lectures biology university
DESCRIPTION
lecture 1TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 1
• Course Introduction
– Syllabus
– Tips
– Goals
• Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
– Cell Theory
– Origin and evolution of cells
– Comparison of prokaryotes & eukaryotes
– Cell differentiation
BIOB10H3 Cell Biology
Professor: Monica Sauer
Lectures: Tues 4pm – 6pmAC223
Tutorials:Thurs 5pm – 7pmAC223Sept 10, Oct 1, Nov 5, Dec 3
video
e-mail : [email protected] include course title in subject header
Dr. Sauer Office Hours: Tuesdays: 2 - 4 pmOffice: SW 563-B or Bb Collaborate
Tutorials: Thursdays 5 – 7pm
Sept 10, Oct 1, Nov 5, Dec 3
Teaching Assistants: Alex Sin
Eliana Vonapartis
Roxanne Fournier
Yiminxue Zheng
Facilitated Study Groups: Priyangkha Alegesam
Discussion Board: Forums for each test
Course Material Assistance?
Contact Course Coordinator: Jennifer [email protected]
Administrative Questions?
Course Coordinator Office Hours: TBAOffice: SW 421-D
Questions regarding course organization, prereq’s, exam planning, exam viewing and issues pertaining to special accommodation
Course Prerequisites:1) Course Prerequisite: Introductory biology (BIO A01H & BIOAO2H) AND Introductory chemistry (CHMA10H & CHMA11H)
Textbook: “Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments.” 7th edition. Gerald Karp
*6th edition is also acceptable.
**Important: Some figurenumbers have changed fromthe 6th edition, so you must check the last page ofthe syllabus which outlines the figure # changes.
Blackboard
- PDF outline of Lectures will be uploaded onto the course page on blackboard
- Webcasts posted within 24 hours
- Please check blackboard often ** important announcements including dates
of term tests and final exams
- ** Online quizzes (12)- available for limited time each week- 4 MC questions (randomized)
Online quizzes: 12% total
3 Exams:2 Term Tests – each 25%- ~30 MC questions + Short Answer questions
Final Exam- worth 38%- ~75 MC questions
- Lecture notes
+ Assigned Figures & Figure legends
What is on the Exam?
Check “What to Study for Exams” in Syllabus
DATE TOPIC CHAPTER RELEVANT FIGURES*
Sept 8 Course Introduction
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
1 Fig. 1, 2, 8, 10, 17, EPFig.1
Sept 15 Biological Macromolecules
Protein Functions & Sorting
2 Fig. 3,4,5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 21,
22, 46, 55, 56, Ch 3-Fig. 5
Ch 2-Fig. 24, 35
Sept 22 Studying Cells 18 Fig. 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, , 19,
Ch.1-HP Fig. 2
Sept 29 Studying Proteins 18 Fig. 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31,
Ch2-Fig.47-50,Ch11-Fig36
TERM TEST 1 Date and Time TBA --- ----
Oct 6 Plasma Membrane: structure
Plasma Membrane: transport
4 Fig. 4, 5, 12, 13, 24, 51,
Ch.18- Fig.16&17
Fig. 27, 28, 33, 44, 46a
READING
WEEK
Oct 20 Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: ER
& Golgi
8 Fig. 2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 20, 23,
24, 28, Ch. 11- Fig. 2,
Ch4.- Fig.11, 19
Oct 27 Trafficking to Lysosomes & Plasma
Membrane
8 Fig. 6, 11, 14, 29b, 31, 33
DATE
TOPIC CHAPTER RELEVANT FIGURES*
Nov 3 Mitochondria 5 Fig. 1, 3, 4, 5(aerobic), 10,
21, 30, Ch8-Fig.47
TERM TEST 2 Date and Time TBA --- ----
Nov 10 Chloroplasts
Nucleus and Other Organelles
6
8, 12
2, 3, 4, 5,16,20,Ch.8-Fig.48
Ch.8- Fig.10,36, Ch.12-Fig.
5, 6, 7, 9
Nov 17 Cytoskeleton: Microtubules 9 Fig. 1, 2, 6, 7, 8c, 9,10, 11,
13, 15c, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29
Table 1,
Nov 24 Cytoskeleton: Actin/
Intermediate Filaments
9 Fig. 42, 43, 44, 46b, 49, 50,
51, 53, 57, 66, 68-72, 74
Dec 1 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 7 Fig. 1, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 17, 18,
19a, 23, 25, 27a, 28, 30, 32,
33, HP fig 1
FINAL EXAM Date and Time TBA
Tips for doing wellI will do my best to help you learn, but you are responsible
for your own success. Guidelines are given below:
• Do the assigned readings prior to lecture so you are familiar with the concepts
• Attend all lectures and pay attention; slides are not a complete set of notes, and the text is very detailed
• SCHEDULE a time to watch lectures (LEC60) or to watch missed material (LEC01)
• Print lecture notes in advance; add to them in lecture• Take your OWN notes (handwriting is better than
typing)• Re-read relevant sections of the textbook to annotate
your lecture notes
Tips for doing well
• If you are confused by something, let me know
• Rewrite/summarize/condense your notes• Review as you go; don’t wait for the night before exam• Don’t memorize; do understand and relate each lecture to
the rest and consider connections between topics• Use the textbook as a guide and reference• Form study groups; the best way to learn and remember
something is to teach it to someone else • You need to use all 4 forms of communication – read
(text and slides), write (your own version or summary), listen (to me and fellow classmates) and speak (in study group or discussions)
Tips for doing well
• Don’t procrastinate!
• (This is why I added the weekly online quizzes)
Goals of the course:
• Understand basic concepts in Cell Biology
• Emphasis on eukaryotic cells
• Examine the experimental approaches used by cellbiologists. For example:
• Imaging cells• Imaging protein function and cellular
localization
• Develop an appreciation for the field of cell biologyand how scientists think about problems in this field
• An enthusiasm for all things to do with cells!
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
CELL
Tissues
Organism
Communityhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/le/m1/s3/
Proteins
How does a Cell
Function?
Enzymes
Make up other
macromolecules
Major Structural
Component
Receptors,
Channels
Hormones, Growth
Factors
Signalling
Components
Gene Activators/
Transcription
Factors
Genes
ER
Golgi
apparatus
lysosome
mitochondrion
chloroplast
nucleus
secretory
vesicles
endosome
nuclear pores
plasma
membrane
ECM
Introduction to the Study of Cell BiologyChapter 1
Narrated video
Early History- Microscopy
Matthias Schleiden, botanist (1838)/ Theodor Schwann,zoologist (1839), Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Cell Theory:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2. The cell is the structural unit of life for all organisms3. Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell.
Robert Hooke (1665)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1665-1675)
- “cell”- examining cork
- “animicules”- lookingat pond water organisms
The Sizes of Cells and Their Components
- Micrometers/ Micron (µm; = 10-3 mm),
- Nanometer (nm; = 10-6
mm),
- Angstrom (Å; 10-7 mm),
Figure 1.8
Basic Properties of Cells
Structures of plant cell
Structures of animal cell
Figure 1.8
Basic Properties of Cells
1. Cells are highly complex and organized
2. Cells possess genetic program & the means to use it
- transcription and translation machinery
genes proteins
Basic Properties of Cells
1. Cells are highly complex and organized
2. Cells possess genetic program & the means to use it
3. Cells are capable of reproducing more of themselves - mitosis and meiosis
Basic Properties of Cells
4. Cells acquire & utilize energy to develop & maintain complexity
6. Cells engage in numerous mechanical activities
5. Cells carry out many chemical reactions
- photosynthesis & respiration
sun carbohydrates ATP
enzymes (proteins)- use ATP
i) intracellular transport
ii) whole cells can move (cell migration)
Basic Properties of Cells
7. Cells able to respond to stimuli
8. Cells are capable of self-regulation
9. Cells evolve
via surface receptors (proteins)
eg. DNA repair enzymeseg. immune cells
-beneficial genetic mutations/ cellular changeswill be kept/retained in future generations
Origin and Evolution of Cells
• All present-day cells are descended from a single primordial ancestor.– First cells emerged > 3.8 billion years ago.
• Spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules provided the basic materials.
• Macromolecules may have formed by spontaneous polymerization under plausible prebiotic conditions.– Critical characteristic from which life evolved
must have been the ability to replicate itself e.g. RNA.
• First cell probably arose by enclosure of self-replicating RNA in a membrane composed of phospholipids.
Origin and Evolution of Cells
Origin and Evolution of Cells
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- structurally simpler
B. Eukaryotes (eu - true)
• protists, fungi, plants, animals
- structurally more complex
- on earth for 3 billion years
- over 1 billion years before first eukaryote
• all bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae)
A. Prokaryotes (pro - before; karyon -nucleus)
Evolution of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are believed to be descended from prokaryotic cells
Believed to have arised from endosymbionts
An endosymbiont is a combination of two cells living in a symbiotic relationship with one of the cells resident inside the other one.
EP Figure 1
Phagocytosis
Similarities between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
3. Both types of cells share common structural features - cell membrane, cell walls (same function, different chemical composition)
1. Both types of cells share an identical genetic language
2. Both types of cells share a common set of metabolic pathways
Prokaryotes have nucleoid (poorly demarcated region)
1) Eukaryotic cells are internally much more complex (structurally and functionally)
- have membrane-bound nucleus with complex nuclear envelope & other organelles
3) Most eukaryotes have significantly more DNA
2) Eukaryotes have complex cytoskeletal system
4) No mitosis or meiosis in prokaryotes
- no membrane-bound organelles
- binary fission instead
Differences between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Unicellularity vs. multicellularity
- Protists- must do everything an organism needs to survive
-Multicellular organisms - exhibit differentiation
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Unicellularity vs. multicellularity
- Protists - must do everything an organism needs to survive
Differentiation– Process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes highly specialized - expresses “cell specific” genes
Fertilized egg differentiates into 100’s of different cell types
Figure 1.17
-“cell specific” or differential geneexpression
Differentiation of each eukaryotic cell depends primarily on signals received from environment
Signals, in turn, depend on position of cell within embryo
As a result, different cell types acquire distinctive appearance & functions
- therefore have unique proteins
Differentiation
Human development
• http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/gastrulation-and-the-3-germ-layers-ectoderm-endoderm-mesoderm.html
http://www.biochemweb.org/fenteany/research/cell_migration/neutrophil.html
http://astro.temple.edu/~jbs/courses/204lectures/neutrophil-js.html
http://bcs.wiley.com/he-
bcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=3675&itemId=0470042176&resourceId=10793
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzcTgrxMzZk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ
Voyage inside the Cell – video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ao9cVhwPg84