lecture 1 nucleotides

8/3/2019 Lecture 1 Nucleotides

1/60


2/60

" "

" " ,

"

"

"

tRNA

:

30 "") 75%(.

, 5%. .

-. (. (4% 20%

. . ( )

) (: Molecular Biology of the Cell, B. Alberts et. al., 5th edition. Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish et al. 5th edition Genes VII, Lewin B.


3/60

arava@tx

lshirley@tx smadar8b@tx


4/60

Topics for today

Nucleotides structure Purines and Pyrimidines

Sugar

Phosphate Nomenclature

DNA structure Backbone structure

Base pairs

Helix structure


5/60


6/60

Nucleotide structure

H H

OH OH

H

O

-O-P-O-CH2

O

O-

BASE

Phosphate

Pentose

5

3

1

Nucleoside

Nucleotide

N

N

HC CH

CH

H

C

N

NHC C

C

H

C

CH

N

N

H

Purine

Pyrimidine

1

3

1

3 97

2


7/60


8/60


9/60

6 amino purine 2 amino 6 hydroxy purine

4 amino 2 hydroxypyrimidine2,4 hydroxy pyrimidine 5 methyl uracil


10/60

Tautomers: one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and arereadily converted from one isomeric form to another. In keto-enol tautomerism asimultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs

Bases can tautomerize


11/60

Nucleotide structure

H H

OH OH

H

O

-O-P-O-CH2

O

O-

BASE

Phosphate

Pentose

5

3

1

Nucleoside

Nucleotide

2b-D-ribofuranoseb-2 deoxy D- ribofuranose


12/60

Pentoses

D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose

b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose

Ribofuranose is a type of Ribose which is a type of Pentose.Related types are: arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose. Depending on theorientation of the OH in positions C2 and C3


13/60



14/60

b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2deoxyribofuranose


15/60

b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranoseStereoisomers


16/60



17/60

In ribose, C-4 determines the designation.


18/60



19/60


3D structure


20/60

In DNA its C2 endo or C3 endo

In RNA its C3 endo

b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose3D structure


21/60

Glycosidic bond


22/60

N9 to C1 in PurinesN1 to C1 in Pyrimidines


23/60

Glycosidic Bond Angle Definition

The glycosidic bond is at a 90 degree angle to the sugar


24/60

Nucleosides are usually in anti conformation

3D conformation of Nucleosides


25/60

Phosphate

The phosphate adds anegative charge, thereforethe nucleotide is an acid


26/60

Phosphate


27/60


28/60


29/60

DNA structure

DNA can be divided to two:

BackboneBase pairs


30/60


31/60

Phosphodiester bonds

Ester bond: bondbetween a carbon

and an oxygen


32/60

The backbone is antiparallel


33/60

Watson and Crick


34/60

Molecular diagram ofa hypotheticaltetranucleotide, as

proposed(incorrectly) byPhoebus Levenearound 1910.

Phoebus Levene identify the components of DNA, discovered ribose in1909 and deoxyribose in 1929.he also showed that the components were linked in the order phosphate-sugar-base. He called each of these units a nucleotide, and stated that the

DNA molecule consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked togetherthrough the phosphate groups, which are the 'backbone' of the molecule.He was wrong about: 1. he thought there were only four nucleotides permolecule.2. He though that the amounts of A, G, C and T are equal.He even declared that it could not store the genetic code because it was

chemically far too simple.
http://www.farooqhussain.org/projects/photo_album.2006-06-09.doublehelix/triplehelix3/viewhttp://www.farooqhussain.org/projects/photo_album.2006-06-09.doublehelix/triplehelix3/viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tetranucleotide_.png


35/60

Watson and Crick

Linus Pauling

1962- medicine

1962- peace

1954- chemistry
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


36/60

Watson and Crick

: - ".1

' .2

.3

: .4 "

"

Ch ff l
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


37/60

Chargaff rules:A=T, G=C.A = G.GC percentages differ between organisms

All possible combinations of base pairs with at least two hydrogen bonds
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


38/60

Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984

p p y g

....
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


39/60

Rosalind Franklin results

(Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984)

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


40/60


That there are 2 helical forms, depending on the relative humidity.

(Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984)

2. The pitch and the rise of the helix.


41/60

2. The pitch and the rise of the helix.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


42/60

Important:2 H- bonds for A:T3 H-bonds for G:CSame size

Tirgul

Hydrogen bonds

"

Only the right tautomers will allow W:C base pairing
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


43/60

Tautomers: one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and arereadily converted from one isomeric form to another. In keto-enol tautomerism asimultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs

O y t e g t tauto e s a o C base pa g


44/60

Base Pairing

Covalant bonds ~100 Kcal/molHydrogen bonds 1-2 Kcal/mol

Watson-Crick base pairs

Wh D bl H li ?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


45/60

Why Double Helix?


46/60

Why double?

The DNA strand is amphipathic at neutral pH

Why Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


47/60

Why Helix?


48/60


49/60

How many Ps to complete a full turn?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


50/60

How many Ps to complete a full turn?

2R= 2*9=56Each base = 5, therefore: 56/5=11

The angle by which each P turnsrelative to its neighboring P:

2arcsin (2.5/9)=32.3Each P rotates 32.3/360 = 1/11 of acircle.

Why Double Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


51/60

Why Double Helix?

A. Amphipatic nature of eachstrand

B. Differences in the lengths ofthe sugar-phosphate and

the bases
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


52/60

Major and Minor grooves


53/60

Major and Minor grooves


54/60


55/60


56/60


57/60


58/60

Helix features:


59/60

DNA is stabilized by:

1. Hydrophobic effect (bases are buried inside the helix)2. Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.3. Base stacking interactions (two aromatic rings on top of each other)

influenced by the hydrophobic effectvan der Waal forces

4. Proteins
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN


60/60

Building blocks bases

sugars

nucleotides DNA structure

Backbone and base pairs

Why double helix

Minor and major grooves

Types of DNA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN

lecture 1 nucleotides

Documents