biology 222 invertebrate zoology iibio222-c/lecturepdfs/lec6-7.pdf · 1 biology 222 invertebrate...
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Biology 222 Invertebrate Zoology II
Fall 2004Guest Lecturer: Helen DyerNorthern Arizona University
Lectures 6-7
PHYLUM ANTHOZOA
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
SUPER PHYLUM LOPHOPHORATA
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Phylogeny• Page 32 Figure 2.3 (A)• Originally placed with
Cnidarians• Originally thought to be
Deuterostomes• Now placed with
Protostomes• Still lots of controversy• Final Answer?
Lophophorate Phylogeny
Page 799
Lophophorate Phyla
• General characteristics
• Common character: Lophophore– U-shaped food
gathering structure– 1-2 rows, hollow ,
ciliated tentacles
Phylum Phoronida
Phylum BryozoaPhylum Brachiopoda
Micrograph of Lophophore
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The Lophophore
Physical Characteristics of Lophophorates
• Trimeric– Prosome – Mesosome– Metasome
• Body cavities– Protocoel– Mesocoel– Metacoel
• Protostomes– Schizocoely
• Peritoneum– Distinct from
enterocoely -Deuterostomes
• Sessile suspension feeders– Reduced cephalization– U-Shaped gut– Nervous system
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• Previously classified as Deuterostomes– Radial determinate
cleavage– Enterocoeluous
coelom formation• Molecular Phylogeny
– Doesn’t fit• Haeckel’s Maxim
– 3 major phyla
Phylum Phoronida
• The Phoronids• Worm-like tube dwellers• Two Genera
– Phoronis– Phoronopsis
• 12 species• Intertidally to 400+m
– Common at 70m
• 0.5 – 50cm long• Fossil Record Absent
General Characteristics
Page 773
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Physiology
Page 774 Figure 21.1
Reproduction• Asexual
– Transverse fission
• Gonochoristic or Hermaphroditic
• Sexual structures– Form in lophophoral organs
• Near lophophore– Form nidamental glands in
females– Spermatophoral glands in
males
• Internal fertilization in P. harmeri– Spermatophores
released• Captured on female
lophophores
– Amoeboid sperm• To lophophore coelom
– Travel through meso and metacoel to eggs
• Fertilization occursPage 777 Figure 21.3
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Early Development
Page 778 Figure 21.4
Actinotroch larvae
Phylogeny and Systematics• Widespread• Earliest possible fossil
from the Jurassic/ Upper Cretaceous– 202mya/145mya– Suspect– Trace Fossil
• Borings– Talpina ramosa– Conchotrema
Composita subtilita
Phoronids a la Carteor
Predators of Phoronids
• Some species of Fish• Gastropods• Nematodes
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Research
• http://www.com.univ- mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro/
Phylum Brachiopoda
• The Lamp shells• Resemble bivalves• Highly modified
lophophore• Excellent fossil record
General Characteristics
Page 793Page 792 Figure 21.18
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Physiology
Page 794 Figure 21.19
Water and Nutrient Flow
Musculature
Page 796
Bivalve
Brachiopod
Adductor
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Reproduction
• No Asexual • Most species
Gonochoristic• Fertilization external
– Eggs and sperm shed– Some species brood
embryos• Requires Internal
fertilization
Early Development
• Strong resemblance to deuterostomes
• Larvae metamorphose in Articulates– Not in Inarticulates
• Mantle lobes fold up to enclose visceral mass
Page 797 Figure 21.22
Lobate Larvae
Phylogeny and Systematics
• Widespread and speciose
• Arose in Devonian– 400 mya
• Crash in Permian-Triassic extinction– 250 mya
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Class Inarticulata• Without calcified valves• Order Lingulida – the
Lamp Shells– Lingula– Oldest genus on planet– Virtually identical to
specimens 400 myr
• Order Acrotretida– Crania– Limpet like in form
Class Articulata
• With calcified valves• Order Rhynchonellida
– permanently attached to solid substrates
– often with complete gut
Class Articulata
• Order Terebratulida– often found in fossil
assemblages– Composita,
Anthracospirifer, Cleiothyridina
– Occasionally with movable peduncle, often large
– TerebratellaCompositaComposita
AnthracospiriferAnthracospirifer
CleiothyridinaCleiothyridina
TerebratellaTerebratella
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Brachiopods on the half shellor
Predators of Brachiopods
• Echinoderms• Crustaceans• Gastropods• Cephalopods • Some species of Fish
Research
• International Brachiopod Congress– http://paleopolis.rediris.es/BrachNet/index.htm
Phylum Bryozoa
• Moss animals, Polyzoa, Ectoprocts
• Mostly sessile, modular– Zooids – No larger than 1mm– Colony – mm to m in size
• Retractable tentacles• Excellent fossil record
– Example of punctuated evolution
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• 5000 known extant species
• 16000 known extinct species
• Class Gymnolaemata• Class Stenolaemata• Class
Phylactolaemata
Sessile?
Page 780 Figure 21.5
Cristatella spp.
Cupuladriids spp.
General Characteristics
Page 779
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Physiology
Page 784 Figure 21.9
Autozooids
Heterozoids
AviculariaVibracula and Spines
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Ovicells
Autozooid
OvicellsZooecium
Reproduction
• Hermaphroditic or Gonochoristic
• Asexual – Budding
• Sexual– Eggs and Sperm
1.
2.1. Page 786 Figure 21.10 2. Page 780 Figure 21.5
Early Development
• Free swimming larvae• Ancestrula• Colony Development
Egg and Larvae
Ancestrula
Colony
Cyphonautes larvae
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Phylogeny and Systematics
• Widespread • First arose Ordovician
– 500mya• Cambrian?
– 570mya• Permian/Triassic
extinction– 250mya
• Identification Problematic
Class Gymnolaemata• Marine• Circular Lophophore• Colonies leathery
– Some Calcification• Box like or cylindrical
zooids• 650 genera• Early Ordovician
Alcionidium gelatinosum
Reteporella spp.
Bugula californica,Bugula spp.
• Order Ctenostomata– Zooids cyndrical to flat– No Ooecia– No Avicularia– Paleozoic to Recent
• Order Cheilostomata– Zooids flat box– Ooecia (brood
chambers)– Avicularia– Mesozoic to Recent
Membranipora membranacea
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Class Stenolaemata
• Marine• Tube shaped zooids• Circular lophophore• Some calcification• Mostly Aborescent
and Fenestrate• 550 Genera
Crisia occidentalis
Tubulipora sp.
Septopora spp.
• 5 Orders– 4 Extinct
• E. Ordovician
• Order Cyclostomata– Zooids cylindrical– Special reproductive
zooids– No Epistome– Paleozoic - Present
Class Phylactolaemata• Fresh Water• Zooids cylindrical• Epistome present• Lophophore
– Horseshoe shape– Large
• Non-Calcareous– chitinous or gelatenous
• Statoblasts• 12 Genera• Mesozoic - Recent
Pectinatella magnifica
Cristatella Cristatella mucedo
Plumatella spp. statoblast
Plumatella spp.
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Bryozoa Under Glassor
Predators of Bryozoans
• Nudibranchs• Gastropods, Chitons• Sea Spiders• Sea Urchins• Flounder, Angel Fish and Puffers
Research
• Bryostatin 1• Myxozoan Parasites – PKD in Salmon• International Bryozoology Association
– http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/
The Lophophorates
• Circular or U-shaped Lophophore– Suspension or Filter feeders
• Reproduction strategies• Don’t need Sunlight to Survive
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Life Styles
Marine Environment
References and Photo Credits• Slide 1• http://eebweb.arizona.edu/collections/Fishes/Photographs.html• http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/stender/diving/california/invert/invert.html• http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/s/b/sbj4/aquarium/reef_pictures/• http://www.winterset.net/photos/reef/reef.html• http://www.marinbi.com/bryozoa/• http://www.pznow.co.uk/marine/bivalves.html• Slide 2• http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/ocean/03_oceanlife/g3_permia
n.php• http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/stender/diving/california/invert/invert.html• http://www.marinbi.com/bryozoa/• Slide 3• http://www.sportesport.it/plancton03.html• http://www.imagequest3d.com/catalogue/larvalforms/pages/d002_jpg.html• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/index.html
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• Slide 4• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc.,
Publishers; Mass., pg. 799• Slide 5• http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/m/x/mxm669/• http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Diversity/ectoprocta.html• http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-
6a/Phylum_Ectoprocta_2/Phylum_Ectoprocta_2a/phylum_ectoprocta_2a.html• http://biology.fullerton.edu/courses/biol_404/web/organism.html• Slide 6• Sinaur Associates Inc. Copyright 2001• http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bilatImage.html• Slide 7• http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310LophoImage.html• Slide 8• http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bilatImage.html• Slide 9• No Credits• Slide 10• http://www.zoology.uwa.edu.au/staff/rblack/13062001.html• http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Marine%20Invertebrates/phoronid.html
• Slide 11• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 773.• Unknown• Slide 12• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 774.• Slide 13• http://www.sportesport.it/plancton03.html• Slide 14• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 774. • Slide 15• http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/lacalli/phoronid2.shtml• Slide 16• http://www.com.univ- mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro/SYST/PHORONIDA/Map_E.html• Compista subtilita with phoronid borings. Photograph taken by Helen C. Dyer 2002. May only be
used for educational purposes. • Slide 17• No Credits• Slide 18• http://www.com.univ- mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro• Slide 19• http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Brachiopods/brachmorph.html• http://earthsystems.uta.edu/historical_labs/7phylum_brachiopoda.html• Slide 20• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 792- 793.
• Slide 21• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers; Mass., pg. 794• Slide 22• http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab12/Lab12.html• Slide 23• http://www.brookdale.cc.nj.us/staff/sandyhook/taxonomy/shells/bivalves.html• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers; Mass., pg. 796• Slide 24• http://www.imagequest3d.com/catalogue/larvalforms/pages/d002_jpg.html• Slide 25• http://www.imagequest3d.com/catalogue/larvalforms/pages/d002_jpg.html• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers; Mass., pg. 797.• Slide 26• http://www-personal.umich.edu/~damstra/fossils/brachioreef.html• Rudwick, M.J.S., 1970, Living and Fossil Brachiopods;Hutchinson University Library, London.• Slide 27• http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Brachiopods/brachmorph.html• http://www.uky.edu/OtherOrgs/KPS/pages/fossilphoto.html• http://users.unimi.it/vertpal/collezione%20paleontologica/brachiopodi/inarticulata/18est.html• http://privat.egersund.com/erling/Armfottinger/default.html• Slide 28• http://eebweb.arizona.edu/collections/Fishes/Photographs.html• http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/nsf/fguide/brachiopoda1.html• http://biology.fullerton.edu/courses/biol_404/web/organism.html• Slide 29• http://www.itano.net/fossils/chaffee/brach05.html• http://www.colossal-fossil-site.com/522-list.html• Unknown• Slide 30• No Credits
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• Slide 31• http://paleopolis.refiris.es/BrachNet/index.html• Slide 32• http://people.freenet.de/haeussermann/• Fossil Pennsylvanian Fenestrate Bryozoan. Photograph by Helen C. Dyer 2004. May be used for
educational purposes only.• Slide 33• http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Diversity/ectoprocta.html• Unknown• Slide 34• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 780• Unknown• Slide 35• http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/micropolitan/index.html• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 779.• Slide 36• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers;
Mass., pg. 784.• Slide 37• http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html• Slide 38• http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html• Slide 39• http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/micropolitan/index.html
• Slide 40• Brusca, R.C., Brusca, G.J., 2003, Invertebrates; 2nd edition; Sinaur Assoc, Inc., Publishers; Mass., pg. 780, 786.• Slide 41• http://www.imagequest3d.com/pages/current/pictureoftheweek/bryozoa/bryozoa.html• http://www.gpi.uni-kiel.de/~ae/• Unknown• Slide 42• McKinney, F. K., and Jackson, J.B.C., 1989, Bryozoan Evolution, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pg. 15.• Slide 43• http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/kerryw/creature/spiral.html• http://www.gpi.uni-kiel.de/~ae/index_e.html• http://www.seawater.no/fauna/Mosdyr/nettmosdyr.html• Slide 44• http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/kerryw/creature/kbryo.html• Unknown• Slide 45• http://www.marinbi.com/bryozoa/• Unknown• Fossil Fenestrate Bryozoan. Photographs by Helen C. Dyer and Ernest H. Gilmour. 2004. May be used for educational purposes only.• Slide 46• Unknown• Slide 47• http://www.civgeo.rmit.edu.au/bryozoa/phylactolaemata/pectinatellidae/pectmag.html• http://www.civgeo.rmit.edu.au/bryozoa/phylactolaemata/cristatellidae/crismuc.html• http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Bryozoa&contgroup=Bilateria• http://www.ct.sakura.ne.jp/~gen-yu/2000/fwbryo.html• Slide 48• Slide 49• http://www.rusbiotech.ru/old/arhiv_s_11.html• http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba• Slide 50• Slide 51• http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/ocean/03_oceanlife/g3_permian.php• http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/2005.html• http://www.zoology.uwa.edu.au/staff/rblack/13062001.html• http://www.marinbi.com/bryozoa/• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/index.html• Unknown• Slide 52• Carbonate Depositional Environments, 1983, AAPG.