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KINDS OF RESEARCHKINDS OF RESEARCH::

1. Library Research1. Library Research: : Find books and articles Find books and articles

which can readily be found which can readily be found in the library, and on-line in the library, and on-line library library

Find all sources that might Find all sources that might exist dealing with the exist dealing with the chosen topic chosen topic

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2. Experimental Research2. Experimental Research: : (Observation research or action (Observation research or action research)research)

+ The experimental paper focuses more on + The experimental paper focuses more on experimentation and/or observation.experimentation and/or observation.

• The research must:The research must:prepare a statement of problemsprepare a statement of problems set up an experimental design: use of the set up an experimental design: use of the

questionnaire, interviewsquestionnaire, interviews record data record data analyze data (statistically if possible)analyze data (statistically if possible)draw conclusion to find the answers to the draw conclusion to find the answers to the

problem statedproblem stated

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Notecard FormatNotecard Format::

• With the preliminary prepared, the With the preliminary prepared, the student is now ready to begin his student is now ready to begin his reading.reading.

• Armed with his working Armed with his working bibliography, the researcher is bibliography, the researcher is ready to approach his reading and ready to approach his reading and note-taking in a note-taking in a systematic systematic mannermanner..

• The researcher should supply The researcher should supply himself with large – size index himself with large – size index cards: cards: 13 x 21 cm 13 x 21 cm note cards.note cards.

• The researcher will carry note-cards The researcher will carry note-cards with him whenever he is about to with him whenever he is about to do any reading on his topic.do any reading on his topic.

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• The researcher should take his The researcher should take his notes not by books, but in notes not by books, but in accordance with his preliminary accordance with his preliminary outline. That is to say, from one outline. That is to say, from one source, he might have as many source, he might have as many cards as there are topics in his cards as there are topics in his outline.outline.

• As he reads and comes to some As he reads and comes to some relevant information on one of the relevant information on one of the topics from his outline, he will take topics from his outline, he will take a card and enter the following:a card and enter the following:

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(1). (1). On the top lineOn the top line: the topic : the topic from the outline (from the outline (subject subject heading)heading)

(2). (2). In the upper right cornerIn the upper right corner: : the source number from the the source number from the bibliography cardbibliography card

(3). (3). The main partThe main part: The note taken: The note taken

(4). (4). In the lower right cornerIn the lower right corner: : the page numberthe page number

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• It will be noted that notes from It will be noted that notes from more than one source may be more than one source may be entered on a entered on a single cardsingle card. If the . If the note from one source is rather note from one source is rather brief, the notes from another brief, the notes from another source may be added. source may be added. A line is A line is drawndrawn to separate the two to separate the two sources and the second source sources and the second source number is placed in the right number is placed in the right corners.corners.

• Accuracy in note-taking cannot Accuracy in note-taking cannot be over – emphasized.be over – emphasized.

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• Don’t write on both sides of the card. Don’t write on both sides of the card. (Have notes (Have notes on one side onlyon one side only.).)

• All notes should be taken in All notes should be taken in inkink since pencil will smudge.since pencil will smudge.

• Don’t typeDon’t type your notes; it is your notes; it is impractical and a waste of time.impractical and a waste of time.

• It is far better to take notes It is far better to take notes neatly neatly and legibly onceand legibly once. As for taking . As for taking notes to be typed later, this is notes to be typed later, this is nothing more than wasteful nothing more than wasteful duplication.duplication.

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TYPES OF NOTESTYPES OF NOTES::

• There are 5 basic types of notes There are 5 basic types of notes that the student can take on his that the student can take on his reading: reading:

- direct quotations,direct quotations,

- paraphrase, paraphrase,

- summary, summary,

- outline, and outline, and

- personal reactions.personal reactions.

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1./ 1./ Direct QuotationsDirect Quotations::

a./ a./ When to take notes in the form When to take notes in the form of direct quotations:of direct quotations:

-- When the researcher comes When the researcher comes across ideas which are so across ideas which are so effectively expressed that any effectively expressed that any changes in the phrasing would:changes in the phrasing would:

alter the author’s meaning alter the author’s meaning or effector effect

cause misunderstandingcause misunderstanding

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b./ b./ While taking notes, the researcherWhile taking notes, the researcher::- shouldn’t over-quote and use lengthy - shouldn’t over-quote and use lengthy

quotations.quotations.- must exercise the greatest care to - must exercise the greatest care to

copy the original exactly, including copy the original exactly, including any errors, and to place the entire any errors, and to place the entire statement in quotation marks.statement in quotation marks.

- shouldn’t change the basic meaning, - shouldn’t change the basic meaning, tone, or intent of the author.tone, or intent of the author.

- must indicate the page number or - must indicate the page number or numbers from which he quoted since numbers from which he quoted since failure to acknowledge his source in failure to acknowledge his source in his paper would be considered his paper would be considered plagiarism.plagiarism.

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c./ c./ What should the researcher do when he What should the researcher do when he finds that the source he is using is finds that the source he is using is quoting from other source?quoting from other source?

- Make use of this secondary source.- Make use of this secondary source.- Transcribe this quotation in single - Transcribe this quotation in single

quotation marks and specifics, in addition quotation marks and specifics, in addition to the page number, the original source.to the page number, the original source.

dd./ Problems that the researcher might ./ Problems that the researcher might encounter when using quotationsencounter when using quotations

- If there is some error in the quoted - If there is some error in the quoted passage, [passage, [sicsic] is placed following the ] is placed following the error to indicate that the error is in the error to indicate that the error is in the original.original.

Ex: “Teaching adult learners require [Ex: “Teaching adult learners require [sicsic] ] more advanced teaching skills than more advanced teaching skills than teaching traditional students.”teaching traditional students.”

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- If there is some information that the - If there is some information that the student wants to insert within the student wants to insert within the quoted matter, he must place it within quoted matter, he must place it within brackets, and the insertion must brackets, and the insertion must conform conform grammatically and grammatically and structurallystructurally to the quotations. to the quotations.

Ex: “They [adult learners] begin college Ex: “They [adult learners] begin college classes with more fears and concerns classes with more fears and concerns than traditional younger students.”than traditional younger students.”

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- If there is some information that the student - If there is some information that the student wants to insert within the quoted matter, he wants to insert within the quoted matter, he must place it within brackets, and the must place it within brackets, and the insertion must conform insertion must conform grammatically and grammatically and structurallystructurally to the quotations. to the quotations.

Ex: “They [adult learners] begin college classes Ex: “They [adult learners] begin college classes with more fears and concerns than traditional with more fears and concerns than traditional younger students.”younger students.”

- If there is some part of the quotation that the - If there is some part of the quotation that the student wants to omit, he may do so as long student wants to omit, he may do so as long as the omission does not affect the meaning as the omission does not affect the meaning or tone of the quotation – by indicating the or tone of the quotation – by indicating the ellipsis with three spaced dots (…).ellipsis with three spaced dots (…).

Ex: A skillful instructor ”…develops strong Ex: A skillful instructor ”…develops strong intrinsic interest in the course by connecting intrinsic interest in the course by connecting each student’s plans.”each student’s plans.”

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22./ ./ ParaphraseParaphrase::

- A paraphrase is an expression in your - A paraphrase is an expression in your own words of an idea or passage written own words of an idea or passage written by someone else’s. In a good paraphrase, by someone else’s. In a good paraphrase, you show that you understand what has you show that you understand what has been written by changing the language been written by changing the language while remaining faithful to the original while remaining faithful to the original meaning. In short, to paraphrase is to meaning. In short, to paraphrase is to restate the material in the researcher’s restate the material in the researcher’s own words.own words.

- A paraphrase is always documented. - A paraphrase is always documented. Although the words are yours, the ideas Although the words are yours, the ideas are those of the original author.are those of the original author.

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Examples of Paraphrasing:Examples of Paraphrasing:

• CSE StyleCSE StyleOriginal : Original : However, although humans are However, although humans are

comparatively poor sprinters, they also engage comparatively poor sprinters, they also engage in a different type of running, endurance in a different type of running, endurance running (ER), defined as running many running (ER), defined as running many kilometres over extended time periods using kilometres over extended time periods using aerobic metabolism. Bramble DM, Lieberman aerobic metabolism. Bramble DM, Lieberman DE. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution DE. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of of HomoHomo. Nature 438:345-52.. Nature 438:345-52.

Paraphrase : Paraphrase : Having limited success in sprinting Having limited success in sprinting compared to other mammals, humans perform compared to other mammals, humans perform better in endurance running, which is a form of better in endurance running, which is a form of aerobic running over extended distances and aerobic running over extended distances and periods of time (Bramble and Lieberman 2004).periods of time (Bramble and Lieberman 2004).

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APA StyleAPA StyleOriginal : Original : In the current paper we will be examining In the current paper we will be examining

responses to a particular type of imposter; the responses to a particular type of imposter; the vegetarian who eats meat. We chose this example vegetarian who eats meat. We chose this example because the core norm of the vegetarian is very because the core norm of the vegetarian is very clear (to not eat meat), and violation of the norm clear (to not eat meat), and violation of the norm is easily recognized.Hornsey, M.J. & Jetten, J. is easily recognized.Hornsey, M.J. & Jetten, J. (2003). Not being what you claim to be: impostors (2003). Not being what you claim to be: impostors assources of group threat. [Electronic version] assources of group threat. [Electronic version] European Journal of Social Psychology, 33,European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 639- 639-657.657.

Paraphrase : Paraphrase : Hornsey and Jetten (2003) Hornsey and Jetten (2003) investigated group responses to impostors. For investigated group responses to impostors. For the purposes of their study, the impostors were the purposes of their study, the impostors were defined as vegetarians who go against the norm defined as vegetarians who go against the norm by eating meat. The “violation of the norm” in this by eating meat. The “violation of the norm” in this particular situation is easily noticed (Hornsey and particular situation is easily noticed (Hornsey and Jetten, p. 641).Jetten, p. 641).

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MLA StyleMLA Style• Original : Original : In In The SopranosThe Sopranos, the mob is , the mob is

besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal government. Early in the by the federal government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological family. One of his closest his own biological family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with his uncle to contract a mother colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the federal crackdown in sites that track the federal crackdown in Tony's gangland.Fields, Ingrid Walker. Tony's gangland.Fields, Ingrid Walker. “Family Values and Feudal Codes: The Social “Family Values and Feudal Codes: The Social Politics ofAmerica’s Twenty-First Century Politics ofAmerica’s Twenty-First Century Gangster.” Gangster.” Journal of Popular CultureJournal of Popular Culture 37.4(2004). 37.4(2004). Expanded Academic ASAPExpanded Academic ASAP. Gale . Gale Group. Duke U Lib.,Group. Duke U Lib.,Durham. 8 Dec. 2004.Durham. 8 Dec. 2004.

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Paraphrase : Paraphrase : In the first season of In the first season of The SopranosThe Sopranos, Tony Soprano’s , Tony Soprano’s mobster activities are more mobster activities are more threatened by members of his threatened by members of his biological family than by agents of biological family than by agents of the federal government. This the federal government. This familial betrayal is multi-pronged. familial betrayal is multi-pronged. Tony’s closest friend and associate Tony’s closest friend and associate is an FBI informant, his mother and is an FBI informant, his mother and uncle are conspiring to have him uncle are conspiring to have him killed, and his children are surfing killed, and his children are surfing the Web for information about his the Web for information about his activities (Fields).activities (Fields).

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3./ S3./ Summaryummary::

- The quantity of the notes will be in - The quantity of the notes will be in summary form.summary form.

- The summary is the gist of the passage - The summary is the gist of the passage stated in the student’s own words with stated in the student’s own words with no attempt made to retain the original no attempt made to retain the original tone, style, or point of view. tone, style, or point of view.

- Summaries may be written as lists, as - Summaries may be written as lists, as brief paragraphs, or both.brief paragraphs, or both.

- Page numbered must be indicated.- Page numbered must be indicated.

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4./ 4./ OutlineOutline::

- The outline which highlights - The outline which highlights major ideas of a longer passage major ideas of a longer passage may be used. However, this form may be used. However, this form should be used sparingly, and should be used sparingly, and when used, should conform to when used, should conform to correct outline format. correct outline format.

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5./ 5./ Personal reactions and Personal reactions and commentscomments::

- Write down your personal - Write down your personal comments and reactions to the comments and reactions to the information from the source while information from the source while taking notes.taking notes.

- Use a different color ink or box - Use a different color ink or box your comments to distinguish your comments to distinguish your comments from the notes on your comments from the notes on the source.the source.

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While doing your reading, While doing your reading, remember:remember:

– To keep revising your To keep revising your preliminary outline, adding preliminary outline, adding topics, deleting others, topics, deleting others, condensing some and expanding condensing some and expanding others.others.

– To make corresponding changes To make corresponding changes in the topics on your note-cards.in the topics on your note-cards.

If you do so, your preliminary If you do so, your preliminary outline is the actual outline of outline is the actual outline of your research paper.your research paper.