lecture 1&2_ intro , protozoa , por if era
TRANSCRIPT
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ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY
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BIODIVERSITY
Biological Diversity
Can be observed at 3 levels:– Genetic diversity
– Species diversity
– Ecosystem diversity
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SPECIES DIVERSITY
Diversity of organisms on earth
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ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
• Diversity in habitat, biota community, ecological processes in the terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• Economic importance • Food• Environmental stability• Our heritage• Scientific, educational and recreational
value• Biological safety
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ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS Eukariot Multicellular No cell wall Can be differentiated through feeding
methods Digest their food Respire React to stimulus Able to move Excrete Transport food in the body
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Eucaryotic Cell
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ANIMALS: How many species exist?
• A few years back: – estimate 2 – 8 million
– 1.4 million known to science
• Now:– Estimate 30 – 50 million species
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TRADITIONALLY CAN BE GROUPED BASED ON ON CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED
WITH THEIR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
• Number of layers of primary tissue - diploblastic, triploblastic
• Is there a coelom formed and how was it formed;
• Cell alignment during cleavage;• What is formed from the blastopore; and• Body symmetry
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Animal DevelopmentExample : sea urchin
• Development of the blastula is the earliest development stage of the embryo
• Firstly the unicellular zygote divides into two in a process called cleavage
8-cell stage
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Animal Development (cont.)
• Both cells continue to divide until a 1-cell layer hollow ball called blastula is formed
• The space in the blastula is filled with fluid
• For sea urchin, formation of the blastula completes 10 hours after fertilization.
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Animal Development (cont.)
• External layer of blastula folds inward until a 2-layer structure called gastrula is formed
• External cell layer is called ectoderm and the inside called endoderm.
• The mesoderm is formed in between
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Animal Development (cont.)
• Ectoderm develops to form skin and nerve tissues;
• Endoderm forms the digestive system; • Mesoderm forms the muscle,
reproductive organs and circulatory system
• For deuterosomes, the mesoderm is formed from a clump of cells detached from the endoderm
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Animal Body CavityAcoelomate – no cavityPseudocoelomate – not true cavity ie. false cavity
Coelomate – true body cavity
Blue – ectoderm, Red – mesoderm, Yellow - endoderm
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Animal Body Cavity - Acoelom
• Example – flat worm;• Body made up of 3 layers(tripoblastik); • Possess digestive tract but no body cavity;• First animal class where muscle and other organs
evolved from the mesoderm;• Organs buried in mesodermal tissue; and• Water and digested food move along body through
absorption.
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Internal parts of a Planaria (flat worm)
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Animal Body Cavity - Pseudocoelom
• Example – nematode;• Size: 400m to 5 mm;• One of the most abundant animal on earth;• Fluid-filled pseudocoelom forms between
endoderm and mesoderm• Cavity not lined with mesothelium (as in
eucoelom)• Enable animals to move more effectively, esp. in
terms of muscle function;• Organs buried in mesodermal tissue; and• Another eg.: Phylum Rotifera
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A nematode
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Coelom
• Body cavity covers the entire vertebral column;
• Cavity lined with mesothelium
• Divides body into inner and outer tubes;
• During development, coelom divides into various components.
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EXAMPLES OF COELOM COMPONENTS
• Fish– Pericardium (around the heart)– Pleuroperitonium (around other viscera)
• Mammals– Pericardium (around the heart)– Pleuron (around the lungs)– Peritonium (around other viscera)
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ANIMAL BODY FORMS AND THEIR ADAPTATION
What is meant by body symmetry?
Symmetry refers to the balance of an animal body
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Kinds of symmetry:
Asymmetry
• Eg. sponge (Filum Porifera)
• Normally sessile animals
• No distinct symmetry
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Kinds of symmetry (cont.)
Radial Symmetry
• Eg. Hydra (Phylum Coelentrata);• Can be divided in any plane;• Radial symmetry is an adaptation by Hydra
to enable it to detect and catch prey from any angle.
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Cross section of a Hydra
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Kinds of symmetry:
Bilateral Symmetry• Left and right sections mirror image of the
other;• Anterior section different from posterior• Dorsal area different from ventral• All animals with bilateral symmetry possess a
body cavity where all the organs are located;• Due to the presence of body cavity, animals
can grow to a bigger size and are able to move and feed effectively;
• Without body cavity animals will have to depend on absorption for food.
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Flat Worm- external features
A dorsal B dorsal and ventral 1 head2 anterior 3 posterior 4 eye spot 5 Sensory lobe 6 dorsal 7 Mouth8 Pharynx (extended during feeding) 9 Pharynx opening10 Genitalopeningl 11 Ciliated ventral surface.
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Internal sections of a Planaria
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Example of a planaria Dugesia sp
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THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
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Colonial Protist
Parazoa Metazoa
Porifera Others
Early division of animal kingdom
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Animal Groups
MolluscaAnnelidaArthropoda
EchinodermataChordata
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Slide 2 of 19
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ANIMAL KINGDOM
Subkingdom Invertebrata– Larger in numbers
– Many without skeleton
– Some only with exoskeleton
– A few with endoskeleton
Subkingdom Vertebrata– Possess a notochord
– During adult stage notochord replaced with vertebra
– Brain contained in a cranium
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ANIMAL KINGDOM
Invertebrata– Protozoa
– Porifera
– Coelentrata
– Annelida
– Mollusca
– Platyhelminthes
– Nematoda
– Arthropoda
– Echinodermata
Vertebrata– Fish
– Amphibia
– Reptilia
– Aves
– Mammalia
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PHYLUM PROTOZOA
• Smallest animals• Now placed in Kingdom Protista• Body made up of one cell• Free-living or parasitic• Parasitic protozoa cause illness such as malaria,
dysentery and others;• Found in freshwater or marine environment• Some marine species excrete skin made of calcium
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Free-living Protozoa:
Paramaecium – freshwater
Some forms of Foraminifera –Marine protozoa with external shell
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Protozoa - Euglena
Euglena can change form easily
Hundreds of Euglena in a single drop of water
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PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Species IllnessTrypanosoma brucei gambiensis chronic sleeping sickness
Plasmodium malariae MalariaEntamoeba Amoebic dysentery
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PHYLUM PORIFERA
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Basic Morfology of Sponge
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PHYLUM PORIFERA – SOME CHARACTERISTICS
• Represents all sp of sponges (about 5000 sp)• Only representative of Parazoa (animals without true
tissue)• Almost all –radial symmetry• Almost all made up of 3-layered cell• Outer layer made up of flattened cells with numerous
pores;
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• Middle layer contains mobile cells (amoebocytes or archaeocytes) and skeletel cells
– skeletal cells in form of spogin (flexible protein) or mineral containing particles;
– amoebacytes: collect food vacoules from coanocytes, digest food and send to cells that require it.
• Inner layer made completely of cells called choanocytes
•Do not have digestive tract, nerve cells or muscle cells.
PORIFERA CHARACTERISTICS (cont)
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CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA
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At one time, a diagnostic feature of the Porifera was the presence of spicules
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As a result, certain fossil groups whose organization was consistent with that of living sponges were not placed within the phylum Porifera. These are groups with a solid calcareous skeleton
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4 Different Forms of Spicules
Megascleres – large, can be seen with naked eyes
Microscleres - small
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SEM of Spicules
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CLASSES IN PHYLUM PORIFERA
• Calcarea
• Demospongia
• Hexactinellida
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CLASSIFICATION OF SPONGES
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Archaeocyatha – no living representative
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Stromatoporoids
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Choanoflagellates
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Class Calcispongiae (Calcarea)• Spicules formed from
calcium carbonate;• Spicules in the form of
needles or with 3 or 4 branches;
• Spicules not hollow (stronger);
• All marine members;• Most in shallow waters. Leucosolenia sp
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CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE• Abour 90% sponges in
this class;• Spicules formed from
spongin, silica or both;• Can grow to large size;• Found in all tropical and
sub-tropical waters; and• One FW family
Bath sponge
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CLASS HEXACTINELLIDA• Spicules formed from silica
(sometimes called glass sponge);
• Spicules joined at 90o angle – make it seem like artificial sponge;
• Spicules with 6 branches;
• Almost all extinct
Aphrocallistes sp
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Three groupings of sponges based on water circulation system
• Asconoid (eg Leucosolenia sp)
• Syconoid (eg. Scypha)
• Leuconoid
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Groupings based on water circulation system
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TYPICAL SPONGE FEEDING
- Water flowing through sponges provides food and oxygen, as well as a means for waste removal
-Can filter up to 20,000 times its volume in a single 24 hour period
- Feed on bacteria – can trap up to 90% of bacteria in water
- Some sponges harbour symbionts such as green algae, dinoflagellates, or cyanobacteria, from which they also derive nutrients.
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CARNIVOROUS SPONGE
• Family Cladorhizidae • Feed by capturing and digesting whole animals. • Use spicules to capture• Prey – small crustaceans