARD


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-4000

-3000

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0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2eper

productton

Direct fossil emission

From emissions

caused by fossil fuel

burning in the factory Includes also the

factorys interior waste

transports


CARDBOARD


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0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO

2eperproductton

Direct bio emissions

Biomass based fuels

caused by greenhouse

gas emissions such as

burning black liquor orbark

Also methane emissions

from the factorys landfill


CARDBOARD


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-4000

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-2000

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0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2eperpr

oductton

Indirect fossil emissions

Emissions from

purchased electricity

production, emissions

from chemicalmanufacturing, raw

material and product

transport

Landfill methane from

municipal solid wastelandfill


CARDBOARD


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-845-3534

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2epe

rproductton

Indirect biomass emissions

Biomass based emissions

from purchased electricity,

biomass based emissions

from chemical manufacturing Landfill carbon dioxide from

municipal solid waste landfill

Emissions released in the

end of the life cycle of the

product (assumed that 100

% is burned because thecase is paper rolls shells)


CARDBOARD


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237120411982014200

-845-3534

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

Wood

growth

Avoided

emissions

Direct fossil

emissions

Direct bio

emissions

Indirect

fossil

emissions

Indirect bio

emissions

Total

kgCO2eperp

roductton

Products carbonfootprint 237 kgCO2e/ t product

The carbon footprintgets lighter whenrecycling is made moreeffective (no methaneemission from landfill)


CARDBOARD


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CHALLENGES RELATED TO

CARBON FOOTPRINT

CALCULATION

System boundaries How the studied system is limited?

By changing the system boundaries, a carbon footprint might get

heavier or lighter a lot

Transparency

How the carbon footprint is calculated?

What is the system reviewed and where are the system boundaries?

What kind of allocation is applied?


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CHALLENGES RELATED TO

CARBON FOOTPRINT

CALCULATION

Uncertainties and assumptions

Assumptions need to be made if there is no product-specific data

available

Especially after the use, products fate is uncertain. This leads tomaking assumptions on the part of the ending: recycling, landfill

disposal or waste burning

Example: What happens to the product in landfill?

If the product includes organic carbon, how much of it will not

degrade in anaerobic conditions in landfill? IPPC: about half of organic carbon in paper degrades in landfill

conditions


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Aspects on implementing life cycle impact

assessment


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CONTENT OF THIS PART

Carbon footprint

Basics of life cycle impact assessment

Characterization factors

Endpoint approach Presenting impact categories

Presenting and comparing impact categories


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IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Materials

Energy

PRODUCT

SYSTEM

Gaseous,

liquid and solid

emissions

Other impacts

Non-renewable

energy sources

Human

health

Quality of the

ecosystem

Toxic impacts

Globalwarming

Acidification

Indicator result

Use of

natural

resources

Totalemissions

Safequardsubjects


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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

SO2 CO2 P (w)

kg/ttuotettutuote

Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2Option 1 Option 2

kg/tofproduct

SO2 CO2 P(w)

In some cases, conclusions on superiority of different options on the part of the

environmental impacts, can be made based on factors assessed in life cycle inventory


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HAPPAMOITUMINEN

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2

SO2eq/tt

uote

SO2 NOx NH3

Option 1 Option 2

SO2eq/t

ofproduct

ACIDIFICATION

SO2 NOx NH3


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SFS-EN ISO 14040 (2006)

There are no generally accepted methods to connect

inventory data consistently and precisely to certain

potential environmental impact

The models of different impact categories are on

development stage

Impact assessment views only those environmental

issues that have been specified in the goal and scope

defined


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SFS-EN ISO 14040 (2006)

All environmental issues of the product system being

studied are not assessed in impact assessment

The results of impact assessment are based on relative

approach and are indicating potential environmental

impacts. They are not predicting real impacts on the

endpoints of impact categories, exceeding of threshold

values, exceeding margins of safety or the risks

Quality assessment of the methods of the impact

assessment, the assumptions and other decisions canbe carried out on every part of the impact assessment


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FEATURES OF

AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Life cycle assessment based on standards are not

contingent on time or place

Should futures impacts be discounted to the present moment

The more accurate is the situation defined, the smaller is the

uncertainty but practical difficulties increase at the same time


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FEATURES OF

AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Potential impacts are talked about in impact assessment

Instead of absolute environmental impact parameters

Relative differences of different options are aimed to be

estimated

Competing approaches Midpoint approach

Endpoint approach or damage approach


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SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE OF

MIDPOINT AND ENDPOINT

APPROACHES

Example: Ionizing radiation

Impact category indicator could be radiation dose (in Sieverts) in midpoint approach

whereas in endpoint approach impact category indicator would be damage directed to

human health in DALY units.


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CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS

In definition of the factors

Scientific facts on different substances impact potential as for

impact indicator at issue are aimed to take into account

The models developed for assessing environmental impacts are

used For example Europe-wide air quality transport models for

acidification and tropospheric ozone formation

Experts are heard

For example GWP-values of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change for emission substance that cause climate change


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POSITIONAL


Priorizations are better stated

Need to know where the factors that load environmental

the most happens in different life cycle phases

For example response of acid emission in Portugal is different

than response in Finland

Need to check at certain intervals


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MIDPOINT APPROACH

Following categories are taken into account

Use of resources

Natural resources, areas, energy

Health impacts

Ecological impacts


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MIDPOINT APPROACH

The impact indicator is chosen from that kind of phase of

the impact chain that the indicator is useful to the interest

groups and there are no significant uncertainty related to

the data

Midpoint can not be chosen too close to the indicator

result

Leads to a use of more impact categories than endpoint

approach

Makes interpretation more difficult

Makes weighting between impact categories more difficult


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ENDPOINT APPROACH

In reality, characteristic factors vary in different impact

categories, expect in climate change and stratospheric

ozone layer depletion, according to a receiving

environment

Category endpoint = a phenomenon related to nature

environment, human health and nature resource

identifying an environmental issue studied


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ENDPOINT APPROACH

Following categories are taken into account in the

endpoint approach

Human health

Quality of an ecosystem

Quarrying of nature resources


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ENDPOINT APPROACH

The aim is to study closer exposed receptor and its sensitivity to

exposing compounds

In addition to the emission data, data of environment background

concentration is needed

Whether the changes have any effects on nature or not, can beestimated based on data

Less is better is following precaution principle

The ways to make impacts on receptors smaller are focused on in Just

above limiting value approach

The exact impact mechanism is only known for a part of compoundgroups

Some routes to the endpoints are so ensures that they take easily

reliability away from the results

IMPACT CATEGORY


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IMPACT CATEGORY

INTRODUCTION


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HUMAN HEALTH

Indicators of human health need to describe mortality

and morbidity

Are expressed in units

DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)

QALY (Quality Adjusted Life years)

QALY unites qualitative and quantitative elements of

making human health better


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HUMAN HEALTH

DALY is the sum of the components: years of life lost and years lived with

disability

DALY is reported for many disease types like cancers

DALY is considered as workable unit for measuring human health but critic has

been focused on it

DALY does not take into account human age The amount of years lived with disability is based on subjective professional

opinions

DALY estimation can be based on world statistics from past years, even

newer statistics might be needed from certain area sometimes

DALY does not take into account disadvantages (like building hospitals,

hospital waste and medicine manufacturing) caused by health care itself DALY application to impact of separate substitutes has been proved to be

problematic

Because LCIA is concentrating on health impacts and not on health

benefits, DALY is recommend to be used for indicating human health


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NATURE ENVIRONMENT

The aim is to determine the amount of negative impacts

which are caused by consequences of chemicals or

physical functions to natures ecosystem or its structure

Following indicators are used as endpoint indicators of

nature environmental

PDF, Potentially Disappeared Fractions of Species

PAF, Potentially Affected Fractions of Species


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NATURE RESOURCES

Characterization models used as indicators are based on

the quantification of the effort needed to ensure nature

resources

Utility value to human are emphasized in nature

resources

Are luxury functions, like ivory as piano material,

included?

ILCD does not give recommendations for endpoint

indicators of nature resources

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- CLIMATE CHANGE

GWP factors of the IPPC are recommend to be used

both in midpoints and endpoints

When calculating radiative forcing of an emission, the

change in the radiative forcing need to be defined and

the life time of the substance in atmosphere need to be

taken into account

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- ACIDIFICATION

Acidification is a consequence of deposition of acid

substances

The most common substitutes causing acidification in

water systems, are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen

oxides (NO and NO2)

Acidity in water systems affect on harmfully both water

plants and the vital functions of water animals

The amounts of animal plankton and phytoplankton and

benthos are decreasing

The nutrient supply of fishes become more difficult

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- ACIDIFICATION

Characterization factors of acidification are calculated by

multiplying following factors:

Substances factor describes substances atmospheric transport

and transferring into the receiving environment

Sensitivity factor describes the sensitivity of the receivingenvironment to change under the influence of acidic substances

Impact factor describes the reaction capability of an ecosystem

into changed situation

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- EUTROPHICATION

Too large nutrient content causes excessively growth of

water plants

Especially part of close to illuminated water surface floating

algae

The nutrients of these plants are simple inorganic compounds Ammonium, nitrates and phosphate etc.

Phosphates are significant to eutrophication in water

systems

Lack of one nutrient normally limits algae growth

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- EUTROPHICATION

Algae layer prevents light to access deeper to water, so

photosynthesis and oxygen formation in deeper layers

weakens

When biological materials decompose in water, the consequence

is a lack of oxygen in the bottom of the water system Some characterization models offer BOD (biological oxygen

demand) or COD (chemical oxygen demand) to be used as

characterization factors of the water emissions of organic

material

Soil eutrophication is caused by deposition of nitrogenoxide and ammonia present in the air

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- EUTROPHICATION

Basic characterization consist of

Impact factor of the receiving ecosystem

Factor that describes substances atmospheric transport or being

carried to soil and transferring into the receiving environment

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Stratospheric ozone layer protects plants and animals against

carcinogenic and deadly very sort-wave ultraviolet radiation

Ozone layer depletion exist because of emissions including human

origin chlorine and bromine stay in the atmosphere

CFC-compounds (chlorine-bromine-carbon) have caused most ofthe damages

Ozone layer depletion weakens the atmospheres ability to protect

the earth soil from the amounts of harmful short-wave ultraviolet

radiation

1 % depletion in ozone layer increase ultraviolet radiation by 2 %and skin cancer by 4 %

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a substance is a

factor that includes the life time of a substance in the

atmosphere and its capability to form EESC (Equivalent

Effective Stratospheric Chlorine)

Gives a result how much ozone layer depletion results in thestratosphere

Newest ODP-factors are published by World

Meteorological Organization in 1999. These factors are

recommended to use both midpoint and endpointapproaches

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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IMPACT CATEGORIES

- TROPOSOPHERIC OZONE

FORMATION

Only small part of atmospheric ozone (about 10 %) situate in

troposphere

Ozone is toxic in high concentrations, so growth of its concentration

can be harmful Tropospheric ozone irritates mucous membranes and harms

respiratory organ function

Might cause cough and sore throat

Might make asthma symptoms worse

For plants, it makes resistance lower and makes photosynthesismore difficult which increase the risk of crop loss

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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Most of the tropospheric ozone form when nitrogen

oxides, carbon monoxide, methane and volatile

compounds react because of impact of sunlight

When the amount of stratospheric ozone decreases, more

ultraviolet radiation pierce through the ozone layer to the earth

ground. Ultraviolet radiation reacts with local air pollution above

cities. This increases smog and tropospheric ozone formation

Photochemical ozone formation is a complex chain ofreactions

IMPACT CATEGORIES

- TROPOSPHERIC OZONE

FORMATION

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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VOC-compounds or CO react with hydroxyl radicals

(OH) in the troposphere and form radicals (ROO)

The radicals become oxidized from nitric oxide (NO) to

nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Sunlight breaks down NO2 forming NO and oxygen

atoms

Oxygen atoms react with molecular oxygen (O2) forming

ozone

IMPACT CATEGORIES


FORMATION

IMPACT CATEGORIES


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The complexity of the reactions and big amount of the

substances, have been obliged into simplifying the

formation of the characterization models

Idealistic midpoint indicator would be bound to the time

and place and would inform the change of the ozone

concentration in the troposphere

IMPACT CATEGORIES


FORMATION


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Toxicity models and factors should be based on theproportional risk and the consequences of chemicalsreleased in the environment

On part of the toxicity, target values whose under should

toxicity value get, are often used in a LCA Values are defined in the law

Short time, acute or local impacts are not expressed in aLCA

In reality, toxicity effect vary along the time and place Also endpoints like soil, freshwater and seawater should

be assorted

IMPACT CATEGORIES - TOXICITY

IMPACT CATEGORIES


85/113

All approaches on respiratory difficulties caused by

inorganic compounds are endpoint approaches

In principle, characteristic factors are calculated with thesame equation which was used for calculating human

toxicitycharacterization fact

IMPACT CATEGORIES

RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTIES

CAUSED BY INORGANIC COMPOUNDS


86/113

Land use reflects damages that follow from reclamation

and cultivate to an ecosystem

Agriculture

Quarrying minerals

Human settlements

Reclamation can be defined as a possession of an area

kept in certain state and during certain time

A change in land use is changing lands state to another

IMPACT CATEGORIES LAND USE

IMPACT CATEGORIES


87/113

Natural resources depletion can be described:

decreasing of the total reserves of natural resources is

faster than their renewal speed because of use

Impact category includes Non-renewable natural resources

Renewable natural resources

Indirect impacts like climate changes effect on crops,

are left out from this impact category

IMPACT CATEGORIES

DEPLETION OF

NATURAL RESOURCES

IMPACT CATEGORIES


88/113

Impacts of non-renewable natural resource use can be divided into

four groups:

Energy or mass

Exergy or entropy

Future consequences (sparseness or extra energy needed for

quarrying)

Use of reserves

Future consequences of resource quarrying is used as endpoint

characterization factor

Endpoint indicator can also be for example calculated Willingness to

pay -type

IMPACT CATEGORIES

DEPLETION OF

NATURAL RESOURCES

IMPACT CATEGORIES


89/113

Modeling of ionizing radiation starts with defining

releasing radiation in becquerels (Bq) from a source of

emission and calculating exposure of it

Human toxicity is calculated aka human absorbed dozein sieverts (Sv)

IMPACT CATEGORIES

IONIZING RADIATION


90/113

VAIKUTUSLUOKKAINDIKAATTORITULOKSET

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Happamoituminen Ilmastonmuutos Rehevityminen

vaikutusluokkayksikk/tuote


Option 1

Acidification

Option 2

Climate change Eutrophication

IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATOR RESULTS

Impactcategoryunit/product

It might be difficult to conclude from impact categoryindicator results which option is the best.


91/113

NORMALISOIDUT TULOKSET

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14


Suh

teellinenosuusreferenssisy

steeminvaikutuksesta

Vaihtoehto 1 Vaihtoehto 2Option 1 Option 2

Acidification Climate change Eutrophication

IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATOR RESULST

Usually, a fourth element, normalization, is needed

in LCIA. With carrying out normalization, the most

determinant impact category might be found out


92/113

The most critical phase of a life cycle assessment

It is impossible to keep objective facts and subjective

choices apart in a life cycle assessment

Value choices need to be made in consistent way

There is no generally accepted way to model

environmental impacts

WEIGHTING


93/113

Methods proportioned to goal levels

Economic methods

Methods based on expert panels

WEIGHTING


94/113

WEIGHTING

n

j i

i

i

N

aIwaV

1

V(a) is the total impact indicator caused by the product system awi is weighting factor of the impact category i

Ni is normalization factor of the impact category i

Ii(a) is indicator result of impact category i caused by the product system a

KOKONAISVAIKUTUSINDIKAATTORITU OKSET


95/113

KOKONAISVAIKUTUSINDIKAATTORITULOKSET

0

0,001

0,002

0,003

0,004

0,005

0,006


Haitt

apiste


Acidification

Option 2

Climate change

Eutrophication

Option 1

TOTAL IMPACT INDICATOR RESULST

There are several methods for evaluating impact categories. There are none objective

and generally approved evaluating method in which the weights of impact categories

could be indisputably defined.

DIFFERENT IMPACT CATEGORIES


96/113

DIFFERENT IMPACT CATEGORIES

IN DIFFERENT MODELS

DAIA ECO-INDICATOR 95

Climate change x x

Stratospheric ozone layer depletion x x

Acidification x x

Tropospheric ozone formation x xWinter fog x x

Eutrophication x x

Oxygen consumption in body of water x -

Eco-toxicity x -

Heavy metals - x

Carcinogenic substances - x

Plant-protective agent - x

Diversity decline x -



97/113


FOR TROPOSPHERIC OZONE

Impact category Emission variable DAIA ECO-INDICATOR 95

Troposheric ozoneformation

NMVOC 0.209 0.416

NOx (NO2) 0.727 -

CO 0.064 -

CH4 0.003 0.007

NORMALIZATION IN DIFFERENT


98/113

Comparison value in Daia-model is based on the impact

caused by emissions in Finland

Eco-indicator 99model comparison value is based on

the impacts caused by environmental loads in Europe

NORMALIZATION IN DIFFERENT

IMPACT CATEGORIES


99/113

Use of different sensitivity analyses is recommended

Inventory data

Characterization factors

Normalization factors Weight factors

SENSITIVITY ANALYSES


100/113

Midpoint approach

According to the ISO-standard

DAIA (Decision Analysis Impact Assessment (Finland, Seppl ym.)

Eco-indicator 95 (Holland, Goedkoop)

CML 2001 (Holland, Heijungs)

TRACI (USA, EPA Bare et al. 2003)

EDIP (Denmark, The environmental design of industrial products)

(Wenzel et al., 1997)

Endpoint approach or damage approach

Eco-indicator 99 (Holland, Goedkoop & Spriesma)

IMPACT 2002+ (Europe, Pennington et al. 2005)

ESP 2000 (Sweden, Steen & Ryding)

IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS


101/113

Reviewed environmental impacts

Ozone Depletion (kg CFC 11)

Global Warming (kg CO2)

Acidification (H+ mol equivalents)

Eutrophication (kg N) Smog Formation (g NOx eq.)

Eco-toxicity (kg 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)

Impact of air pollutants on human (DALY)

Cancer (kg C6H6 eq.)

Noncancer (kg C7H7 eq.)

Fossil Fuel Use (MJ)

Land Use (threatened and very endangered species)

Water Use (m3)

TRACI - IMPACT ASSESSMENT


102/113

The Eco-indicator 95 is based on a combination of

distance to target and damage-function approaches

Unambiguous level of sustainable development can not be

defined

This has been avoided with the help of damage

function approach in the Eco-indicator 99 -version

Damage function describes a relation of the environmental

impacts and the damage caused to human health or ecosystem

Weighting phase was the starting point for the development work

ECO-INDICATOR 99

CORRELATION BETWEEN DAMAGE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORY


103/113

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORY

IN DAMAGE MODEL

Marginaldamage

Damag

e

Inventory result

Impact categoryPresent level

Damage function is used for

describing the relationbetween environmental

impact and the damage

directed towards to humans

or to the quality of an

ecosystem caused by this

environmental impact

ECO INDICATOR 99


104/113

Damages caused to human health

Are expressed as DALY-units

Models for respiratory passage and carcinogenic impacts,

climate change impacts, ozone layer depletion and ionizing

radiation have been developed

ECO-INDICATOR 99

DEFINING DAMAGE MODELS

ECO INDICATOR 99


105/113

Damages caused to human health Are expressed as DALY-units

Carcinogenic impacts to humans

Respiratory passage impacts caused by organic compounds

Respiratory passage impacts caused by inorganic compounds

Damages caused by climate change

Impacts caused by ionizing radiation

Impacts caused by ozone layer depletion

ECO-INDICATOR 99


ECO-INDICATOR 99


106/113

Damages caused to the quality of an ecosystem Expressed how many percents of all species live in environment

under toxic strain

Damage caused by eco-toxicity impacts

Damage caused by acidification and eutrophication

Damage caused by land use

ECO-INDICATOR 99


ECO-INDICATOR 99


107/113

Quarrying natural resources is in close relation to

parameter that expresses the quality of mineral and

fossil natural resources remaining In both cases, quarrying natural resources leads to increasing need

of energy in quarrying work

Damage caused by mineral quarrying

Damage caused by fossil fuel quarrying

ECO-INDICATOR 99


ECO-INDICATOR 99


108/113

Weighting is based on weighting given for damage

categories

Swiss expert group is behind the weighting (365 LCA

experts) Results are calculated in eco-points

Points of impact categories are added up

ECO-INDICATOR 99

WEIGHTING

ECO-INDICATOR 99


109/113

When using panels for defining weighting factors

following things must be considered:

Number of things weighted must be as small as possible

Weighted things need to be easily explained

Explaining abstract impact categories to members of panel is

difficult

ECO-INDICATOR 99

WEIGHTING


110/113

Uncertainties related to data

When comparing different options, relative uncertainty related to

data is more important than absolute uncertainty

Uncertainties related to model authenticity Need to differentiate three different versions of damage model

PROCESSING UNCERTAINTIES

ECO-INDICATOR 99


111/113

E (Egalitarian)

Long time perspective

Even a minimal scientific proof is enough to include the impacts in

damage model

I (Individualist) Short time perspective

Only scientific facts are taken into consideration when deciding the

impacts included in damage model

H (Hierarchist)

Balanced time perspective Unanimity of scientist defines inclusion of the impacts in model

DESCRIPTION OF

DAMAGE MODELS

ECO-INDICATOR 99


112/113

E (Egalitarian)

Quality of an ecosystem - acidification

Human health carcinogenic impacts

Use of natural resources damage caused by quarrying minerals

I (Individualist) Quality of an ecosystem - acidification



H (Hierarchist)

Quality of an ecosystem - acidification



DESCRIPTION OF

DAMAGE MODELS

PRACTICAL ASPECTS


113/113

Impact points of separate substances included inside of

sum variants, shall not be counted twice

When using sum variants VOC, NMVOC or HxCy, emissions of

separate organic compounds/substance shall not be included in

the impact calculation

If the total nitrogen and phosphorous emissions are initial data of

the model, inorganic nutrient emissions shall not be included in

the calculation

PRACTICAL ASPECTS

ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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