LECTURE NOTES ON LECTURE NOTES ON ZOONOSIS ZOONOSIS

LECTURE NOTES ON LECTURE NOTES ON ZOONOSIS ZOONOSIS

DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY CLASSIFICATION

EXAMPLE OF ZOONOSIS PARASITIC

DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY CLASSIFICATION

EXAMPLE OF ZOONOSIS PARASITIC

Departement of Parasitology

DEFINITION OF ZOONOSISDEFINITION OF ZOONOSISZoonosis is a group of diseases

commonly found among vertebrate animal capable of

infecting human, and vice-versa.

Based on this definition, 2 group of classification are known:

zooanthroponosis and anthropozoonosis.

Zoonotic ParasitologyZoonotic Parasitology

Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu

In simple termIn simple termA zoonotic disease is any disease

which may be passed from animals to people or from people to animals (According to the CDC*)

CDC: U.S. Communicable Disease Center

Some Facts about Some Facts about Zoonotic DiseasesZoonotic Diseases

Approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic

75% of emerging infectious diseases have an animal origin

Growing need for veterinarians and physicians to work together

Parasites and AnimalsParasites and Animals

Many methods of parasite transmission to people involve animals

Classification of Classification of zoonosis by Causezoonosis by Cause

CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSIS CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSIS BASED ON ITS CAUSE BASED ON ITS CAUSE

Viral Zoonosis –Bacterial Zoonosis

–fungal/mycotic Zoonosis

• Parasitic Zoonosis

Causes of Zoonotic DiseaseCauses of Zoonotic Disease

Bacteria

Virus

Parasites

Fungi

ZOONOSIS CAUSED VIRUSZOONOSIS CAUSED VIRUS

EBOLA JAPANESE

ENCEPHALITIS CRIMEAN-CONGO

HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

NIPAH FEVER MARBURG DISEASE

KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (SONG-GO)

RABIES WEST NILE

ENCEPHALITIS RIFT VALLEY FEVER

BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS

ANTHRAX LYME DISEASEQ FEVER BRUCELLOSIS LEPTOSPIROSIS BARTONELLOSIS

PORCINE ERYSIPELAS

LISTERIOSIS PSITTACOSIS SALMONELLOSIS STREPTOCOCCOSIS MELIOIDOSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC ZOONOSISCLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC ZOONOSIS

ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC

PROTOZOA ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC

HELMINTHES ZOONOSIS BY ECTOPARASITES

ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC PROTOZOAZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC PROTOZOA

BALANTIDIASIS CRYPTOSPORIDIASIS GIARDIASIS PNEUMOCYSTOSIS SARCOSPORIDIOSIS TOXOPLASMOSIS

ZOONOSIS BY HELMINTHESZOONOSIS BY HELMINTHES

ANGYOSTRONGYLIASIS ASCARIASIS SUUM DIPYLIDIASIS DIROFILARIASIS FASCIOLIASIS HYDATIDOSIS HYMENOLEPIASIS LARVA MIGRANS

LINGUATULIASIS PHYSALOPTERIASIS SCHISTOSOMIASIS SPARGANOSIS STRONGYLOIDIASIS TAENIASIS SAGINATA TRICHINOSIS TRICHSTRONGYLIDIASIS

ZOONOSIS BY ZOONOSIS BY ECTOPARASITESECTOPARASITES

ACARIASISMYIASISSCABIES

INFESTATION BY TICKS DAN MITES

Vector-borne ParasitesVector-borne Parasites

A vector is an agent which transfers a parasite from one host to another

Typical parasite vectors: fleas, ticks, mites, mosquitoes, flies, and other insects

People become infected when a vector picks up the parasite from an infected animal and infects a human

CONTACT BETWEEN EPIZOOTIC CYCLE CONTACT BETWEEN EPIZOOTIC CYCLE AMONG PRIMATES AND MANAMONG PRIMATES AND MAN

Epizootic Cycle

Zoonotic Cycles

Parasites carried by VectorsParasites carried by Vectors

Many parasites that are carried by vectors are often found in the blood of humans and animals

Trypanosoma CruziTrypanosoma Cruzi Causes Chagas disease. Damage to heart, digestive tract, and brain (in children). Spread by the “Kissing Bug,”

native to South America and the southern US The bug bites the human then defecates next to the wound.

Rubbing bite wound spreads parasite into the wound. Parasite can cycle from animals like armadillos, raccoons,

opossums, and foxes to bugs to humans.

Chagas Disease & The “Kissing Chagas Disease & The “Kissing Bug”Bug”

Kissing Bug found in Texas

Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood

Don’t Kiss ME!!!

BabesiaBabesiaIntracellular protozoa found in red blood

cellsSpread by infected Ticks

If you play around trees, check your head and body for

me!!

LeishmaniaLeishmania

Unlike Babesia and Chagas Disease, Leishmania live in tissue and not the blood

Spread through the bite of an infected Sandfly*

*common on Caribbean beaches

LeishmaniaLeishmania

Human foot

Waterborne ParasitesWaterborne ParasitesSpread when humans come into

contact with water that has been contaminated by an infected animal

Common waterborne parasites include–Giardia–Cryptosporidium

Giardia & CryptosporidiumGiardia & Cryptosporidium

Giardia & CryptosporidiumGiardia & CryptosporidiumGet from swallowing water contaminated by

another infected human or animalGiardia is the 2nd most common parasitic

disease in peopleCryptosporidium is the most common cause of

diarrhea from swimmingBoth can cause severe diarrhea

Gross!!! Don’t drink the water your swimming

in!!!

How Do People Get ParasitesHow Do People Get Parasites

Methods of Parasite Methods of Parasite TransmissionTransmission

Insect bitesAnimal fecesHandling raw meat and fishHandling cat litter boxesContaminated fruits and vegetablesInfected food handlersContaminated waterContact with an infected person

I need to WASH

MY HANDS!!!

Broad Categories of TransmissionBroad Categories of Transmission

Vectorborne (insects)WaterborneFecal Oral TransmissionContaminated Meat

Fecal-Oral TransmissionFecal-Oral Transmission

Most common way people become infected with zoonotic parasites

Parasites are spread to humans when they ingest the eggs from the feces of an infected animal

Parasites spread by fecal oral transmission generally live in the intestinal tract

I don’t feel so good

Spread by Fecal Oral TransmissionSpread by Fecal Oral Transmission

HookwormsRoundworms Hydatid DiseaseToxoplasmosis

Hookworms & RoundwormsHookworms & Roundworms

They are like monsters!!!!

Hookworms & RoundwormsHookworms & Roundworms Carried by dogs and

cats Kids often get infected

from playing in sand boxes which animals have defecated

Or by putting toys in their mouth which have been on the ground

HookwormsHookworms Can penetrate the skin

and gain entry into the human body

Bare feet are a common route of entry

Wearing shoes is one of the best ways to prevent parasites from entering your feet!!!

Hydatid DiseaseHydatid Disease

After Humans consume the eggs passed by dogs the worms can form huge cysts in the body

ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis How many have of you

have heard that pregnant women shouldn’t clean cat litter boxes?

That is because of the potential for them to contract Toxoplasmosis which can cause them to lose their unborn child.

ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosisEven though it is commonly associated with

pregnancy and litter boxes, toxoplasmosis is more commonly transmitted through undercooked meat

According to the CDC toxoplasmosis is the 3rd leading cause of foodborne related deaths in the US Order your

food to be cooked all the way!!

Contaminated MeatContaminated Meat

Meat can be contaminated with harmful bacteria and can also contain parasitic cysts which may infect people.

Common Parasites Found in Meat– Toxoplasmosis– Trichinella– Taenia– Gnathostomosis

Trichinosis & TaeniaTrichinosis & Taenia

Both caused by eating cysts in undercooked pork or beef

Incidence rate has decreased with better animal management and slaughter protocol

Fully cook your meat!

CysticercosisCysticercosis

If a person consumes Taenia eggs they can develop cysts in their brain!

GnathostomosisGnathostomosis

Similar to Taenia and Trichonosis, but gnathostomosis is found in raw fish

What area do you think this disease is most common? Asia

Cutaneus Larva Migrans(Creeping Eruption)

Morphology of Morphology of Gnathostoma spinigerumGnathostoma spinigerum

So How Can You Protect So How Can You Protect Yourself?Yourself?

Preventing Zoonotic ParasitesPreventing Zoonotic Parasites

Brainstorm some ways we can prevent them…– Always wash your hands– Keep sand boxes covered– Wear shoes– Pick up animal feces when possible– Don’t drink untreated water– Cook meat thoroughly

SummarySummary

Zoonotic parasites have many routes of transmission to people– Vectors– Water– Fecal Contamination– Infected Meat

ReferencesReferences

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/default.htmhttp://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/

dxendopar/index.htmlwww.nih.govwww.nsf.govwww.floridahealthfinder.gov

Thank youThank you

Terimakasih