lecture 5 compression cont.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 5
Compression, cont.
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Surge
• Surge occurs at some minimum capacity at each
speed. The compressor does not meet the
discharge pressure and a series of flow reversals
occur.• Anti surge control recycle flow controlled via
flow and differential pressure monitoring
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Centrifugal compressor Characteristic Curve
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Reminding Compression !"#
Recycle
valve
Check valve
Level
control
>
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Surge control shown in Compressor !$%#
PSV
BDVESV
Recycle Valve
Note the PSD function
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Scru&&ers
• The scru&&er is a pressure vessel needed for removal of
li'uid (vertical two)phase separator*.
• +here the gas at suction of one compressor stage have a
normal operating temperature and pressure which is far
away from the gas water or hydrocar&on dewpoint curve,and all possi&le variations in operating conditions does not
create any li'uid, the compressor suction scru&&er may &e
avoided.
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!$%# upstream a compressor
Overpressure?
Low level
High level
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verpressure in Scru&&ers
verpressure scenarios shall &e identified, for e-ample
• verpressure protection of the scru&&er shall tae into account
leaage from the compressor discharge side in case the discharge
chec valve fail to close on compressor shut down. / %f, in case of chec valve failure, the common settle out pressure e-ceeds the
design pressure of the scru&&er, two chec valves shall &e installed in series.
• +hen two chec valves are used, monitoring of the intermediate pressure is re'uired
for leaage detection of chec valves.
/ 0pstream !S1 to &e designed for a predefined leaage through the chec valve,typically 23 opening of the cross sectional area of the chec valve.
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Settle out pressure
Recycle
valve
Check valve
>
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• The conditions downstream the li'uid control valve
shall &e checed for hydrate formation, and suita&le
precautions taen, i.e.
• control valve type to reduce potential for internal free4ing
• inection point for methanol
• +hen normally no flow of li'uid out of scru&&er is
e-pected, level is to &e controlled on an on6off &asis
Li'uid from scru&&ers
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7ydrates
8as hydrates are crystallinecompounds that occur when waterforms a cage)lie structure aroundsmaller hydrocar&on molecules.
These solid formations are
detrimental to oil and gas processing operations since theycan &loc pipelines, and canrender measuring e'uipmentuseless.
7ydrates form at low temperature and high pressureareas,
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9a-imum flow
The coolers and scru&&ers
should &e a&le to
withstand the ma-imum
flow that the associated
compressor can handle at
minimum discharge pressure without incurring
mechanical damage.
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Layout re'uirements
• Coolers and compressors should &e elevated a&ovescru&&ers. Lines shall slope towards scru&&er.
• Anti surge line should &e sloped with the antisurgevalve at the highest point.
• +hen methanol inection is re'uired upstream thecooler, the main piping shall slope from inection pointtowards the cooler.
• Compressors should, to the e-tent practical, &e locatedaway from large hydrocar&on inventories such as
production separators
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%nterface re'uirements
The following utility and support systems may have to &e provided to thecompression system
• Cooling medium or seawater for gas, lu&e and seal oil coolers.
• :itrogen for isolation seal gas.
• 9ethanol if re'uired for hydrate prevention and removal.
• %nstrument air and hydraulic power.
• ;lectric power and 0!S, as re'uired.
• Service fresh water for tur&ine washing. %on e-change filters to &e partof the system.
• "uel gas6diesel.• "lare and drain.
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8as may re'uire treatment to remove
/ C< with water = corrosion, may e-ceed sales gas
specification
/ 7<S with water = corrosion> to-ic, may e-ceed sales
gas specification
/ +ater ) may cause hydrate formation, also an essential
ingredient for corrosion
8as Treatment
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7ydrate "ormation re'uires
• C2 to C?
hydrocar&ons
• Lowtemperature
• "ree water
• 7igh pressure
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• #ehydration can &e &y glycol contactor or adsor&ent
material (silicate*.
• C< removal can &e &y glycol contactor.
• 7<S removal &y amine contactor.
• Contactors and dryers need regeneration ;-pect high
levels of the removed su&stance there@ 7eat is usually
used.
8as Treatment
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Acid gas removal processes>
• Chemical solvents
/ Alanolamines
/ Alaline salt solutions
• !hysical solvents
/ Sulfinol
/ Sele-ol
/ "luor Solvents
/ Rectisol
• #ry)&ed adsorption
/ 9ol sieve
/ %ron sponge
• 9em&rane processes
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8lycol
contactor inlet
scru&&er
8lycolcontactor inlet
cooler
8lycol
contactor
8as filter 6
coalescer
Rich glycol
Regenerator
Re&oiler
Surge tan 6
accumulator
Lean
glycol
To vent
8as #ehydration with glycol