lecture 14: sexual behavior a. general behavior animal science 434
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 14: Sexual Behaviora. General Behavior
Animal Science 434Animal Science 434
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Reproductive Behavior• Very strong drive and can take precedence
over other activities
• Purpose» Promote copulation» Assure sperm and oocyte meet
• Goal is to achieve pregnancy and parturition
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Stages of Reproductive Behavior
• precopulatory
• copulatory
• post copulatory
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Precopulatory Stage
• Search for sexual partner» in female, generally limited to estrus
• increased physical activity• In primates can occur at any time
» in male can occur at any time» involves all of the senses
• sight• smell• hearing• tactile
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Search For Partner
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Search for Partner
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Search for Partner
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Search for Partner
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Precopulatory Stage (cont.)
• Courtship» species specific events» sniffing of the vulva by male» urination by the female» flemen lip curl» chin resting on female rump» increased phonation» male checks for female lordosis» human
• eye contact, touching, detection of pheremones
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Urination
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Lordosis
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Winking of the Vulva
Winking of the Vulva
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Sniffing the Vulva
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Biting To Check For LordosisBiting To Check For Lordosis
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Unresponsive MareUnresponsive Mare
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Sniffing the VulvaSniffing the Vulva
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Checking for LordosisChecking for Lordosis
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Sniffing Vulva
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Chin Rest
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Lordosis and Mount
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Phonation of Elk
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Phonation of Elk
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Human Courtship
Sight, eye contact, touch, pheremones
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Precopulatory Stage (cont.)
• Search for sexual partner
• Courtship
• Sexual arousal» Female
• Lordosis• Presents hindquarters to male
» Male• Erection• Penile protrusion
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Copulatory Behavior
• Mounting
• Intromission
• Ejaculation
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Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
• Varies among species» short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
• bull• ram
» sustained copulator (5 - 20 minutes)• boar
» intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)• stallion
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Short CopulatorShort Copulator
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Short CopulatorShort Copulator
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Short CopulatorShort Copulator
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Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
• Varies among species» short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
• bull• ram
» sustained copulator (5 - 20 minutes)• boar
» intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)• stallion
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Sustained CopulatorSustained Copulator
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Sustained CopulatorSustained Copulator
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Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
• Varies among species» short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
• bull• ram
» sustained copulator (5 - 20 minutes)• boar
» intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)• stallion
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Intermediate CopulatorIntermediate Copulator
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Postcopulatory Behavior• Male
» Dismounting» Refractory period - all males have this
• time when copulation will not occur• Dependent on:
– Species dependent– sexual rest prior to copulation– age of male– degree of female novelty– number of previous ejaculates
• for semen collection try to minimize» Memory
• a bad experience will carry over
• Female - will often mate again immediately
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Endocrine Effects on Sexual Behavior
• Prenatal steroid exposure» Feminization» Masculinization (defeminization)
• Postnatal Behavior» castrated female
• no steroids - no estrus behavior• plus estradiol - estrus behavior• plus progesterone and estradiol - maximum estrus
behavior• plus testosterone - male-like behavior
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Sexual Behavior (cont.)
• Postnatal Behavior» castrated male
• no steroids - decreased sexual behavior• plus testosterone - sex behavior restored• plus dihydrotestosterone - decreased sex behavior• plus estradiol - sex behavior restored
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Aromatization
Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Estradiolaromatase
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Sexual Behavior (cont.)
• both male and female sexual behavior is dependent on estradiol receptors in brain
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Control of Reproductive Behavior• Sensory systems
» Olfactory, visual, auditory, tactile
• Hypothalamus» Estradiol receptors, increase response to sensory
neurons
• Midbrain» Signals from hypothalamus
» Speeds up nerve impulses
• Medulla» Coordinates lordosis and mounting
• Spinal Chord» Sends signals to specific muscles
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Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior
• specific importance varies with species
• olfaction» pheromone
• volatile substance which elicit specific behavior in the recipient
• males produce– boars
– humans
• females produce during estrus– dogs and rats can sense cow pheromones
• flehmen response
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VomeronasalOrgan
Vomeronasal Organ
Nasopalatine DuctFluids
Fluids
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Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior (cont.)
• Auditory» cows bellow» sows grunt» good for long-range signaling
• Visual» posturing» males observing other males or females mounting» valuable for close encounters
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Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior (cont.)
• Tactile» biting on neck or whithers of mare» chin resting on cow» boar nudging of sow flank» final stimulus before copulation» leads to erection
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Erection, Emission and Ejaculation
• Erection» Vasodilatation, inhibit vasoconstriction, relax
retractor penis muscle
• Emission» Contraction of cauda epididymis and vas deferens• Oxytocin from posterior pituitary• Sympathetic neurons
» Release of accessory gland fluid• Sympathetic neurons
• Ejaculation» Contraction of smooth and striated muscles
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Homosexual Behavior
• common in farm animals
• useful to detect when females in heat» selection by man may have enhanced this
• can collect bulls off of other bulls as mounts
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